11,841 research outputs found
Ulaştırma modellerinde Can'ın yaklaşım metodunda uygun ortalama seçimi için simülasyon
No full textClassical transportation models aim to minimize the total costs of
homogeneous goods transport from supply points to demand points, taking
into account unit transportation costs. They constitute a special case of network
models and employ a technique based on linear programming. Suggested in
2015 and one of the early distribution methods, Tuncay Can’s Approximation
Method (TCAM) is based on the geometric averages of unit transportation
costs, although it is stated in the theorem that other means than geometric can
be used. The aim of this study is to compare the total costs of a transportation
model by solving a problem using geometric, arithmetic, square, and harmonic
means based on TCAM. The coefficients of the transportation model were
obtained randomly by simulation, and the method was repeated on the
problem according to the different means and the appropriate means
determined.Klasik ulaştırma modelleri birim taşıma maliyetlerini göz önüne alarak
homojen malların arz noktalarından talep noktalarına taşınma maliyeti
toplamını minimize etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ulaştırma problemi, ağ
modellerinin özel bir halidir ve doğrusal programlama temelli bir tekniktir.
Başlangıç dağıtım yöntemlerinden Tuncay Can yaklaşım metodu 2015 yılında
geliştirilmiş bir metottur. Yöntem, birim taşıma maliyetlerinin geometrik
ortalamalarının alınması esasına dayanmakla birlikte teoremde yöntem
uygulanırken geometrik ortalamalar yerine farklı ortalamaların da
kullanılabileceği belirtilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Tuncay Can Yaklaşım
Metodunu (TCYM) temel alarak, yöntemin belirttiği şekilde birim maliyetlerin
geometrik ortalamalarının alınması ve ayrıca aritmetik, kareli ve harmonik
ortalama kullanılarak da yöntemin uygulanması ile elde edilen toplam
maliyetleri minimize eden başlangıç dağıtım planı incelenerek hangi
ortalamada optimal sonuç verdiğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaca yönelik
olarak kurulan ulaştırma modelinin katsayıları simülasyon yardımıyla rassal
olarak değiştirilmiş ve yöntem farklı ortalamalara göre problem üzerinde
tekrarlanarak, optimal toplam maliyet değerleri karşılaştırılmış ve uygun
ortalama tespit edilmiştir
Adherence frequency of CANDIDA ALBICANS on nasoalveolar molding (NAM) appliances
No full textBackground and Method: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the adherence frequency of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species in newborn babies with Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP) who receive presurgical orthopedic therapy with Nasoalveolar Molding (NAM) appliances. This study comprised of 25 CLP newborns including 8-right unilateral, 8-left unilateral and 7-bilateral CLP. First swab samples were taken from the hard palate when the baby was referred and renewed after 3 days. Following the 7th day of delivery of NAM appliance, the swab samples were retaken from both the hard palate and the NAM appliance. Samples were renewed with 2-month intervals. The last swab samples were taken one month after the surgery. Oral swabs were cultured on CHROMagar Candida medium for the growth of yeasts. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the time points regarding C. albicans proliferation frequency and severity rates on the palate. No significant difference was found due to the type of cleft and sex in terms of candidal colonization. A constant increase in proliferation frequency of non-albicans on the palatal mucosa was observed between all of the time points. Although the results were insignificant, there was a constant increase in C. albicans proliferation which presented a decrease following primary lip surgery. Conclusion: The appliance might not only cause an increase in the colonization of C. albicans but also provide the continuation of the colonization. Therefore, mouth cleaning is important even after primary lip surgery. (C) 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved
Darevskia spitzenbergerae subsp. wernermayeri Arribas & Candan & Kornilios & Ayaz & Kumlutaş & Gül & Yilmaz & Caynak & Ilgaz 2022, ssp. nov.
