1,721,062 research outputs found
La causalità della colpa. Evitabilità e comportamento alternativo lecito nelle fattispecie colpose causalmente orientate
Full text linkThe study of “culpability causation” as a dogmatic category underlines the complex logical and juridical connection between the offender’s behavior and the occurrence of a criminal event, particularly when the perpetration of a crime is determined by the mere occurrence of such criminal event and the offence is committed without intent.
Indeed, the said legal principle is one of the most debated among today’s criminal law scholars and touches upon some grey areas in the analysis of causality vs. attribution of the crime to the offender, as well as culpability vs. omitting conduct.
This paper follows the same methodology throughout, and carefully distinguishes between the static-dogmatic approach and the dynamic-court based approach. With this in mind, the author examines in depth the so-called “second stage” of the culpability causation test, i.e. whether the offender could have prevented the occurrence of a criminal event by keeping a proper conduct (which is commonly regarded as the benchmark analysis for this particular category of crimes).
The issue of evitability of the criminal event is discussed both in an ex ante perspective (i.e. how criminal policy should deal with the breach of preventative rules of conduct), and in an ex post perspective (i.e. the court determination of whether keeping a proper conduct would have prevented the occurrence of the event).
The paper then focuses on the different way of implementing the aforementioned test in offences committed by action as opposed to those committed by omission, by reviewing the applicable case law as well as scholarly opinions.
In this regard, the main theories that have propelled the debate in this field of study are put to test and constructively debated.
Following an analysis of the fallacies inherent with the principles of objective attribution of a criminal event to the offender and conditional causality based on the application of scientific rules, the paper proposes an alternative theory based on a different interpretation of crime-constituting elements, which values the heuristic potential of culpability causation in its genuine sense.
Whilst culpability causation in principle may be regarded as part of the culpability assessment, at least judging from the consolidated case law (i.e. the objective element of evitability), the effect of this qualification on court practice (inevitably certain criminal actions would go unpunished) compels the author to find a different approach based on a more balanced application of the rules examined in the paper.
Considering the need for retrieving a more dynamic concept of criminal action, which is nevertheless able to capture the many actual connotations of human behavior, the author suggests that culpability causation should find its place in the hermeneutics of the principle of harm, as an element embedded in the same which gives significance to the concept of criminal offence as a whole.
Such qualification – which the paper puts forth by highlighting the impending need for a review of the general theory of criminal offence – seems to be the right balance between the conflicting souls of culpability causation, in addition to being grounded on solid philosophical and scholarly foundations, rather than on the deductive study of human action alone
Design and development of optical, optoelectronic and sensing systems for a luminous electronic tile
Full text linkThe work described in the dissertation is strictly related to LUMENTILETM, a project funded by the European commission in the framework of the Horizon 2020 research program.
The final goal of the project was the development of a luminous electronic tile (hence the name) at a prototype level (TRL 7) offering a demonstration of the technologies used. Namely, large area electronics and integration of electronics and optoelectronics technologies with a non-standard material like ceramic.
The project envisaged three different products. Two models were devoted to installation on floors and walls, working in a low speed regime in terms of colour displaying. The third model is thought for large video screen installations and for this reason able to work at high refresh frequencies regimes, in the order of 100Hz (high data rate, HDR tiles).
The two low speed products (low data rate, LDR tiles) required the interaction with the user, and the installation is foreseen in public spaces where solicitations are frequent and the requirement in terms of resistance and durability are necessary for a device to be installed and used correctly.
The main idea and the guiding principle of the project was to create an inconspicuous device. The final user should not realise to staring at an electronic device. On the contrary, LUMENTILETM should be perceived as a usual decorative and passive element, coming to life only after a soft interaction.
Not to distort the essence of a standard tile, while offering interactions and responses of a smart device; LUMENTILETM was thought to resemble in shape and materials as a standard tile, embedding all the electronics required for its functioning. An interdisciplinary study across electronics, software, mechanical science and building engineer was needed to achieve the best possible level of integration.
Among all the technologies and processes involved in the design and production of the full product, in this dissertation the focus will be on the optoelectronic and optical side. The topics in these aspects are related to:
• Light source identification and design of a driving system
• Design and development of an optical structure to offer uniform illumination of the tile surface
• Design and implementation of an optical gesture recognition sensing system.
