201,372 research outputs found
Callaghan, E M, N105411 Nfx180289
No full textThis record was harvested from a previous catalogue system and will be withdrawn in 2025. Information in this record may be superseded or incomplete. Visit this record in UMA's new catalogue at: https://archives.library.unimelb.edu.au/nodes/view/375453Surname: CALLAGHAN
Given Name(s) or Initials: E M
Military Service Number or Last Known Location: N105411 NFX180289
Missing, Wounded and Prisoner of War Enquiry Card Index Number: 25738188154
Item: [2016.0049.07761] "Callaghan, E M, N105411 Nfx180289
Memorandum, Jim Callaghan to Roland Clement, Bird Key in Terra Ceia Bay, November 13, 1969
No full textA memo from Jim Callaghan to Roland Clement about Little Bird Key in Terra Ceia Bay.https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/audubon_coastal_islands_records/1000/thumbnail.jp
Memorandum, Jim Callaghan to Roland Clement, Bob Canham on Little Bird Key, October 29, 1969
No full textA memo from Jim Callaghan to Roland Clement about Little Bird Key and what would become the Nina Griffith Washburn Sanctuaryhttps://digitalcommons.usf.edu/audubon_coastal_islands_records/1001/thumbnail.jp
Callaghan Rapids
No full textOblique aerial view looking north of Callaghan RapidsImage is situated at 44.442° North (Latitude), 77.692° West (Longitude)
Mesene jimena Callaghan & Llorente-Bousquets, 2011, sp.nov.
No full textMesene jimena sp.nov. Callaghan, Llorente & Luis Figures. 1–4, 16– 18, 22-23 Description. MALE. (Figs. 1, 2, 16-18) Forewing length of HT 12.2 mm, range of material measured 9.74–14.18 mm. n= 31, average 13 mm. Wing shape: Forewing elongated, costa curving slightly before the apex, anal margin slightly curved to anal angle, distal margin slightly convex to M 1 before the apex, where it is slightly indented; hindwing costa elongated, slightly curved to a rounded apex, anal margin slightly curved to tornus, where it connects abruptly to the distal margin, distal margin slightly indented at tornus, then curved to costa. Wing color, dorsal surface: Ground color of both wings uniform light orange, hindwing slightly lighter at the anal margin and costa, fringe of both wings black with scattered lighter scaling between the veins; Wing color, ventral surface: Ground color of both wings lighter than dorsal surface; forewing lighter towards inner margin; apex and costal margin with variable, discontinuous black scaling, distal margin with variable black, slightly elongated triangular markings at the end of the veins, diminishing in size from the apex, fringe black with lighter scaling between the veins. Hindwing margin with slightly elongated black triangular markings along the veins. Head: Eyes naked; marginal scaling, frons and labial palpi white, short, antennal length about 60 % of forewing length, segments black with some white scaling near clubs; clubs elongated, tips paler. Body: Dorsal color of thorax and abdomen uniform light orange, collar black; ventral surface white, thorax with black scaling where femur folds against it, forelegs white, midlegs femur white, trochanter, tarsal segments black, and hindlegs white with some black on tarsal segments; abdominal tergites with elongated transverse androconial scale pads on the margins of segments 4–7. Abdomen ventrally white with small black marks between the segments. Genitalia (Figs. 16, 17, 18) Uncus in lateral view slightly pointed, lobes of uncus slightly squared, broadly separated; ventral lobe of tegumen rounded; scaphus rounded when viewed ventrally, not projecting caudad when viewed laterally, lightly sclerotized; falces long, top bent caudad; vinculum fused to top center of tegumen, uniformly narrow, straight to the level of the valvae, then curved in pronounced “s” shape to saccus and bulging laterally; saccus anteroventral, continuation of vinculum, flat, broad and squared; valvae in lateral view narrow, ending in sharp tips, pointing caudad; in ventral view, valvae bulge slightly to base of pedicel, tips pointed caudad; inner portion of valve fused dorsally by a simple transtilla to opposing valve; aedeagus short, wide, vesica prominent with three groups of long spines pointing caudad when retracted (Fig. 17), one dorsal and two lateral; pedicel broad, short, protruding only slightly beyond valvae at base. FEMALE (Figs. 3, 4, 22, 23): Forewing length average of material measured: 14.32 mm, n= 7. Wing shape: Forewing longer than male with distal margin more curved. Wing color, dorsal surface: Ground color of both wings uniform light orange, paler than male, costa with marginal black scaling before apex, fringe on both wings black with lighter areas between