No full textDarevskia spitzenbergerae wernermayeri ssp. nov. 8(M), 10(F) 1. ZDEU 123 /2015. (N=18), Yukarınarlıca Village, Çatak, Van, Turkey, 29.07.2015, Leg. Y. KUMLUTAŞ, Ç. ILGAZ [Map ID: 77].Published as part of Arribas, Oscar, Candan, Kamil, Kornilios, Panagiotis, Ayaz, Dinçer, Kumlutaş, Yusuf, Gül, Serkan, Yilmaz, Can, Caynak, Elif Yildirim & Ilgaz, Çetin, 2022, Revising the taxonomy of Darevskia valentini (Boettger, 1892) and Darevskia rudis (Bedriaga, 1886) (Squamata, Lacertidae): a Morpho-Phylogenetic integrated study in a complex Anatolian scenario, pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 5224 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5224.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/751790
Darevskia obscura subsp. obscura Arribas & Candan & Kornilios & Ayaz & Kumlutaş & Gül & Yilmaz & Caynak & Ilgaz 2022
No full textDarevskia obscura obscura stat. et comb. nov. 38(M), 35(F) 1. ZDEU 43 /2016. (N=7), Kutul Plateau, Ardahan, Turkey, 18.07.2016, Leg. Ç. ILGAZ, K. CANDAN [Map ID: 59]. 2. ZDEU 17 / 2010. (N=22), Kutul Plateau, Ardahan, Turkey 14.07.2010, Leg. Y. KUMLUTAŞ, Ç. ILGAZ, A. AVCI, N. ÜZÜM, B. ÜZÜM [Map ID: 59]. 3. ZDEU 156 /2001. (N=44), Between Geçitli Village and Bilbilen Plateau, Ardanuç, Artvin, Turkey, 06.07.2001, Leg. Y. KUMLUTAŞ, K. OLGUN, Ç. ILGAZ, A. AVCI, F. İRET [Map ID: 60].Published as part of Arribas, Oscar, Candan, Kamil, Kornilios, Panagiotis, Ayaz, Dinçer, Kumlutaş, Yusuf, Gül, Serkan, Yilmaz, Can, Caynak, Elif Yildirim & Ilgaz, Çetin, 2022, Revising the taxonomy of Darevskia valentini (Boettger, 1892) and Darevskia rudis (Bedriaga, 1886) (Squamata, Lacertidae): a Morpho-Phylogenetic integrated study in a complex Anatolian scenario, pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 5224 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5224.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/751790
Darevskia mirabilis Arribas, Candan, Kornilios, Ayaz, Kumlutaş, Gül, Yilmaz, Caynak & Ilgaz, 2022, stat. nov.
No full textDarevskia mirabilis stat. nov. 17(M), 16(F) 1. ZDEU 142 /2014. (N=11), Ovit Pass, Rize, Turkey, 06.08.2014, Leg. Y. KUMLUTAŞ, Ç. ILGAZ [Map ID: 42]. 2. ZDEU 145 /2002. (N=22), Ovit Pass, Rize, Turkey, 06.09.2002, Leg. İ. BARAN, Y. KUMLUTAŞ, Ç. ILGAZ, A. ÖZDEMİR [Map ID: 42].Published as part of Arribas, Oscar, Candan, Kamil, Kornilios, Panagiotis, Ayaz, Dinçer, Kumlutaş, Yusuf, Gül, Serkan, Yilmaz, Can, Caynak, Elif Yildirim & Ilgaz, Çetin, 2022, Revising the taxonomy of Darevskia valentini (Boettger, 1892) and Darevskia rudis (Bedriaga, 1886) (Squamata, Lacertidae): a Morpho-Phylogenetic integrated study in a complex Anatolian scenario, pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 5224 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5224.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/751790
Quantifying Neurological Examination in 21(st) Century: Yilmaz- Ilbay Plantar Flexion Test, A Novel and Reliable Test for Evaluation of Plantar Flexion in L5-S1 Disc Herniation.
