855 research outputs found
Replication data for: Export Superstars
No full textFreund, Caroline, and Pierola, Martha Denisse, (2015) "Export Superstars." Review of Economics and Statistics 97:5, 1023-1032
Replication data for: Export Superstars
No full textFreund, Caroline, and Pierola, Martha Denisse, (2015) "Export Superstars." Review of Economics and Statistics 97:5, 1023-1032
Regional trade agreements: blessing or burden?
No full textThere has been a proliferation of regional trade agreements around the world since the early 1990s. In a survey of the latest theoretical and empirical research on regionalism, Caroline Freund and Emanuel Ornelas ask whether we should celebrate or be concerned about this trend.regional trade, trade negotiations, regionalism
The Customs Union issue: Why do we observe so few of them?
No full textThe number of preferential trade agreements has greatly increased over the past two decades, yet most existing bilateral arrangements take the form of free trade areas, and less than ten percent can be considered to be fully fledged customs unions. This paper develops a political economy model of trade policy under imperfect competition to provide a positive explanation for the prevalence of free trade areas. In a three country setting, a representative from each prospective member is elected to determine the tariffs to be applied on imported goods. Under a customs union, the necessity to coordinate tariff leads voters to strategically delegate power to more protectionist representatives. Contrary to most of the existing literature, we show that strategic delegation may imply that free trade areas increase welfare compared to customs unions. Moreover, the model also indicates that free trade areas are more likely to be politically viable than customs unions.Strategic delegation, Preferential Trade Agreements.
Reciprocity in free trade agreements
No full textThe author uses detailed trade, tariff, and income data for countries involved in 91 trade agreements negotiated since 1980 to test for reciprocity in free trade agreements. The results offer strong evidence of reciprocity in North-North and South-South free trade agreements, but there is little empirical support for reciprocity in North-South trade agreements. In particular, after controlling for other determinants of trade preferences, the results suggest that a one percent increase in preferences offered leads to about a one-half of a percent increase in preferences received in North-North and South-South trade agreements. Freund also finds evidence that large countries extract greater trade concessions from small countries. This leads to a modified form of reciprocity in North-South agreements. A large increase in access to a developing country market leads to only a small increase in access to a rich country market. The results imply that there are incentives for countries to maintain protection in order to extract more concessions from trade partners. But in general, such perverse incentives should be less of a concern in developing countries involved in North-South agreements because the value of a developing country tariff preference in terms of its effect on trade preferences from a rich country is quite small. The gains from unilateral liberalization are likely to far outweigh potential gains from using protection as a bargaining chip in trade negotiations. The evidence is consistent with a repeated game model of trade liberalization. The model presented shows that trade preferences granted are increasing in trade preferences received. This implies that countries can extract greater concessions from trade agreement members if they have higher external trade barriers. However, if a country's trade barriers are very large then the gains from reneging on the agreement in the short run will be high, making the agreement unenforceable despite offering long-term gains. So, there is a reciprocity-credibility tradeoff. High tariffs may allow countries to extract more concessions from potential trade agreement partners, but they also make the country less credible in actually implementing agreed tariff concessions. If a country's external tariff is very high relative to other countries, then it will not be able to commit credibly to any free trade agreement.Rules of Origin,Trade Policy,Common Carriers Industry,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Trade and Regional Integration,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Trade Policy,Rules of Origin,Economic Theory&Research
Interview: Dr. Elizabeth Freund Larus on China, the Belt and Road Initiative, and Taiwan
No full textAt Harris Bricken, we keep close tabs on what is happening around the world, and we know that our friends and clients do, as well. We are happy to provide this podcast series: Global Law and Business, hosted by international attorneys Fred Rocafort and Jonathan Bench, where we look at the world by talking with business leaders, innovators, service providers, manufacturers, and government leaders around the world.
