121,869 research outputs found
capaR is tubule-specific and localized to principal cells; manipulation of capaR expression levels modulates [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> and fluid transport rates.
No full text<p>(<b>A</b>) Mean mRNA expression data ± SEM were collated from Affymetrix tissue-specific array datasets described in flyatlas.org <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029897#pone.0029897-Chintapalli1" target="_blank">[14]</a> for adult and larval tissues as indicated. Blue shading (dark-adult; light-larvae) indicates epithelial tissues; whereas green shading (dark-adult; light-larvae) indicates fat body or tissues containing fat body <i>eg.</i>, adult head and carcass. ‘mRNA signal’ indicates how abundant <i>capaR</i> mRNA is; and for each tissue, <i>capaR</i> mRNA was detectably expressed in 4 out of 4 arrays (flyatlas.org). In order to assess the expression pattern of capaR <i>in vivo</i>, the capaR promoter-driven GAL4 line, capaR-GAL4, was generated and crossed with UAS-GFP, and fluorescence examined by GFP histochemistry in tissues from progeny of the cross (top left panel). For orientation, tubule regions are indicated by M (main segment); I (initial segment); L (lower tubule). Expression of capaR-driven GFP occurs in the principal cells in the tubule main segment, exclusion of a stellate cell (arrowed, top right panel). (<b>B–D</b>) <i>Drosophila</i> capa receptor is expressed in principal cells of the Malpighian tubule. (<b>B</b>) Tubules were processed with pre-immune serum and only low-level non-specific staining of intracellular vesicles was observed, confirming the specificity of the antibody. (<b>C</b>) Immunocytochemistry using anti-capaR rabbit polyclonal antibody and anti-Rabbit IgG-Texas Red conjugate reveal basolateral membrane localization of capaR in tubule principal cells. (<b>D</b>) Merge of z-stacks from (<b>B</b>) picture reveals exclusion of a stellate cell (arrowed). In panels A, B–D, nuclei are labelled blue with DAPI, scale bar represents 30 µM. (<b>E</b>) Manipulation of capaR affects cytosolic [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> levels in intact tubules. Tubules were dissected from c42>UAS-apoaequorin flies (c42aeq), c42aeq>UAS-capaR RNAi flies and c42aeq>UAS-capaR. Resting cytoslic [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> levels were measured, after which tubules were stimulated with 10<sup>−7</sup> M capa-1 to obtain stimulated cytosolic [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> readings. Primary and secondary pooled data for cytosolic [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> levels are shown as nM [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> ± SEM, <i>N</i> = 6, where * P<0.05, Student's <i>t</i>-test. (<b>F</b>) Fluid transport by <i>Drosophila</i> c42-GAL4>capaR RNAi renal tubules is significantly decreased (as determined using a Student's <i>t</i>-test (*P<0.05)) compared to the parental GAL4 line when the tubule is stimulated by application of capa-1 (10<sup>−7</sup> M). Secretion rates are expressed as nl/min ± SEM (<i>N</i> = 6).</p
Desensitization and internalisation of capa-1-stimulated capaR.
No full text<p>S2 cells were transfected with eYFP-tagged capaR, left un-treated or treated with capa-1, and viewed by confocal microscopy after immunocytochemistry with anti-GFP antibody. (<b>A</b>) Control. (<b>B</b>) capa-1 stimulated, 15 min. (<b>C</b>) sample was incubated for 15 minutes with capa-1, washed three times with culture medium followed by 30 minutes incubation in culture medium to allow resensitization. Nuclei are labelled blue with DAPI, scale bar represents 10 µM. (<b>D</b>) S2 cells expressing capaR were left untreated (0), or treated for 5, 10, 20 or 30 minutes (indicated) with 10<sup>−7</sup> M capa-1 to induce receptor internalization. An additional sample was incubated for 30 minutes with capa-1, washed three times with culture medium without capa-1 followed by 30 minutes incubation in culture medium to allow resensitization (Res.). A sample of untransfected cells serves as a negative control. Samples were subjected to cell surface biotinylation to label plasma membrane proteins. We found that the protein concentration of biotinylated samples are generally lower than that of the total lysates; therefore, the equivalent of 5000 cells were loaded for the total lysate, and an equivalent of 15,000 cells were loaded for the biotinylated samples. Total lysates and biotinylated samples were subjected to western blot analysis. Immunoblot using anti-capaR antibody identified a band of the predicted size of 52 kDa which confirms the specificity of the antibody and an additional non specific 75 kDa protein absent in the cell-surface (biotinylated) fraction. (<b>E</b>) Samples from the cell surface biotinylation experiment were semi-quantified and corrected for total receptor expression. Relative cell surface expression is shown as a percentage of the non-treated S2 cells expressing capaR (t = 0). Bars indicated with an asterisk were significantly (P<0.05 as determined by one-way ANOVA) reduced compared to t = 0. (<b>F</b>) Calcium measurements in S2 cells transfected with expression constructs for aequorin and the capa receptor. S2 cells were challenged with 10<sup>−7</sup> M capa-1, pre-treated with capa-1 for 15 min (Desensitization (Des.)), followed by ligand removal after which S2 cells were challenged at 15 min or 30 min (Resensitization (Res.)) with 10<sup>−7</sup> M capa-1 and cytosolic [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> levels measured. Bars indicated with an asterisk were significantly (P<0.05 as determined by Student's <i>t</i>-test) reduced compared to control. (<b>G</b>) Analysis of capaR-β-arrestin-2 interactions. S2 cells were co-transfected with capa receptor tagged with <i>Renilla</i> luciferase and β-arrestin-2 tagged with eYFP. Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) signals were monitored after treatment of the cells for 15 min with varying concentrations of capa-1. Data are expressed as mBRET units ± SEM, <i>N</i> = 3.</p
