17 research outputs found
Complexity Lower Bounds for Computing the Approximately-Commuting Operator Value of Non-Local Games to High Precision
No full textWe study the problem of approximating the commuting-operator value of a two-player non-local game. It is well-known that it is NP-complete to decide whether the classical value of a non-local game is 1 or 1- epsilon, promised that one of the two is the case. Furthermore, as long as epsilon is small enough, this result does not depend on the gap epsilon. In contrast, a recent result of Fitzsimons, Ji, Vidick, and Yuen shows that the complexity of computing the quantum value grows without bound as the gap epsilon decreases. In this paper, we show that this also holds for the commuting-operator value of a game. Specifically, in the language of multi-prover interactive proofs, we show that the power of MIP^{co}(2,1,1,s) (proofs with two provers, one round, completeness probability 1, soundness probability s, and commuting-operator strategies) can increase without bound as the gap 1-s gets arbitrarily small.
Our results also extend naturally in two ways, to perfect zero-knowledge protocols, and to lower bounds on the complexity of computing the approximately-commuting value of a game. Thus we get lower bounds on the complexity class PZK-MIP^{co}_{delta}(2,1,1,s) of perfect zero-knowledge multi-prover proofs with approximately-commuting operator strategies, as the gap 1-s gets arbitrarily small. While we do not know any computable time upper bound on the class MIP^{co}, a result of the first author and Vidick shows that for s = 1-1/poly(f(n)) and delta = 1/poly(f(n)), the class MIP^{co}_delta(2,1,1,s), with constant communication from the provers, is contained in TIME(exp(poly(f(n)))). We give a lower bound of coNTIME(f(n)) (ignoring constants inside the function) for this class, which is tight up to polynomial factors assuming the exponential time hypothesis
Compound diets formulation and Hermetia illucens larvae performance
No full textThe POULTRYNSECT Work Package 1 “Optimization of Hermetia illucens rearing protocols” aims to rear black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for the poultry feeding trials in WP2. The WP is divided into four different tasks. The first two tasks concern to adjust the nutritional composition of the BSFL by testing different diet formulations for BSFL with by-products from the agri-food chain. This report joins the preliminary results obtained from the in vivo trials
performed with Hermetia illucens (INAGRO) for deliverable 1.1 and 1.2. Raising BSFL from their neonate stage to larvae of a Harvestable size is not rocket science.
However, to do this consistently on a feed composed of by-products from the agri-food chain with varying composition and properties, and meanwhile keeping feed conversion, larvae size, nutritional composition and harvestability of the final product consistent can be rather challenging.
Potential feedstocks of different origin were collected and analysed for their macro nutritional content in order to make mixtures that are more or less in line with the requirements of BSFL as they are currently presumed optimal.
Black soldier fly larvae can be reared on an array of different by-products from the agri-food chain as long as their nutritional needs are met to some extend and the physical properties of the feed are hospitable for the larvae. However, using a different diet might result in larvae with a different composition. Especially fat content seems to vary strongly between diets.
Especially when the diet is rich in non-fibre carbohydrates the larvae seem to incorporate it into fat.
For the poultry trials larvae of consistent quality will need to be reared over prolonged periods.