No full textBackground: Current methods used to measure the muscle strength required to achieve plantar flexion may yield highly variable results depending on the perception of the physician conducting the examination because these tests involve subjective and qualitative evaluation. Objective: To describe and evaluate the efficacy of a novel examination technique that can quantitatively measure plantar flexion in L5-S1 disc herniation. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 patients (average age: 49.4 years, range: 23-78) with L5-S1 disc herniations were included. The patient to be tested stood next to a table on which they could lean with their hands. The leg closer to the table was fully flexed at the knee, and the other foot was brought to maximum plantar flexion on the toes. At this point, a stopwatch was started to measure the time that passed until the muscles fatigued and the heel fell. The differences between the right and left plantar flexion times were noted. In addition, three different physicians graded muscle strength by using the classical "The Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom" method. Results: The time until fatigue in right and left plantar flexion was measured using the proposed method, and each test underwent a video recording. The Yilmaz-Ilbay plantar flexion test yielded the correct classification for all cases. Conclusion: We suggest that the proposed method "Yilmaz-Ilbay plantar flexion test" can serve as a useful, practical, and effective test to detect quantitative evaluation of plantar flexion in L5-S1 herniation
Democracy Through Learner-Centered Education: a Turkish Perspective
No full textAimed at documenting the problems and constraints confronting learner-centered instruction in Turkey, this article first explains the link between democracy and education and the role of learner-centered instruction in realizing democratic ends. By drawing on John Dewey's ideas and Turkish scholars' perspectives on Turkish education, the article then presents the problems and constraints that pose threats to the implementation of learner-centered instruction in Turkey. The author also explains the problems within the Turkish educational system and teacher education programmes, and the challenges that in-service teachers and students may experience with learner-centered instruction. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008
Rhynchocalamus barani Olgun, Avci, Ilgaz, Üzüm & Yilmaz, 2007, n. sp.
No full textRhynchocalamus barani n. sp. Holotype: ZDEU 122 / 2006: 1, Ψ, collected at Amanos Mountain (36 ° 50 ’N, 36 ° 25 ’E; altitude 1310 m a.s.l.), 34 km E of Dörtyol, Hatay Province, Turkey, 0 1.05. 2006, leg. A. Avcı, C. Yılmaz. Paratype: ZDEU 122 / 2006: 2, ɗ, same data as for holotype. Material used for comparison: R. m. melanocephalus: ZDEU 123 / 2006. 1 – 2 ɗ, Sofular Village, Harbiye, Hatay, 29.04. 2006, leg. A. Avcı, C. Yılmaz; ZDEU 124 / 2006. 1 Ψ, Kuruyer Village, Hatay, 30.04. 2006, leg. A. Avcı, C. Yılmaz. R. m. satunini: ZDEU 125 / 2006. 1 ɗ, Nurdaġı, Gaziantep, 0 3.05. 2006, leg. A. Avcı, C. Yılmaz. Description of holotype (Figures 1–5). Eight maxillary teeth, the posterior teeth long and welldeveloped, broad at the base with an impression; palatine teeth absent; mandibular teeth slightly longer anteriorly than posteriorly. Head small, not distinct from the neck, with oblique shape at anterior side. Head scales between rostral and posterior margin of parietal area not keeled. Temporals not keeled. Rostrum with height of 2.06 mm and width of 2.66 mm, bordered by two upper labials, two nasals and two internasals. Rostrum curved towards top of the head and intruding between the internasals. Internasals of trapezoid shape, with a suture length approximately equal to length of the prefrontal suture. Nostrils situated on one nasal at either side. Distance between nostrils 3.16 mm. Loreal at either side in contact with 1 st and 2 nd upper labials. One preocular and two postoculars on each side. Eyes small with circular pupil of 1.78 mm diameter. Length of narrow frontal 3.10 mm; width 2.60 mm. Five upper labials, 3 rd in contact with eyes. Seven