In Episode #58, we are joined by Dr. Elizabeth Freund Larus, chairman of the University of Mary Washington’s Political Science and International Affairs Department and author of Politics and Society in Contemporary China
The trade response to global downturns : historical evidence
No full textThe author examines the impact of historical global downturns on trade flows. The results provide insight into why trade has dropped so dramatically in the current crisis, what is likely to happen in the coming years, how global imbalances are affected, and which regions and industries suffer most heavily. The author finds that the elasticity of global trade volumes to real world GDP has increased gradually from around 2 in the 1960s to above 3 now. The author also finds that trade is more responsive to GDP during global downturns than in tranquil times. The results suggest that the overall drop in real trade this year is likely to exceed 15 percent. There is significant variation across industries, with food and beverages the least affected and crude materials and fuels the most affected. On the positive side, trade tends to rebound very rapidly when the outlook brightens. The author also finds evidence that global downturns often lead to persistent improvements in the ratio of the trade balance to GDP in borrower countries.Economic Theory&Research,Emerging Markets,Free Trade,Trade Policy,Currencies and Exchange Rates
Weiblichkeit im Kontext der Entfremdungserfahrung am Beispiel von Christoph Heins Novelle Der fremde Freund (1982)
No full textIn Caroline Enges Analyse von Weiblichkeit im Kontext der Entfremdungserfahrung am Beispiel von Christoph Heins Novelle Der fremde Freund (1982) liegt der Fokus primär auf dem persönlichen Diskurs der Ich-Erzählerin, in dem sich durch eine Gegenüberstellung von Verdrängen und Begehren die Widersprüche zwischen erzähltem und erzählendem Ich manifestieren. Caroline Enge arbeitet heraus, wie durch die Einbettung dieses Monologs in den Kontext der DDR das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen politischem System und dem eigenen Empfinden von Entfremdung deutlich wird und wie die Problematik anhand der Auseinandersetzung mit einem traditionellen Frauenbild zugespitzt wird; mit einem Frauenbild, das auch im sozialistischen Staat keine Alternativen für individuelle Bestimmungen des Frau-Seins bietet und so die Konstitution einer eigenen Subjektivität der Protagonistin unmöglich macht. Der Beitrag analysiert das Scheitern dieser weiblichen Selbstidentifikation mithilfe feministischer und psychoanalytischer Literaturtheorie und zeigt, dass die Identitätsproblematik dabei nicht allein als Folge individuell-biographischer Erlebnisse zu verstehen ist, sondern dass die stillschweigende Anpassung der Ich-Erzählerin an patriarchale Herrschaftsverhältnisse in Zusammenwirkung mit den (Gewalt-)Erfahrungen in der funktionalen Gesellschaft erfolgt
Weiblichkeit im Kontext der Entfremdungserfahrung am Beispiel von Christoph Heins Novelle Der fremde Freund (1982)
No full textIn Caroline Enges Analyse von Weiblichkeit im Kontext der Entfremdungserfahrung am Beispiel von Christoph Heins Novelle Der fremde Freund (1982) liegt der Fokus primär auf dem persönlichen Diskurs der Ich-Erzählerin, in dem sich durch eine Gegenüberstellung von Verdrängen und Begehren die Widersprüche zwischen erzähltem und erzählendem Ich manifestieren. Caroline Enge arbeitet heraus, wie durch die Einbettung dieses Monologs in den Kontext der DDR das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen politischem System und dem eigenen Empfinden von Entfremdung deutlich wird und wie die Problematik anhand der Auseinandersetzung mit einem traditionellen Frauenbild zugespitzt wird; mit einem Frauenbild, das auch im sozialistischen Staat keine Alternativen für individuelle Bestimmungen des Frau-Seins bietet und so die Konstitution einer eigenen Subjektivität der Protagonistin unmöglich macht. Der Beitrag analysiert das Scheitern dieser weiblichen Selbstidentifikation mithilfe feministischer und psychoanalytischer Literaturtheorie und zeigt, dass die Identitätsproblematik dabei nicht allein als Folge individuell-biographischer Erlebnisse zu verstehen ist, sondern dass die stillschweigende Anpassung der Ich-Erzählerin an patriarchale Herrschaftsverhältnisse in Zusammenwirkung mit den (Gewalt-)Erfahrungen in der funktionalen Gesellschaft erfolgt
What constrains Africa's exports?
No full textThis paper examines the effects of transit, documentation,
and ports and customs delays on Africa’s exports.
The authors find that transit delays have the most
economically and statically significant effect on exports.
A one-day reduction in inland travel times leads to a
7 percent increase in exports. Put another way, a one-day
reduction in inland travel times translates to a 1.5
percentage point decrease in all importing-country tariffs.
By contrast, longer delays in the other areas have a far
smaller impact on trade. The analysis controls for the
possibility that greater trade leads to shorter delays in
three ways. First, it examines the effect of trade times on
exports of new products. Second, it evaluates the effect of
delays in a transit country on the exports of landlocked
countries. Third, it examines whether delays affect time-sensitive
goods relatively more. The authors show that
large transit delays are relatively more harmful because of
high within-country variation
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