Due to the inherent nature of agricultural by-products they are only available seasonally and often only for short periods. As for retailer waste, it is very variable in composition and also seasonally dependant. To have controlled conditions for the poultry feeding trials its seems therefore necessary to use a control feed for the larvae, preferably a feed that can be reproduced in other BSFL rearing facilities
The Effects of Density on the Growth and Temperature Production of Tenebrio molitor Larvae
No full textTenebrio molitor larvae live, at least partially, inside their feed. Hence, they do not live on a 2D plane but in a 3D environment. However, previous studies mainly focused on the optimal number of larvae for a given surface area, not the available volume. The goal of this study was to assess the growth and survival of mealworms in a standardized semi-industrial setting with a varying density (cm3) and substrate height. A full factorial experimental design was used with five larval densities (0.5–8 larvae/cm3) and four feed heights (1–8 cm) in 60 × 40 cm crates. Furthermore, the in-crate temperature was monitored and linked to the density. The results of this study clearly indicate that mealworm larvae prefer a low density (cm3). At low larvae densities, the substrate height was less important, with a slight preference for a thicker layer. In contrast, at high(er) larval densities, a lower layer thickness resulted in better growth. The in-crate week temperature varied up to 14 °C (25–39 °C) between treatments and could be predicted well based on the number and size of the larvae. These results may help the industry to improve their production efficiency in terms of larvae density, substrate height and room temperature
Transporting Tenebrio molitor Eggs: The Effect of Temperature, Humidity and Time on the Hatch Rate
No full textInsect farming can be an important tool in the realization of a more sustainable future. With a growing insect industry, animal transportation between and within farms is expected to increase. For Tenebrio molitor, using eggs may be convenient as it eliminates the risk of cannibalism, food shortages and has a low risk of asphyxiation. However, there are at least three important variables during regular transport: time, temperature and relative humidity. For each one, as well as their interactions, there is a need to assess the effect on the hatch rate and establish lower and upper boundaries at which a good hatch rate of the eggs is possible. In this study, a total of 20 temperature/RH combinations were assessed (between 5–40 °C and 40–80% RH), with an exposure time ranging between 1 and 6 days for each combination. The results indicated that between 15 and 30 °C no negative effects were observed at any of the assessed RH or exposure times. Higher temperatures did result in a lower hatch rate; no eggs hatched at 40 °C, even after one day. Lower temperatures of 5 and 10 °C can be endured without pronounced adverse effects but only for a limited time (resp. 1 or 2 days). Including relative humidity in the model did improve the overall fit, but the effect is limited (compared to temperature or exposure time) with a slightly better hatch rate in dryer conditions at the extreme temperatures
The Influence of Wet Feed pH on the Growth of Tenebrio molitor Larvae
No full textFor optimal growth, Tenebrio molitor needs both dry feed and wet feed. Storing dry feed is not a problem, but storing wet feed over a prolonged period is more challenging due to spoilage. It could be stored in a refrigerated room, but this process is energy consuming and therefore increases the price of production. Another option is to ferment the feed, as is done regularly in other branches of agriculture. No energy is needed, and the feed remains stable due to low pH levels. In this study, we assessed the growth of mealworm larvae fed with wheat bran and agar-agar gel. Different treatments received agar-agar gel of a specific pH, varying between 3 and 9 in increments of one pH unit, resulting in seven assessed pH values. The average weight of the larvae was determined every week until maximum weight was achieved. Mealworms at harvest grown at the lowest pH (3.02) were on average 8.1% lighter than their counterparts grown at higher pH levels. However, within ranges that could realistically occur in a mealworm production setting (pH > 3.5), no significant differences were found. In conclusion, fermentation can be used to store mealworm wet feed, without pH having a detrimental effect on mealworm growth
BugBook: Data analysis methods in studies of insects for food and feed
No full text[EN] In recent decades, research on insect production for food and feed has expanded significantly, driven by advances in farming, processing, genetics, and sustainability. Various data analysis methods, from traditional statistics to advanced machine learning, are used to optimise aspects of insect-based systems. In production, methods like analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis help improve breeding conditions and growth rates, while multivariate analyses support processing studies by evaluating nutritional and microbial safety. Genetic research leverages bioinformatics, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and quantitative genetics to enhance traits like yield and disease resistance. Sustainability assessments use life cycle analysis (LCA) with Monte Carlo simulations to measure environmental impacts. Emerging tools, such as