lower labials on left side and eight on right side. Three and four pairs of lower labials in contact with anterior chin shields at the left and right side, respectively. Parietal length shorter than the distance from posterior tip of the rostral to the posterior tip of frontal (3.54 mm versus 4.64 mm). One temporal and two posttemporals on each side. The number of dorsal plus temporal scales surrounding the posterior margin of the parietals 13. Seventeen dorsal scale rows at midbody, 17 on neck one headlength behind head, 17 dorsal scale rows on one headlength anterior to anal and two anal plates. One gular scale in contact with anterior inframaxillar. One hundred and seventy three ventrals and 65 / 65 + 1 subcaudals. Pileus length 9.00 mm, pileus width 4.48 mm and head height 4.04 mm. Snoutvent length 312.98 mm and tail length 89.60 mm. Basic color of the head (from tip of the rostral to posterior margin of the parietals) ashgray. This basic color extends to the first upper labial plate at the flanks of the head. A narrow black blotch present from the lower part of eyes up to the contact of the 3 rd and 4 th upper labials. The 2 nd, 3 / 4 part of 3 rd, 4 / 5 part of 4 th and 2 / 3 part of 5 th upper labials of white color. Other lower labials also white except last lower labial that is black. Narrow black neck band present at the upper part of the head, from margin of the parietals to top of the posterior margin of the temporals, in the gular region of the head in contact with dorsals over a width of six scales. No contact with ventrals at the lower part of the head. Length of head patterns (from tip of rostrum), proportional to snoutvent length 4.1 mm. Temporals white (ca. 75 %) or otherwise black. The basic color of the dorsum reddish brown without spots. Lower part of the head and ventral separated by black head band, otherwise white without spots. Lower part of the tail white including tail tip. Description of paratype (Figure 6). Dentition features of the paratype similar to that of holotype (in having eight maxillary teeth; comparatively strong subequal in size; posterior broad at the base, with an impression, but without longitudinal groove; palatine teeth absent and the mandibular teeth slightly longer anteriorly than posteriorly). Paratype similar to holotype in most morphological characters, except for loreal plate absent. Colorpattern very similar to that of holotype. Counts of gular scales in a row between posterior inframaxillars higher and counts of ventrals and dorsal plus temporal scales surrounding the posterior margin of the parietals lower than in holotype (see Table 1). Differential diagnosis: Rhynchocalamus barani n. sp. differs from congeneric species (R. melanocephalus melanocephalus, R. m. satunini and R. arabicus) in having higher number of dorsals (17 instead of 15) and lower number of ventrals (163–173 instead of 180–240) and upper labials in contact with eye (1 instead of 2) and by an oblique shape of the head at the anterior side. It also differs by a characteristic colorpattern of the body and the basic color of the head, by the presence of a black blotch under the eye running into a narrow stripe, all as described above. In contrast to other species of the genus the ground color of the dorsum is reddish brown with no spotting. Habitat and ecology. Two specimens of R. barani n. sp. were captured between 16.30 and 18.30 hours, under stones along a stream (Figure 7). The altitude where the sampling was carried out was 1310 m a.s.l. The specimens were collected during sunny conditions and a temperature of 15 ºC. Other amphibian and reptile species observed are Salamandra infraimmaculata, Ablepharus budaki, Laudakia stellio, Lacerta laevis, Lacerta cappadocica, Lacerta media, Ophisops elegans and Eirenis barani. The maximum altitude of the research area ranges from 50 m a.s.l. in the west to 2240 m in the east (Türkmen & Düzenli 1998). It is composed of Mesozoic and Cretaceous limestone, Upper Cretaceous ultrabasic Gabro and Serpentine rock and Tertiary marl and Quaternary alluvial deposits in the plains. Common soil formations are ‘Brown Calcarousless, ‘Brown