The light source installed in LUMENTILETM are standard high power semiconductor LED. Three of them, red, green and blue, are used in every individual light source to offer a large gamut of colour to the tile. A dedicated driving system was developed. The proposed design helped to highly reduce the number of components, the area occupation and the reduction of costs. A multiplexing in time of current is the basis to the proposed device, while the use of a PWM is offering the dimming and colour mixing feature.
To obtain a good uniformity of the illumination on the tile surface, a light guide approach was proposed. The technology is known in the display field, where the requirements are though different from the ones of LUMENTILETM. The designed light guide is reconciling the mechanical properties required to this components, which needs to be structural; low complexity in the assembly phase, keeping at minimum the number of components and costs; and acceptable optical performances.
The gesture sensing system, based on the concept of triangulation, allows to detect the movement of an object in front of the tile (a hand) and offers a touchless interaction with the device. The system is based on an infrared emitter which illuminates the space in front of the tile, where the hand will wave to require any action to the tile. A portion of the light scattered by the hand is then sent back to the tile and detected by four photodiodes placed inside the tile for the detection. The detection system is operating with a homodyne method, isolating only the frequency of operation and reducing or eliminating all the incoherent signals.The work described in the dissertation is strictly related to LUMENTILETM, a project funded by the European commission in the framework of the Horizon 2020 research program.
The final goal of the project was the development of a luminous electronic tile (hence the name) at a prototype level (TRL 7) offering a demonstration of the technologies used. Namely, large area electronics and integration of electronics and optoelectronics technologies with a non-standard material like ceramic.
The project envisaged three different products. Two models were devoted to installation on floors and walls, working in a low speed regime in terms of colour displaying. The third model is thought for large video screen installations and for this reason able to work at high refresh frequencies regimes, in the order of 100Hz (high data rate, HDR tiles).
The two low speed products (low data rate, LDR tiles) required the interaction with the user, and the installation is foreseen in public spaces where solicitations are frequent and the requirement in terms of resistance and durability are necessary for a device to be installed and used correctly.
The main idea and the guiding principle of the project was to create an inconspicuous device. The final user should not realise to staring at an electronic device. On the contrary, LUMENTILETM should be perceived as a usual decorative and passive element, coming to life only after a soft interaction.
Not to distort the essence of a standard tile, while offering interactions and responses of a smart device; LUMENTILETM was thought to resemble in shape and materials as a standard tile, embedding all the electronics required for its functioning. An interdisciplinary study across electronics, software, mechanical science and building engineer was needed to achieve the best possible level of integration.
Among all the technologies and processes involved in the design and production of the full product, in this dissertation the focus will be on the optoelectronic and optical side. The topics in these aspects are related to:
• Light source identification and design of a driving system
• Design and development of an optical structure to offer uniform illumination of the tile surface
• Design and implementation of an optical gesture recognition sensing system.
The light source installed in LUMENTILETM are standard high power semiconductor LED. Three of them, red, green and blue, are used in every individual light source to offer a large gamut of colour to the tile. A dedicated driving system was developed. The proposed design helped to highly reduce the number of components, the area occupation and the reduction of costs. A multiplexing in time of current is the basis to the proposed device, while the use of a PWM is offering the dimming and colour mixing feature.
To obtain a good uniformity of the illumination on the tile surface, a light guide approach was proposed. The technology is known in the display field, where the requirements are though different from the ones of LUMENTILETM. The designed light guide is reconciling the mechanical properties required to this components, which needs to be structural; low complexity in the assembly phase, keeping at minimum the number of components and costs; and acceptable optical performances.