neural networks and support vector machines, are gaining traction for predicting feed conversion ratios and disease detection. Despite progress, a comprehensive guide that bridges classic and novel data analysis methods in insect research is still lacking. This study aims to address this gap by offering an accessible manual for researchers and professionals. It will consolidate methodologies across disciplines, highlighting foundational tools for beginners while showcasing advanced techniques for experts. Topics include the application of tailored methods like chitin and protein accounting, sensory analysis, consumer preference modelling, and data visualisation to improve stakeholder communication. By enhancing methodological rigor and fostering transparency, this guide will promote innovation, facilitate data interchange, and ensure the replicability of findings. Ultimately, it aims to drive sustainable advancements in the mass production of insects for food and feed.This paper is also supported by the EUPRIMA program project ADVAGROMED (Prima 2021 Sect. 2). The project is funded by the General Secretariat for Research and Innovation of the Ministry of Development and Investments of Greece under the
PRIMA Programme. PRIMA is an Article 185 initiative supported and co-funded under Horizon 2020, the
European Union s Programme for Research and Innovation. And partially funded by the Federal Ministry
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Black soldier fly larvae as an alternative feed source and agro-waste disposal route : a life cycle perspective
No full textLife cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to evaluate black soldier fly production using different diets, including typical Belgian agro-residues (Brussels sprout stems, endive roots and solid fraction pig manure). The LCA compared insect-based feed with soybean meal and fishmeal, and composting through insects versus conventional treatments. Underlying LCA data were derived through feeding experiments. To determine the sensitivity of the results, we tested the effect of alternative energy sources and dietary components.
Non-residue insect feed and energy use contributed greatly to overall environmental impacts. Insect protein had greater impacts than protein from soybean meal or fishmeal due to the high energy consumption and, in some cases, agro-product demands. These should be areas of focus to make European insect production more sustainable. In the case of Brussels sprout stems and endive roots, conventional treatments outperformed composting by insects. Between industrial versus insect pig manure composting, the results varied greatly by energy source and impact category
Eggs or meat? Environmental impact and efficiency assessment of chicken protein production with potential of Hermetia illucens use in feed
No full textThis study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing laying hen to broiler chicken production. Sustainability and protein conversion efficiency are considered. The protein-to-protein conversion was calculated per 1t of feed protein consumed by birds and per 1 kg of protein in end products for human consumption. Additionally, a part of the commercial feed was replaced by live black soldier fly larvae, reared on Gainesville diet, and fruit and vegetable waste (FVW). Results of the LCA showed significant differences in integrated impacts between different production systems and different chicken feeds but not between different insect feeds. The most environmentally friendly scenario is insect (FVW) fed broiler. In protein conversion efficiency (PCE) assessment, laying hen production achieved better PCE than broiler chicken when protein quality is considered. Main influencing factors on results were feed production, composition, and protein content. Due to many assumptions made, results should be viewed critically
Valorisation Potential of Using Organic Side Streams as Feed for <i>Tenebrio molitor</i>, <i>Acheta domesticus</i> and <i>Locusta migratoria</i>
No full textDue to increasing welfare and population, the demand for alternative protein sources, obtained with minimal use of natural resources, is rising in today’s society. Insects have the potential to be used as an alternative protein source since they are considered to be able to convert low-value biomass into high-value components, resulting in opportunities for valorisation of organic side streams. Moreover, insects are suggested to be a sustainable protein source, referring to the efficient “feed to body” mass conversion potential. The aim of this review was to explore the potential to rear the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) on low or not yet valorised organic side streams within the food supply chain. This was performed by collecting research information focusing on the rearing of the insects in scope on organic biomass. In addition, the nutritional composition of the produced insects as well as their dietary requirements will be reviewed. Finally, the availability of side streams in the EU will be discussed as well as their potential to be used as insects feed
Chicken: feed or insects, eggs or meat?
No full text• Broiler production has slightly higher protein efficiency than egg production
• Laying hen production achieved higher single score results than broiler production
• The production of feed has by far the largest share of the environmental impact of the entire production
• Decrease of environmental impact due to introduction of larva