A Multi-Language Comparison of Influences on Author Verification using Character N-Grams
No full textWe create a new multi-language corpus for author verification based on Wikipedia talkpages, and evaluate the influence that differences in topic and time have on character n-gram author profiles. Topic alignment between two texts is found to increase author verification precision, and an authors writing style is found to change over time, but not more significantly after 3 years than after 1 year.Information ArchitectureWISElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with an increased frequency of falls and sarcopenia
No full textBackground: This cross-sectional study aimed to examine associations between excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) with falls and falls related conditions in older adults. Methods: To assess EDS, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale was used, with a score of ≥11/24 points indicating EDS. Number of falls and fall history (at least one) in the last year were recorded. Timed Up and Go test (TUG) was used to assess fall risk. Sarcopenia was defined by SARC-F tool. A grip strength score of the dominant hand, measured with a hand-grip dynamometer, less than 16 kg in females and 27 kg in males was accepted as dynapenia. Frailty status was defined by five dimensions including shrinking, exhaustion, low levels of activity, weakness, and slowness with those scoring positive on ≥3 dimensions being categorized as frail. The relationship between EDS with outcomes including fall, number of falls, falls risk, dynapenia, sarcopenia and frailty was investigated. Results: Of the 575 outpatients (mean age 78.7 ± 7.5 years, female:70.4%), the prevalence of EDS was 19.8%. In the multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, living status, marital status, polypharmacy, osteoarthritis, Parkinson disease, depression and dementia; EDS was significantly associated with the number of falls last year (IRR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.42–2.65) and sarcopenia (OR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.41–4.12). EDS was not significantly associated with TUG based fall risk, frailty and dynapenia. Conclusions: EDS was observed in approximately one in every five older adults. EDS should be evaluated as part of geriatric assessment. Moreover, older patients with EDS should be further assessed for falls and sarcopenia
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Dissipative Range Scaling of Higher Order Structure Functions for Velocity and Passive Scalars
No full textDifferently to Kolmogorov's second similarity hypothesis, we find that the 2n-th order velocity and scalar structure functions scale with n-th order moment of the energy dissipation and the scalar dissipation, respectively. The origins of this scaling are analyzed by the transport equations of the fourth order velocity and scalar increment moments and by direct numerical simulations
Fast implementation of iterative adaptive approach for wideband unambiguous radar detection
No full textAccepted author manuscriptMicrowave Sensing, Signals & System
Ratio of n-6/n-3 in the diets of beef cattle
No full textEffects of feeding heat-treated canola (C), soybean (S) and flax (F) or mixtures on growth and slaughter characteristics, taste and fatty acid (FA) composition of beef tissue were investigated using 128 crossbred steers to determine the potential of improving the nutritional quality of beef for humans. For Trial 1 (48 steers), dietary treatments were: roasted C, extruded C, roasted S, extruded S, roasted F and extruded F. For Trial 2 (80 steers), the dietary treatments were: S:F (1:1), S:C (1:1), C:F (1:1) and S:F:C (1:1:1), and the oilseeds were processed either by roasting or extruding before mixing. Soybean meal and soybean oil were used to give equivalent lipid and protein contents to each experimental diet. The basal diet consisted of grass silage, barley grain, vitamins and minerals. Steers were fed for a minimum of 100d then slaughtered at a uniform degree of finish. Growth and slaughter characteristics of the steers were only slightly affected by dietary treatment in that the soybean-fed steers consumed more feed and had a higher average daily gain than the canola or flax-fed animals in Trial 1. There was no difference in taste panel parameters for any of the treatments. Inclusion of flax in the diet increased the total n-3 content of meat. Similar results were found for canola and C18:1n-9 although this was not the case for soybean and the n-6 FA. For the n-6 FA in the PL and neutral lipid fractions of the meat samples, levels were correlated with high dietary levels of n-6 or n-9 with low levels of n-3 while for the n-3 FA, levels were correlated with high dietary n-3 levels and low n-6 levels. Oilseed processing method did not have an effect on any fatty acid levels. It is possible to modify the FA composition of beef meat toward a healthier profile by including heat-treated oilseeds in the diet to influence the degree of lipid metabolism in the rumen.ID: S0377840111004007; M3: Article; Accession Number: S0377840111004007; Author: M.A. McNiven (a, ⁎); Author: J.L. Duynisveld (b); Author: T. Turner (a); Author: A.W. Mitchell (a); Affiliation: Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of PEI, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3; Affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Nappan, NS, Canada B0L 1C0; Keyword: Oilseeds; Keyword: Roasted; Keyword: Extruded; Keyword: Fatty acids; Keyword: Healthy fat; Number of Pages: 11; Language: English
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