veins. Wing color, ventral surface: Ground color of both wings paler orange than dorsally, paler towards anal margin, forewing costa with black scaling, distal margin with small, triangular marginal black marks along the veins, decreasing in size from apex to tornus, distal fringe black at ends of veins, lighter between; hindwing ground color light orange, distal margin with more or less uniform elongated black triangular spots at the ends of the veins, fringe black at ends of veins, lighter between them. Head: As in male. Body: Coloration as in male. Genitalia (Figs. 22, 23) Corpus bursae slightly elongated, with two small, invaginate, pointed signa, one longer; ductus bursae short, funnel shaped, bends strongly to left when viewed ventrally, sclerotized with transverse striations, and flat when viewed laterally; ductus seminalis is attached to the right side of the ostium bursae, viewed ventrally; ostium bursae consists of two plates when viewed laterally, the ventral plate larger than the dorsal, slightly flared, round, and bent ventrally; on the right side of the rim when viewed ventrally, is a strongly sclerotized horseshoe-shaped structure; the dorsal plate with amorphous pieces of sclerotized scaly material around the rim in some specimens. Variation. There is some individual variation in the length of the black marks between the veins on the ventral surface, sometimes absent, vestigial or slightly longer. Also, some specimens lack completely the vestigial black scaling on the ventral abdomen between the segments (Fig. 4). Types. 57 specimens, all from Mexico; 1 holotype, 1 allotype and 55 paratypes. Holotype male. MEXICO: OAXACA El Azulillo, Candelaria, Loxicha, 29 / 11 / 2007, 400m MZFC, J. Llorente-A. Luis leg. and a red type label. Allotype female. Río Santiago, Atoyac de Álvarez, Gro, 8 /viii/ 1985 G. Rodríguez; second label ‘Bosque Tropical subcaducifolio–cafetales 680 msnm’, third label ‘Museo de Zoología Lepidoptera 44534, and a red type label. Paratypes: GUERRERO: 36 specimens, 293, Río Santiago Atoyac de Álvarez, 680 m, MZFC, with the following dates: 1 specimen 27 /07/ 1984 (44536), 2 specimens 28 /07/ 1984 (44530, 44541), 3 specimens 16 /09/ 1984 (44521, 44523, 44529), 6 specimens 17 /09/ 1984 (44512, 44513, 44514, 44515, 44516, 44517), 6 specimens 18 /09/ 1984 (3136, 44507, 44508, 44509, 44510, 44511), 1 specimen 07/ 12 / 1984 (44537), 1 specimen 08/ 12 / 1984 (44532), 2 specimens 06/08/ 1985 (44518, 44533), 1 specimen 07/08/ 1985 (44519), 1 specimen 08/08/ 1985 (44524), 1 specimen 09/09/ 1985 (44535), 2 specimens 22 / 10 / 1985 (44526, 44528), 1 specimen 27 / 10 / 1985 (44539), 1 specimen 24 / 11 / 1985 (44531); 4 ƤƤ with the following dates: 1 specimen 28 /07/ 1984 (44540), 2 specimens 08/08/ 1985 (44520, 44538), 1 specimen 24 / 11 / 1985 (44522), MZFC; 23 Puente de Los Lugardo, Atoyac de Álvarez 900m with followings dates: 1 specimen 20 /07/ 1984 (44527), 1 specimen 29 /x/ 1983 (44525) MZFC. Acahuizotla, Chilpancingo de los Bravos, 17 / 12 / 1971, Adolfo Ibarra Vázquez leg., 1 specimen, 17 / 12 / 1971 CNIN (LEP 25841). OAXACA: 19 specimens, 9 from Azulillo-Río Candelaria, Candelaria Loxicha, 400m, MZFC, J. Llorente-A. Luis leg. 3 specimens 1 Ƥ y 13 24 /09/ 2007, 1Ƥ 22 /09/ 2007; 33 El Azulillo, Candelaria Loxicha, 400 m MZFC, J. Llorente-A. Luis leg. 3 specimens with the following dates: 29 / 11 / 2007, 27/08/ 2008, 20/ 10 / 2008. Candelaria Loxicha, Adolfo Ibarra Vázquez leg. 2 specimens 1 / 5 / 1977 CNIN (LEP 25840, LEP 25844), 1 specimen 2 / 12 / 1982 CNIN (LEP 25843); Jesús Saldaña Martínez leg. 1 specimen 27 / 1 / 1977 CNIN (LEP 25842); 6 specimens, 23 4 ƤƤ Candelaria Loxicha, 500 m, 15 / 11 / 1980, (CJC). The holotype and allotype are deposited in the MZFC. The deposition of the paratypes is indicated by the acronyms or collector. Etymology. This lovely species is named in honor of Ms Jimena Llorente, wife of the second author. Distribution. (Fig. 27) The species is found in the coastal areas of Guerrero and Oaxaca west of the Sierra Madre del Sur on the Pacific slope. Habits and habitat. Va rga s et al. (1991, 1994) described the allotype locality, Río Santiago in Sierra de Atoyac, Guerrero: An area at the base of the mountain between 660 and 700 m, somewhat disturbed by coffee plantations which originally was an evergreen tropical forest with riparian vegetation along the rivers Santiago and Las Delicias. The climate is Aw 2 (w), very humid with annual precipitation more than 1000 mm. The combination of forest and coffee plantations creates partially shaded microhabitats. At 900 m and joining this locality is the Puente de los Lugardo. The locality of Azulillo (Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca) belongs to a region known as evergreen and semi-evergreen tropical forest, which also contains disturbed cultivated areas, with riparian vegetation along the Río Candelaria. The altitude is lower, between 370 and 500 m, but with the same climate. M. jimena is on the wing early in the morning between 0800 to 1000 h, and again after 1400 to 1630 h, often in mist or drizzle. They rest on the undersides of large leaves with wings outspread and antennae together. They fly with a mimic unidentified species of Heterocera. The flight is weak and difficult to see in the shade, generally above 3 meters. They fly for periods of 10 seconds before alighting. Biology. Unknown. Diagnosis. Hall and Lamas (2007) include the southern Mexican populations of Mesene jimena sp. nov., as conspecific with a polymorphic Mesene margaretta. Maza (1987), Vargas et al. (1991, 1994) and Luis et al. (2004) also were confused by this species (v. gr. Chimastrum margaretta, Mesene oriens ssp., Mesene margaretta ssp.).We contend, however, that Mesene jimena sp. nov. is a valid species, despite morphological similarities in the genitalia and the existence in both of 4 dorsal abdominal androconial scale pads. We recognize four classes of criteria that can elucidate the question of the species status of Mesene jimena sp. nov. as well as allopatric populations generally. These are morphology, temporal/spatial barriers, biogeographical factors and ecological differentiation. Each of these will be examined in turn with respect to the species status of Mesene jimena sp. nov. Morphology. Mesene jimena sp. nov. can be easily separated from M. margaretta by the following: The dorsal wing surface of both sexes is uniform light orange-yellow instead of red and with no elongated pointed black lines extending from the apex along the veins, separated (or not) by white scaling 1. The red flush in the discal area of the hind wing (Figs 5, 9, 11) typical of M. margaretta males is lacking. Although both sexes of Mesene jimena sp. nov. have black lines between the veins on the ventral surface, they are much shorter than the same markings in M. margaretta. In Mesene jimena sp. nov., the inner margin of the male ventral forewing is lighter ground color, lacking the black bar (Figs. 6, 10, 12) typical of M. margaretta. The black markings between the segments of the ventral abdomen, a prominent character of M. margaretta, are quite variable in Mesene jimena sp. nov., ranging from total absence (Fig. 4), to vestigial (Fig. 2). The genitalia of the two phenotypes are practically identical, but, discounting individual variation, there are small but consistent differences among the material examined (4 males and 4 females of each species). In Mesene jimena sp. nov. the anteroventrad lobes of the tegument are more rounded, not elongated as in M. margaretta (Figs. 16, 19, 20). In a lateral view, the vinculum of Mesene jimena sp. nov. is more strongly “S” shaped and bowed more sharply closer to the saccus. (Fig. 16) In M margaretta, it is straighter or more uniformly curved (Figs. 19, 20). In the female genitalia, the signa of M. margaretta are more uniform in size and larger (Fig. 26); the dorsal plate in M. margaretta is larger, with a more pronounced cleavage between the plates (Fig. 25), and the horseshoe shaped structure less sclerotized and more separated from the ventral plate (Fig. 24). Space and time. Spatial and temporal barriers relating to perching behavior have been discussed for Neotropical riodinid butterflies (Callaghan, 1983; Hall 1999; Hall and Harvey, 2002 b). In this case it is shown that closely related congeneric riodinid butterflies often perch at different times and microhabitats (Callaghan, 1983). If two populations are characterized by perching in different times and localities, presumably this would be an effective potential isolating mechanism, thus reducing their interbreeding potential. This is true in the case of Mesene jimena sp. nov. and M. margaretta. Mesene jimena sp. nov. is active during the early morning and late afternoon, and under inclement weather conditions, whereas M. margaretta males perch in treefalls and along trails in the early afternoon in sunflecks. DeVries (1993) reports activity between 0900 and 1100 h in Costa Rica. In Colombia one of us (CJC) has observed males perching between 1100 and 1400 h. In Mexico, they fly from 900 to 1700 h, peaking around 1200 – 1430 h (Llorente and Luis-Martinez, pers. obs.). Biogeography. Another indication of species status would be a distribution range corresponding to an area of high endemism among butterflies, as well as other organisms. It