The gesture sensing system, based on the concept of triangulation, allows to detect the movement of an object in front of the tile (a hand) and offers a touchless interaction with the device. The system is based on an infrared emitter which illuminates the space in front of the tile, where the hand will wave to require any action to the tile. A portion of the light scattered by the hand is then sent back to the tile and detected by four photodiodes placed inside the tile for the detection. The detection system is operating with a homodyne method, isolating only the frequency of operation and reducing or eliminating all the incoherent signals
Effects of genetic line and dietary crude protein level on growth traits of finishing heavy pigs
No full textThis trial was aimed to evaluate the effect on growth performance of restricted diets using conventional (CONV) or low-CP and low-essential amino acid diets (LP) on pigs of 4 genetic lines (GL): Anas (A), DanBred (D), Goland (G) and Topigs (T). In two rounds, 184 pigs (gilts and barrows), born in the same week, were raised on a common feeding regime till 80 kg BW. From 80 kg BW, the pigs were housed in 8 pens (10 to 12 pigs/pen) equipped with feeding station recording individual daily feed intake and received CONV or LP diets. During the early (90 to 120 kg BW) and late (120 to 165 kg BW) finishing periods the CONV diets contained 147 and 132 g CP/kg feed and 50 and 41 g lysine/kg CP, respectively, while LP diets contained 112 and 100 g CP/kg feed and 50 and 41 g lysine/kg CP, respectively. Every three weeks pigs were individually weighted and backfat thickness was ultra-soundly measured at P2 point. Data were subjected to ANOVA and diet was tested on pen within round as line of error. All growth traits were influenced by GL (P<0.001): the D pigs had greatest final BW (172 kg), ADG (0.700 kg/d), gain:feed ratio (0.272) and the lowest final backfat depth (15.9 mm) and backfat gain (+7.5 mm); the A and G pigs exhibited similar final BW (165 kg), average daily gain (ADG, 0.686 kg/d), gain:feed ratio (0.266), final backfat depth (18.6 mm) and backfat depth gain (+8.9 mm); the T pigs had the lowest final BW (159 kg), ADG (0.637), gain:feed ratio (0.248) and final backfat depth (16.2 mm) and backfat depth gain (+7.7 mm). The dietary treatment did not influence final BW and ADG, but LP increased backfat depth gain from +8.0 to +8.6 mm (P=0.013) compared to CONV. The GL × feed interaction was never significant. Differences among GL were more relevant than those due to the reduction of the dietary CP. These results are useful for the Italian Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) dry-cured ham production circuit
Predizione delle caratteristiche chimiche e reologiche della carne di coniglio mediante analisi NIRS (Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy)
No full textFresh minced meat of hind leg from 515 rabbits was analysed by NIRS. Calibration equations were calculated by PLSR to predict the chemical composition and reological characteristics of fresh meat, the slaughter weight and dressing percentage of rabbits, as well as the muscle to bone ratio of hind leg, the shear force and cooking losses of meat. NIRS prediction was accurate for all chemical variables (R2cv=0.52 to 0.85). NIRS prediction of pH was fair (R2cv=0.45), while the prediction of colour was unsatisfactory (R2cv<0.25). NIRS prediction of meat shear force gave scarce results, while was better for cooking losses (R2cv=0.49). The rabbit weight at slaughter, the dressing percentage and the muscle to bone ratio of hind leg showed an intermediate degree of correlation with the NIR spectra (R2cv=0.34 to 0.38)
Effect of diet supplementation with Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. toyoi) on performance and health of growing rabbits
No full textTwo trials were performed to evaluate the effect of a dietary supplementation with Bacillus cereus var. toyoi on performance and health of growing rabbits. The studies were conducted in two
commercial farms using the same experimental diets. In the first trial, 216 rabbits were controlled from 35 d (weaning) until 70 d of age. In the second trial, 180 rabbits were controlled from 37 until 79 d of age. At weaning, rabbits were put into bicellular cages, divided into three groups and fed the experimental diets: diet C, diet T1 and diet T2 supplemented with 0, 200 ppm (2x105 spores/g diet) and 1000 ppm (1x106 spores/g diet) of Toyocerin® (concentration: 1x109 B. cereus var. toyoi spores/g), respectively. The diets did not contain antibiotics or growth promoters and presented similar chemical composition