Forest', ‘Terrarosa’, ‘Reddish Brown Mediterranean’, ‘Colluvial’ and mixed soils (Akman 1973). The climate is Mediterranean, characterized by dry summers and rainy winters (Türkmen & Düzenli 1998 and Table 2). The study area lies within the Mediterranean Phytogeographical Region (Türkmen & Düzenli 1998). Three main vegetation types in the study area are the ‘Macchie’ vegetation from 50 to 600 m, the ‘Forest’ vegetation from 350 to 1900 m and the ‘Steppe’ vegetation at 1900 m and over. According to Türkmen & Düzenli (1998) common species include Quercus coccifera, Erica manipuliflora, Rhamnus punctatus var. angustifolius, Pistacia terebinthus subsp. palaestina, Cotinus coggyrea, Myrtus communis (Macchie), Fagus orientalis, Pinus brutia, Quercus cerris var. cerris, Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana, Carpinus orientalis, Cedrus libani and Abies cilicica (Forest) and Acantholimon libanoticum, Marrubium globosum subsp. glubosum, Astragalus macrourus, Ferula elaeochytris, Rosa pulverulenta, Cotoneaster nummularia, Vincetoxicum tmoleum, Asperula stricta subsp. monticola, Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens, Verbascum amanum, Asphodelina damascena subsp. damascena Echinops ritro and Eremurus spectabilis (Steppe). Distribution. Rhynchocalamus barani n. sp. is at present only known from the type locality (Figure 8). Etymology. The new species is in dedication to Prof. Dr. İ brahim BARAN of the University of Dokuz Eylül, İzmir, to acknowledge his prolific and uninterrupted contribution to the herpetology of the Turkey.Published as part of Olgun, Kurtuluş, Avci, Aziz, Ilgaz, Çetin, Üzüm, Nazan & Yilmaz, Can, 2007, A new species of Rhynchocalamus (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae) from Turkey, pp. 57-68 in Zootaxa 1399 on pages 58-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17539
Alyssum kaynakiae Yilmaz 2012
No full textAlyssum kaynakiae Yılmaz (sect. Gamosepalum (Hausskn.) T. R. Dudley) (Fig. 1) Holotype:— TURKEY. C2 Denizli: Çameli, Üzümlü-Çameli, Kirazlıyayla 36° 58′ 35″ N, 29° 14′ 20″ E, 890 m a.s.l., 9 May 2010, Ö. Yılmaz 87/10-1 (BULU). Biennial with short, erect, or ascending, branched fertile stems, 1.5–13 cm tall. Indumentum of dense silvery-canescent, lepidote hairs, 0.2–0.6 mm in diameter. Leaves 3–10.5 × 0.5–2.5 mm, linear, broadly acute, or obtuse, slightly conduplicate, with dense indumentum, cauline leaves increasing in size upwards. Basal leaves sometimes present, oblong, 4–12 × 1.5–3.5 mm. Inflorescence raceme, usually short and sparse. Pedicels 1–3.5 mm in fruit, divergent. Sepals 2.5–5.5 × 1–3 mm, dimorphic, elliptic, narrowly oblong, broadly acute, or obtuse, margins membranous, upper surface with dense lepidote hairs, inner surface with sparse stellate hairs, appearing connate because of interlocking indumentum. Petals 3–8 × 1–2 mm, clearly exceeding the sepals, spatulate, claw margins entire, usually emarginate or occasionally truncate, hairy with dense lepidote hairs or glabrous, yellow. Siliculae 2–4.5 × 1.5–4 mm, oval or orbicular, valves equally inflated, hairy with minute dense lepidote hairs 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, dehiscent, loculi 2 ovulate with apical placentation. Style 0.7–3.5 mm with dense lepidote hairs. Seed 1.5—2.0 mm, surfaces reticulatepapillate (Fig. 2). Root anatomy. In the roots of A. kaynakiae, the epidermis consists of single-layered cells. Collenchyma is located below the epidermis with thinner lateral walls. It has 2 layers. Cortex is composed of 3-4 rows of parenchyma cells. Xylem tissue is surrounded by phloem tissues (Fig. 5, A and B). Stem anatomy. In A. kaynakiae, the epidermis consists of single-layered, oblong cells surrounded by a cuticle layer. A small number of stomata were found between the epidermis cells. There are also lepidote hairs on the epidermis. Cortex is composed of 5–7 rows of parenchyma cells. Vascular bundles are collateral and surrounded by endodermis. Collenchyma is located below the endodermis. Phloem and xylem members are apparent. The pith of the stem is formed of large, round parenchyma cells (Fig. 5, C, and D). Leaf anatomy. In the cauline leaves of