251,360 research outputs found
Peak Car and Beyond: The Fourth Era of Travel
No full textThere is emerging evidence that personal daily travel, particularly by car, has ceased to grow in the developed economies. This can be attributed to saturation of demand, given high levels of access and choice now widely available, together with constraints on higher speeds. We are therefore at a time of transition from an era of growth of per capita travel to an era of stability, in which the future factors determining the growth of total travel demand are demographic — population growth, increasing longevity, and urbanisation. The peak car phenomenon, which marks this transition, is seen in successful cities that attract a growing population whose travel needs are increasingly met by investment in rail-based transport, the revival of which is a characteristic of the new era
Obstacles on the path: An exposition of the experience of car-free living
No full textThe contemporary focus by local and central government on the promotion of sustainable transport options has highlighted the need for commuting to move away from the current dependence on private cars to more public and active (walking and cycling) modes of transport. Given the prominence of the motor car in personal transport options however, choosing to live car-free in this car dependent culture appears at first glance to be an irrational choice. This research explores the lived experiences of a group of Hamilton residents who have made such a choice. Using a grounded theory approach, the thesis presents the results of interviews with nine car-free Hamilton residents who shared their personal transport stories, which include their childhood experiences, but focus on their current everyday practices and experiences. Through semi-structured interviews, the costs and benefits of a car-free lifestyle are articulated and analysed. Their motivations for choosing to forgo cars and their solutions for overcoming potential barriers to car-free living are also reported and explored. The collected data generated a range of themes which are presented in three chapters, each covering a specific aspect of the participants’ stories. The first group of themes relate to the public sphere, the second to the private realm and the final group emanates from specific elements of car-free living that the thesis sought to clarify through the participants’ stories. The key finding is that living car-free within Hamilton City is viewed by the participants as a well reasoned and eminently sensible choice, which produces multiple benefits. In addition to their reduced environmental footprints, the participants value the social interaction associated with active and public transport. Their consensus is that they are healthier, wealthier and more involved members of the community. The most problematic areas of living without a car were associated with recreational and social activities, which often do not coincide with public transport schedules or involve distances too great for active transport. The benefits far outweigh any disadvantages however, and ultimately, this thesis concludes that a motor car is not necessary for the everyday activities of urban living in Hamilton and any associated inconveniences are not as insurmountable as generally imagined
Plan de manejo para la conservación de la Nutria Neotropical (Lontra longicaudis) en la jurisdicción de la Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca - CAR
No full textEl presente Plan de manejo y conservación es producto de una labor técnica, científica y
social que involucró a los diferentes actores institucionales, sociales, gremiales y académicos, entre otros. En él se incorpora información y estudios técnicos-científicos sobre los aspectos bióticos, ecológicos y socio-ambientales, se identifican y analizan los factores que afectan a la especie y sus poblaciones, se definen las líneas de acción, sus respectivos objetivos, actividades, indicadores, actores responsables e involucrados y el nivel de prioridad, que en el corto, mediano y largo plazo se deben implementar para preservar y garantizar la permanencia de estos mamíferos semiacuáticos en los diferentes ecosistemas acuáticos (ríos, humedales, quebradas, lagos, lagunas) del territorio CAR. Este documento está enmarcado en la Política Ambiental Nacional, la Política Nacional para la Gestión Integral de la Biodiversidad y sus Servicios Ecosistémicos (PNGIBSE), las metas regionales, nacionales y globales de conservación de la biodiversidad y el Plan de Acción Cuatrienal CAR 2016-2019. Es el instrumento de gestión para la conservación de la nutria en el territorio CAR, su implementación requiere de la participación y compromiso de los diferentes actores involucrados, partiendo del conocimiento local, la articulación de la gestión institucional y la concientización de la urgente necesidad de contribuir desde los diferentes ámbitos y roles a la conservación de la especie y sus hábitats
Volatility of car ownership, commutingmode and time in the UK
No full textThis paper has two objectives: to examine the volatility of travel behaviour over timeand consider the factors explaining this volatility; and to estimate the factors determiningcar ownership and commuting by car. The analysis is based on observations of individualsand households over a period of up to eleven years obtained from the British HouseholdPanel Survey (BHPS). Changes in car ownership, commuting mode and commuting timeover a period of years for the same individuals/households are examined to determine theextent to which these change from year to year. This volatility of individual behaviour is ameasure of the ease of change or adaptation. If behaviour changes easily, policy measuresare likely to have a stronger and more rapid effect than if there is more resistance tochange. The changes are ?explained? in terms of factors such as moving house, changingjob and employment status. The factors determining car ownership and commuting by carare analysed using a dynamic panel-data models
Car Sharing as a Key Contribution to Multimodal and Sustainable Mobility Behavior – the Situation of Car Sharing in Germany