(CP: 17.4% DM, NDF: 40.8% DM; ADL: 5.2% DM, starch: 16.5% DM). The differences in growth performance between the two trials depended mainly on the different final age of rabbits. Weight gain (42.0 vs 36.5 g/d) was lower and feed conversion (3.12 vs 3.96) higher in the second trial. Mortality (13.0% vs 21.7%) and morbidity (2.8% vs 25.0%) were significantly higher in the second trial. The probiotic supplementation (diet C vs diets T1+T2) significantly increased final live weight (2,517 vs 2,580 g; P=0.02) and daily weight gain (38.2 vs 39.8 g/d; P=0.01) and improved feed conversion (3.63 vs 3.50; P=0.01). Morbidity was significantly lower with supplemented diets (18.2 vs 10.3%; P=0.03), while mortality and sanitary risk were not affected by dietary treatment. No effect of probiotic inclusion rate (diet T1 vs diet T2) and no significant interaction between dietary treatment and trial were measured. In conclusion, the supplementation of Bacillus cereus var. toyoi improved growth performance and reduced morbidity of rabbits reared in farms with or without severe health problems. Increasing probiotic inclusion rate from 2x105 to 1x106 spores/g diet did not improve rabbit growth
performance and health
Digestible fibre to starch ratio and antibiotic treatment time in growing rabbits affected by epizootic rabbit enteropathy
No full textThe study aimed to evaluate if the digestible fibre (DF, hemicelluloses+pectins) to starch ratio of the diet and the time of antibiotic treatment after epizootic rabbit enteropathy (ERE) outbreak affect health status, digestive physiology, growth performance, and carcass traits of early weaned rabbits. Two
hundred forty Grimaud hybrid rabbits were put in individual cages and controlled from 25 d of age to slaughter (70 d). The rabbits were assigned to four groups according to a 2x2 factorial arrangement (2 DF to starch ratios by 2 antibiotic treatment times). Half of the rabbits fed ad libitum diet L, with low (1.0) DF to starch ratio (19.1% DF and 18.9% starch as-fed) and half fed diet H with high (2.5) DF to starch ratio (23.9% DF and 9.6% starch). The diets were characterized by similar protein (16.8%),
ADF (19.8%), and ADL (3.9%) concentrations. After the ERE appearance, half of the rabbits within diet were submitted to an early antibiotic treatment (from 38 to 42 d of age), while half of the rabbits to a late treatment (from 45 to 49 d). The antibiotic treatment was realized by an association of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (100 g/100 l) and colistin (24 g/100 l) administered in water. At 43 d of age, 36 rabbits (6 per group) were sacrificed to collect caecal content and ileum mucosa samples. Increasing DF to starch ratio of the diet improved fibre fraction digestibility (P<0.001) therefore maintaining a similar nutritive value (digestible energy=10.7 MJ/kg) among diets. Mortality (31.7%
vs. 11.5%) and morbidity (38.5% vs. 18.5%) significantly decreased (P<0.001) by increasing DF to starch ratio, thus reducing sanitary risk by two thirds. These results were apparently associated to a higher caecal fermentation activity (volatile fatty acids: 49.6 vs. 60.7 mmol/l; P=0.03) in rabbits fed
the high DF to starch diet, while ileal mucosa morphometry was unaffected. Once the health status was recovered, growth performance and slaughter results were scarcely affected by the dietary treatments. An early antibiotic treatment, administered within one week from the first ERE symptoms, reduced mortality (17.3 vs. 26.0%; P=0.07) and improved growth performance and slaughter results in comparison with a later treatment. Even the early antibiotherapy did not avoid that rabbit mortality
reached a level unacceptable for a commercial farm, however. The association of a diet with a high DF to starch ratio and an early antibiotic treatment permitted to maintain the mortality at a basic level (5.8%) and provided the best growth performance and carcass quality
Poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in European sea bass from different rearing systems
No full textThe chemical composition and the level of seven indicator congeners of PCB (BZ/IUPAC no. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) were determined in 133 specimens of farm-raised European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The fish were caught from different aquaculture rearing systems: extensive fish valley, semi-intensive ponds, sea-cages, and intensive concrete tanks. Fresh fillet chemical composition differed among the rearing systems (fat: 2.9, 7.5, 7.1, and 9.4%; P<0.001). Total concentrations of indicator congeners were below the EU limit (200ng/g fat) for meat, poultry and eggs, being the lowest in extensively-reared sea bass (75ng/g fat), intermediate in sea bass from semi-intensive ponds (119) and sea cages (116), and the highest in intensively-reared fish (133) (P<0.001). Similarly, PCB concentrations in fresh fillets were 2,438, 10,116, 8,491, and 12,952pg/g in the four systems (P<0.001). The congener 153 was the most represented in all rearing systems. TEQ concentrations for the dioxin-like congener no. 118 were 50 to 200 times lower than the maximum admitted value. Total concentration of indicator congeners of PCB was poorly correlated with fish slaughter weight (R2=0.17), while highly correlated with fat concentration of fish (R2=0.75)