A. kaynakiae, the epidermis consists of single-layered cells and is covered by lepidote hairs on the surface. The mesophyll layer consists of 2–3 palisade parenchyma cells and spongy parenchyma cells in the middle of leaves. Stomata are present on both sides of the leaf and located at the epidermis level. The vascular bundle is surrounded by bundle sheath cells. In the basal leaves, palisade and spongy parenchyma cells could not be differentiated (Fig. 5, E, and F). A. kaynakiae has tricolpate pollen grains. The polar axis (P) is 36.34 ± 3.1 μm, and the equatorial axis (E) is 23.32 ± 2.1 μm. The ratio of P / E is 1.56 μm. The pollen grains are prolate in shape. Colpus length is 31.13 ± 3.25 μm, and colpus width is 1.18 ± 0.4 μm. The exine thickness is 1.5 ± 0.25 μm, and the intine thickness is 0.56 ± 0.1 μm. The exine ornamentation is reticulate (Fig. 3). The chromosome number of A. kaynakiae is 2n=16 (Fig. 4). In this study, morphological, anatomical, palynological, and karyological characteristics of A. kaynakiae were analysed. In terms of micromorphological properties, A. kaynakiae has densely lepidote hairs. The stem, leaves, and fruits surfaces of A. kaynakiae are covered by lepidote hairs, whereas sepals have stellate hairs along with lepidote hairs. The seed surface of A. kaynakiae is reticulate-papillate. Karabacak et al. (2016) reported in their study that seed surfaces of Alyssum species are reticulate, reticulate-papillate, and papillate. In the roots of A. kaynakiae, the primary structure was observed. The epidermis is undivided, and collenchyma tissue takes part just below the epidermis. The cortex is composed of several rows of parenchyma cells under the collenchyma. There is no cavity between the parenchyma cells that create the cortex tissue. Xylem is surrounded by phloem tissue. In the stem of A. kaynakiae, the epidermis is single-layered. The cortex layer is composed of 5–7 rows of parenchyma cells. Single-layer collenchyma and endodermis are located under the cortex parenchyma. The number of vascular bundles varies from 9 to 11. The pith region is formed entirely of parenchyma cells. Cauline and basal leaves of A. kaynakiae were analysed. For the cauline leaves, the surface is covered by lepidote hairs, and the epidermis consists of single-layered cells. Cauline leaves include the mesophyll layer with 2–3 palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma cells in the middle of the leaves. Both sides of the leaves have stomata located at the epidermis level. Bundle-sheath cells surround the vascular bundle. Palisade and spongy parenchyma cells could not be differentiated in the basal leaves. Nazari et al. (2013) underlined that some Iranian species of A. sect. Gamosepalum could be distinguished not only morphologically but also by anatomical characters (anatomy of peduncle). In the study of Yılmaz (2012), it was pointed out that A. kaynakiae has a close morphological affinity with A. niveum and A. harputicum. There are currently no sufficient detailed anatomical studies on A. niveum, but the anatomy of A. harputicum was thoroughly by Kürşat et al. (2008). The anatomical comparison of A. kaynakiae with A. harputicum is summarised in Table 1. This anatomical comparison emphasises the differences between the two species in root and stem structures. Regarding the root structure, while A. harputicum has a secondary structure (Kürşat et al. 2008), A. kaynakiae has a primary structure as the most significant distinction. Supplementarily, the stem structure of A. harputicum contains both a wood-like and herbaceous stem, but the stem structure of A. kaynakiae is only herbaceous. These findings suggest that anatomical characteristics could be helpful for the distinction of plants whose phylogenetic relationships are yet unknown. Consistent with this idea, a study that comprised taxa in tribe Alysseae by Karaismailoğlu (2020) proposed that anatomical characters can be helpful in the further delimitation of plants that necessitate new arrangements. In this study, the properties of pollen morphology of A. kaynakiae were determined by using a Light microscope and a Scanning electron microscope. The