1,721,140 research outputs found
Personal identity and social identity: A comparison between self-categorization theory and the model of egocentric social categorization
No full textIn this study the different hypotheses deriving from self-categorization theory (Turner et al., 1987) and from the model of egocentric social categorization (Simon, 1993) were tested. These hypotheses concern ingroup bias and the outgroup homogeneity effect. Using the paradigm of the minimal groups, three experimental conditions were created. In all of them, participants (n = 74) were informed that both the members of the ingroup and the members of the the outgroup, subjects included, would have to solve problems of a cognitive nature: cultural, linguistic, mathematical. In the first condition, quasi-intergroup, the ingroup was presented as an aggregate and the outgroup as a group; there was, moreover, intragroup competition. In the second, mixed, ingroup and outgroup were both groups; in this condition there was both intragroup competition and intergroup competition. In the third condition, intergroup, the only competition present was that between the two groups. The main factors of the experimental design, between subjects, were: relations (quasi-intergroup, mixed, intergroup) and target (ingroup, outgroup). Before proceeding to the solution of the problems, which were anticipated but never presented, the participants received information, sequentially, on the 50 members of the ingroup or on the 50 members of the outgroup, regarding their IQs. Participants were then submitted to free recall tests; they evaluated the mean IQs of the two groups and judged their homogeneity. Results confirm the principle of functional antagonism between personal and group levels of self-categorization. Moreover, they demonstrate the validity of the hypothesis that ingroup bias is revealed only when the more salient identity is social identity. The results confirm the hypotheses derived from self-categorization theory, not those derived from the model of egocentric social categorization
Relationship between two universals: The factors of evaluation, potency, activity of the semantic differential and facial expressions of six basic emotions
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Metodi e ricerche per l'indagine psicologica di alcuni temi della società italiana
No full textIl volume si propone di esaminare alcuni temi di rilievo nella società italiana contemporanea alla luce dei giudizi politici e partitici e in riferimento alle norme di comportamento, anche penali, vigenti
Testing contact strategies in working contexts
No full textIn the present study, we tested the effectiveness of certain contact modes to improve the relationships between Italians and immigrants. In particular, the intergroup contact theory (Brown and Hewstone, 2005), the common ingroup identity model (Gaertner and Dovidio, 2000), the dual identity model (Gaertner et al., 2000) were evaluated. A questionnaire was used. Participants, belonging to the Italian group, were workers of firms in a Northern region. We hypothesized that the salience of a common identity would be more effective in improving the relationships with immigrants, met at work, than the other contact modes. Generalization of contact effects to the wider category of immigrants would be stronger when dual identity, rather than common identity or two-groups representation, was salient. Results supported the prediction concerning the effectiveness of common ingroup identity salience, though we did not find the expected moderation effects. Practical and theoretical implications of results are discussed
L'effetto di omogeneità del gruppo estraneo nel rapporto settentrionali-meridionali in Italia
No full textSi sono analizzate le percezioni di omogeneità nel rapporto intergruppi settentrionali-meridionali in Italia. I partecipanti alla ricerca (N = 92) erano settentrionali. Sono stati presi in considerazione modelli teorici diversi. Secondo alcuni, cognitivi, il gruppo estraneo viene generalmente percepito più omogeneo del gruppo di appartenenza; secondo altri, connessi alla teoria dell’identità sociale (Tajfel, 1981), le percezioni di omogeneità variano a seconda del contesto e in funzione dei processi motivazionali legati alla difesa dell’identità sociale. Sono state utilizzate misure diverse di percezione di omogeneità: dispersione, stereotipicità, omogeneità generale. I risultati che si rilevano con tali misure sono in parte diversi. L’effetto di omogeneità del gruppo estraneo non risulta comunque generale. Le percezioni di omogeneità dipendono, infatti, dalla dimensione di giudizio: nei tratti positivi del proprio gruppo, ad es., si rileva o l’effetto di omogeneità dell’ingroup o simmetria nelle percezioni di omogeneità. La spiegazione più soddisfacente dei risultati è quella che considera le caratteristiche strutturali del contesto intergruppi, cioè lo status superiore dell’ingroup rispetto a quello dell’outgroup (Lorenzi-Cioldi, 1993), e il bisogno di difendere la propria distintività positiva
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