Suino pesante, poche proteine non compromettono la performance
No full textLa ricerca ha l'obiettivo di studiare l’effetto di diete caratterizzate da differenti apporti di proteina ed aminoacidi essenziali (AA) sulle prestazioni di allevamento, al macello e sulla qualità tecnologica delle cosce di suini pesanti in finissaggio. Lo studio ha interessato complessivamente 240 suini equamente ripartiti in 4 tesi alimentari isoenergetiche (12,8 MJ/kg): una dieta convenzionale, che apportava 146 e 133 g/kg di proteina grezza (PG) e 7,6 e 5,9 g/kg di lisina rispettivamente nella fase iniziale (da 90 a 130 kg) e nella fase finale di allevamento (da 130 a 165 kg); e tre diete ipoproteiche formulate attraverso una progressiva sostituzione della farina di estrazione di soia con farina di frumento, in modo da ridurre il tenore in PG delle razioni rispettivamente dell’8, 14 e 19% e il tenore in lisina del 9, 16 e 22% rispetto alla dieta convenzionale. I risultati confermano la concreta fattibilità di una riduzione consistente del contenuto in proteina grezza e aminoacidi essenziali delle razioni destinate alla fase di finissaggio dei suini pesanti. La somministrazione della dieta a più bassi apporti in PG e AA non ha penalizzato le prestazioni di allevamento e di macellazione dei suini rispetto all'impiego di programmi alimentari convenzionali, ha leggermente migliorato alcune caratteristiche tecnologiche delle cosce legate all'entità e alla composizione del grasso di copertura delle stesse ed ha consentito un abbattimento del 25% dell'escrezione di azoto con le deiezioni. La sostituzione quasi integrale della farina di estrazione di soia con farine di cereali, abbinata ad una solo modesta integrazione delle diete con aminoacidi di sintesi, è quindi una concreta strategia per migliorare la sostenibilità del comparto del suino pesante nazionale, che riduce i costi di alimentazione migliorando la qualità ambientale dei prodotti senza penalizzare le prestazioni degli animali e la qualità della materia prima da avviare a trasformazione
Digestible fibre to ADF ratio and protein concentration in diets for early-weaned rabbits
No full textTo evaluate the effects of three ratios of digestible fibre (DF = hemicelluloses and pectins) to ADF (1.1, 1.3 and 1.5) and two levels of crude protein (CP, 16% and 17%) on digestive efficiency, growth performance, health status, and meat quality, from early-weaning (26 d of age) to slaughter (74 d) 246 rabbits were given ad libitum access to six diets according to a 3x2 factorial arrangement. Increasing DF/ADF linearly increased DM, fibre fraction and energy (59.9 vs. 62.3 vs. 65.9%, P<0.01) digestibility and daily weight gain (42.4 vs. 43.2 vs. 45.2 g/d; P=0.02) and improved feed conversion (P<0.01), without affecting slaughter results, carcass and meat quality. Total caecal VFA concentration increased (51.3 vs. 66.9 and 66.0 mmol/l; P<0.01) as DF/ADF raised from 1.1 to 1.3 and 1.5. Increasing dietary protein improved DM and nutrient digestibility and feed conversion (P<0.01), as well as slaughter dressing percentage (61.2 vs 61.8%, P=0.03). Dietary protein concentration did not modify caecal content characteristics or carcass and meat quality. A higher mortality (P=0.05) was measured in rabbits fed diets at 1.1 DF/ADF (27.1%) in comparison with rabbits fed diets at 1.3 (14.3%) and 1.5 (17.1%). However, feeding the highest DF/ADF diets, mortality raised up to 23.9% with the 16% CP diet, while was only 11.4% with the 17% CP diet
Digestible fiber to ADF ratio and starch level in diets for growing rabbits
No full textTo evaluate the effect of digestible fibre (DF, hemicelluloses+pectins)/ADF ratio (1.0 and 1.3) and starch level (12, 15, and 18%) on health status, digestive physiology, growth performance, and carcass traits, 246 rabbits weaned at 27 d were fed until slaughter (76 d) with six diets formulated according to a bifactorial arrangement (2 DF/ADF ratios by 3 starch levels). Increasing DF/ADF improved DM digestibility (P<0.01), but did not affect growth performance, caecal content characteristics and slaughter traits. Increasing starch level improved digestibility efficiency and conversion index (P<0.001), decreased ileal mucosa villi height (P=0.04), without affecting growth performance, caecal fermentation and slaughter results. The increase of DF/ADF ratio tended to reduce mortality (25.0 vs 17.6%; P=0.11), whereas the raise of starch greatly increased mortality (from 6.9 to 43.1%; P<0.001) and sanitary risk (from 13.9 to 63.9%; P<0.001)
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