results show that the pollen shape of A. kaynakiae is prolate. In addition, pollen grains have tricolpate apertures and reticulate ornamentation. Some Alyssum species’ pollen morphology was also reported earlier (Bulbul et al. 2019, Başer et al. 2018, Kürşat et al. 2008). As was noted by these studies, the pollen grains of the Alyssum species are sub-prolate and prolate, and their ornamentation is reticulate and has tricolpate apertures. The pollen structure of A. kaynakiae complies with this information. Erdtman (1966) described the Brassicaceae as a stenopalynous family. According to Erdtman’s (1966) study, pollen grains of Brassicaceae are usually tricolpate, and exine ornamentation is usually reticulate. Khalik et al. (2002) indicated that exine ornamentation plays a significant role within the tribe, family, and between species in the same genus of Brassicaceae. The authors also reported minor differences in pollen size, shape, and aperture but significant variation in exine ornamentation. There are three different types of exine ornamentation (microreticulate, reticulate, and coarsely reticulate) based on variation in diameter of the lumina in the studied species of the family Brassicaceae (Khalik et al. 2002). Gabr (2018) reported two types of exine ornamentation (reticulate and coarsely reticulate) in ten species represented in 9 genera and 5 tribes of Brassicaceae. Besides exine ornamentation, exine thickness is also an important character to distinguish species of the family Brassicaceae (Amina et al. 2020). It was reported that morphological properties of exine are significant to explain the phylogenetic relationship of taxa (Walker 1974, Kuprianova 1967). Some studies showed that exine ornamentation and thickness are affected by enhanced UV irradiation (Koti et al. 2004, Yeloff et al. 2008). Yeloff et al. (2008) reported that the exine thickness of pollen grains increased with the UV treatments. Besides the UV irradiance, habitat and soil conditions, including nutrient and water availability, may also influence pollen morphology. According to the study by Mutlu and Erik (2012), habitat properties and altitudes are significant for the exine thickness of some species of the family Brassicaceae. When the exine thickness of A. kaynakiae is compared to other species (Bulbul et al. 2019, Başer et al. 2018, Kürşat et al. 2008), A. kaynakiae has been found to have the highest exine thickness, as shown in Table 2. This quality of A. kaynakiae can be attributed to its arid and open habitat. This information is consistent with the explanation mentioned above regarding the habitat effect on exine thickness. Uysal et al. (2017) revealed that the chromosomes generally give data relevant to the taxonomy of plants. The Brassicaceae family is well known for the considerable variation in chromosome numbers and the common occurrence of polyploids (Marhold and Lihová, 2006). Polyploidy has a significant role in the taxa of the Brassicaceae family in terms of conducting to speciation and evolution (Španiel et al. 2015). Chromosome and ploidy variation is essential also in the tribe Alysseae and the genus Alyssum (Španiel et al. 2015). According to the AlyBase database, the genus Alyssum includes diploid, polyploid, or diploid-polyploid taxa (Španiel et al. 2015). Diploid taxa with 2n = 16 are most common in this genus, and the most frequent base chromosome number is x = 8; on the other hand, x = 7 (Alyssum umbellatum Desv.) was also reported to a lesser extent (Španiel et al. 2015, Cetlová et al. 2021). In line with these data, the counted 16 chromosomes in metaphase cells of Alyssum kaynakiae demonstrate that it is diploid. This study brought the first chromosome number record for this species.Published as part of Aktürk, Ceren & Yilmaz, Özer, 2022, Morphological, Anatomical, Palynological and Karyological Studies on Endemic Alyssum kaynakiae (Brassicaceae) from Southwest Region of Turkey, pp. 231-240 in Phytotaxa 555 (3) on pages 233-237, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.555.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/691106
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