No full textSo far, car sharing is just a small niche product on the mobility market. The proven positive effects of car sharing can only contribute to solving traffic problems if the number of car sharing customers grows. The present paper investigates, on the basis of a household survey, the awareness and the market potential of mobility service car sharing in Germany. The results show that the majority of the respondents do not know what the term car sharing stands for. Even within the sub-group of people who could explain what car sharing is, local car sharing offers are not well known. To measure the attitudes towards the different modes of transport and the acceptance of the general idea to share a car with other people, statement batteries were used. On the basis of factor analyses, linear and logistic regression models, the factors are determined that influence whether a person has a liking for car sharing or not. Furthermore, the correlation between attitudes and behavioral aspects are revealed. In this context, people with multimodal mobility behavior are found to be more open-minded for shared used vehicle systems. Finally, by taking subjective (attitudes) and objective criteria (current mobility behavior) into account, the potential of car sharing is estimated. The paper starts with a short history of the development and the current status quo of car sharing in Germany and a brief summary of the previous research. In the end recommendations for the further development of car sharing are given
The slot car stig: Performance and consistency of a slot car driven by a heuristic algorithm in an embedded microcontroller
No full textWe present theory and measured performance of an autonomous slot car driven by a heuristic algorithm on a typical track. The hardware consists of a PIC 8-bit single-chip microcontroller with various sensors driving a standard permanent-magnet (PM) brushed dc (BDC) motor in a mechanically-standard Scalextric platform. We present some interesting results concerning the relative difficulty of apparently-balanced lanes on a track. The car achieves optimum lap times with high consistency. Measured performance agrees with theoretical expectation. The consistency of performance allows the impact of experimental changes to be reliably assessed
DIDACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE TEACHER`S METHODICAL APPROACH FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DEVELOPING STUDENT`S METHODICAL APPROACH
No full textMetodično ravnanje je v ožjem smislu namerno ravnanje, prirejeno splošnim in posebnim značilnostim in zakonitostim pouka ter njegovim okoliščinam, s katerimi učitelji in učenci uresničujejo namen oziroma dosegajo cilje pouka. Posebej pomembne so metodične kompetence učiteljev, saj ti pouk načrtujejo, oblikujejo, pripravljajo, izvajajo, sprožajo, spodbujajo in usmerjajo aktivnost učencev, vodijo in sproti prirejajo celotno dogajanje. Učiteljeve metodične kompetence se kažejo v njegovem znanju in sposobnostih in so odvisne od različnih dejavnikov. Razvoj metodičnega ravnanja pri učencih ni odvisen samo od vpliva učitelja, ampak tudi od učenčeve lastne angažiranosti. Namen diplomskega dela je bil preučiti učiteljevo metodično ravnanje z vidika razvijanja metodičnega ravnanja učencev. V ta namen smo v teoretičnem delu diplomskega dela opredelili pouk, didaktično-metodični potek pouka in odnos med šolo in domom. V empiričnem delu nas je zanimalo, kdo in v kolikšni meri vpliva na učenčeve načine učenja, kolikšen je učiteljev vpliv na izbiro učenčevih načinov dela pri različnih dejavnostih oziroma opravilih in kolikšen je učiteljev vpliv na učenčeve načine delovanja pri pouku in doma. Ugotovili smo, da na načine učenja učencev 6. in 8. razreda treh pomurskih osnovnih šol najbolj vplivajo starši. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da je učiteljev vpliv na učence veliko bolj izrazit pri dejavnostih oziroma opravilih, ki potekajo v šoli, kot pri opravilih, ki jih učenec sam opravlja doma. Izpostavimo lahko, da se je pri vseh učenčevih načinih delovanja pri pouku in doma, kjer se je pokazala statistično značilna razlika v vplivu učitelja glede na spol ali razred učencev, izkazalo, da je učiteljev vpliv na učenčeve načine delovanja pri pouku in doma večji pri dekletih kot pri fantih in večji pri učencih 6. razreda kot pri učencih 8. razreda.Methodical approach is an intentional activity design for class and its circumstances, with which teachers and students fulfill the purpose and reach the goals of the class. The teachers’ methodical competences are especially important because they plan, design, prepare, carry out, activate, prompt and direct students’ activities. Simultaneously, they lead and change the course of the lesson if needed. The teacher’s methodical competences include his knowledge and abilities and are dependent on various factors. The development of the methodical approach is not dependent only on the teacher’s influence but also on the student’s engagement. The purpose of this diploma thesis is to study the teacher’s methodical approach from the perspective of the development of the student’s methodical approach. To this end, the diploma thesis defines class, didactical-methodical course of the class and school and home relationship. Furthermore, the empirical part includes who and to what extent influences the ways of the students’ learning, how much influence on their work choice has the teacher and how much on their ways of class and home activities. The study, which included sixth and eighth grade of three Pomurje elementary schools, shows that mostly the students’ parents affect their ways of learning. Moreover, the findings show that the teachers have a bigger influence on school tasks and lesser on home tasks. Additionally, they indicate that the teacher has more influence on girls than on boys, regarding the student’s class and home activities, and more on the sixth-graders than on the eighth-graders
Estimating individual driving distance by car and public transport use in Sweden
No full textHow much to drive, and how much to use public transport, are modelled as three- and two level decisions, respectively, based on micro-data for Sweden. The choices whether to have a car, whether to drive given access to a car, and how much to drive given that the individual drives at all are then estimated using a three equation model. Also after correcting for other variables, such as income, men are driving much more, and using less public transport, compared to women. People living in big cities are less likely to drive, but those who do are on average driving about as much as others. Age and access to company-cars are also important determinants for travel behaviour, but being a member of an environmental organisation is not. Driving increases with income, but to a lower degree compared to most aggregated studies on national level. The difference is explained in a simple model with income-dependent structural changes, implying that it becomes more difficult to live without a car when average income increases. This indirect effect is found to be of a similar size as the ordinary income elasticity typically found in cross-section analysis within a country or region.Transport demand; car ownership; car use; driving; public transport demand; multi-level decisions; social context; gender and transport
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