1,721,035 research outputs found

    Head trauma: clinical and diagnostic factors in pediatric emergency,Il trauma cranico: aspetti diagnostico-terapeutici nell'emergenza-urgenza pediatrica

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    The Authors describe the clinical spectrum of head trauma. The importance of history (the way the trauma occurred) and of the intrinsic dynamics of the lesions are emphasized, as is their role for the outcome. They delineate the major intervention the pediatrician should perform in emergency, and the diagnostic and therapeutical approach. In particular, recommendations are made about the best neuroradiological test which should be done

    A general purpose discrete adjoint formulation for inviscid two-dimensional fluid dynamic optimization

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    A general purpose discrete adjoint formulation for robust and efficient design optimization of nozzles in inviscid flow conditions, with different flow solvers, is presented and tested on various nozzle problems. An approximate, dissipative flow solver is used to develop the discrete quasi-time-dependent adjoint equations. The resulting design sensitivities are very robust even in the presence of noise or other non-smoothness associated with objective functions in many high-speed flow problems. The optimization is performed using a sequence of progressively finer grids for the solution of the flow field, together with a progressive optimization, whereby a sequence of a partially converged flow solutions is followed by an optimization step. In order to calculate accurate objective functions, the flow field must be computed by accurate flow solvers. First, the previous adjoint equations are coupled with an accurate in-house flow solver to test the approach on some inverse design problems involving two-dimensional transonic, subsonic and incompressible nozzle flows. The methodology is shown to be robust and highly efficient. Then, the previous design test cases are re-computed coupling the suggested adjoint formulation with commercial flow solvers, without noticing any significant difference in the optimization convergence histories. This evidence prove the employed adjoint formulation to be quite general, because it allows to perform accurate and efficient design optimization using different flow solvers. Finally, the incompressible design test case is re-computed coupling the suggested compressible adjoint formulation with a commercial incompressible flow solver; the successful optimization further substantiates the present discrete adjoint formulation to be a general purpose adjoint formulation, which can even be coupled to incompressible flow solvers

    A general use adjoint formulation for compressible and incompressible inviscid fluid dynamic optimization

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    A discrete adjoint formulation with an ad hoc flow solver has been recently developed and tested on transonic inviscid flow optimization problems. In the present paper the formulation is extended to various compressible flow solvers as well as to a solver for incompressible flows. An approximate, dissipative flow solver is used to develop the discrete quasi-time-dependent adjoint equations. The design problem employs a progressive optimization, i.e., a sequence of operations, containing a partially converged flow solution, followed by an adjoint solution followed by an optimization step. The procedure is performed using a sequence of progressively finer grids. The sensitivity derivative variations are limited to preserve the smoothness of the progressive procedure. First, the adjoint equations are coupled with an accurate in-house flow solver to test the approach on some inverse design problems involving two- and three-dimensional supersonic, transonic, subsonic and incompressible flows. Then, the previous design test cases are re-computed coupling the extended adjoint formulation with commercial and open source flow solvers, without noticing any relevant difference in the optimization convergence histories. Finally, incompressible design test cases are successfully computed coupling the extended adjoint formulation with a commercial solver for incompressible flows. The extended compressible adjoint formulation appears to have a wide application, insofar as it allows to perform accurate and efficient design optimization using different flow conditions, different flow solvers and even a solver for incompressible flows
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