has been suggested that there is a high correlation between riodinid species and recognized regions of endemism, particularly in the Amazon (Hall and Harvey, 2002 a). The Pacific region of Mexico shows the greatest amount of endemism in the country (paleo and neo-endemism). The northern limits of the distribution of the Neotropical fauna confronted with strong barriers on the Mexican Pacific slope favor speciation. In the diverse tropical and mesophylic mountain forests of this region endemic 1. The variation on the extent of the black and white apical markings on M. margaretta appears to be within populations and not between them. In the northern coastal range of Venezuela (Cordillera de la Costa) in the Provinces of Aragua and Carabobo, both phenotypes shown in Figs. 9–14 fly together in the same habitat, from 200 to 1550 m. (Juan C de Sousa, pers. com.). Similar differences are found in populations at Cali, Valle del Cauca and Villavicencio, Meta, in Colombia.(CJC, pers. obs.). In El Salvador, the M. margaretta population shows a considerable reduction of the black forewing markings; however there are also individuals with normal markings. In Mexico and Guatemala, the M. margaretta populations (Figs. 5 – 8) show no significant variation. subfamilies, genera, species and subspecies are found that characterize the distinct provinces which drain into the Pacific. These provinces are South Sonora, Mexican Pacific Coast, South Sierra Madre Occidental, the West of Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Balsas Basin, and Sierra Madre del Sur (Morrone et al., 1999, 2002; Espinosa et al. 2000, 2008). Morrone (2001: 40 – 42) includes the area where Mesene jimena sp. nov. is found in the biotic province called “Provincia de la Costa Pacífica Mexicana”, and he mentions numerous endemics found there. The 40 characteristic taxa that Morrone enumerates for the Provincia de la Costa Pacífica Mexicana include taxa from the south of Sinaloa y Michoacán, as well as from dry areas like the “islas húmedas”, and two from humid areas where Mesene jimena sp. nov. is found. Previously, Llorente (1984) had delimited an area of endemism as a sub-region of this province, considering only Oaxaca and Guerrero on the Mexican Pacific Coast between the isthmus of Tehuantepec, a very dry region serving as a barrier between Oaxaca and Chiapas, and the dry Balsas basin on the coast to the northwest. (Fig. 27). To the north, the area is separated by the heights of the Sierra Madre del Sur of over 2000m. This area of endemism is closely related with the Province of the Sierra Madre del Sur, but the limits between both are forests between 1000 and 2000 m that include holm oak forests and cloud forests of mid elevation, as characterized in Llorente and Escalante (1992). These two barriers also limit many other species of Papilionoidea. For Riodinidae, this region supports endemism on the level of genus and species. Examples are Lamphiotes velazquezi, (Beutelspacher, 1976), Callaghan, 1982; Calephelis acapulcoensis, McAlpine, 1971, Exoplisia azuleja, Callaghan, Llorente & Luis, 2007, and Theope villai. Beutelspacher, 1981. (Beutelspacher 1976, Llorente-Bousquets 1988, Llorente-Bousquets & Escalante 1992, Llorente-Bousquets & Luis-Martínez 1992, Llorente-Bousquets et al. 1992, 1993, 2006, Vargas et al. 1996, Luis-Martínez et al. 1996, 2003, Austin et al. 2007, Callaghan et al. 2007). In contrast, Mesene margaretta ranges from eastern Ecuador (Hall and Lamas, 2007); Colombia on both slopes of the Andes, the northern Andes of Venezuela, then north through Central America to Mexico (CJC). The two species, M. margaretta and Mesene jimena sp. nov. are allopatric in Mexico, and specimens examined show no signs of interbreeding, nor has a blend zone been discovered despite intensive collecting. Mesene margaretta is found from Chiapas to San Luis Potosí on the Atlantic slope. (Fig. 27) Records from Mexico are shown below from a number of museum collections. Data with the locality of Candelaria, Oaxaca is in error. The material was gathered from local collectors by Edward Welling, a butterfly dealer, and probably represents other localities. Extensive collecting in the Pacific slope in Oaxaca by the junior authors over the last 30 years has failed to record Mesene margaretta from this area. Mexican specimens of M margaretta examined. A total of 240 specimens. MEXICO. SAN LUIS POTOSÍ: La Mera Ceiba, Tamazunchale 23 Jan. (MZFC); HIDALGO: Pilcuatla, Tlanchinol 1 Ƥ May (MZFC); PUEBLA: Barranca de Patla 23 Feb., 23 July, 13, 1 Ƥ Aug. 133, 3 ƤƤ Sept., 13 March, La Ceiba, Francisco Z. Mena 23 Jan. (MZFC); 33 July, 13, 1 Ƥ Aug., 1 Ƥ Sept. (CNIN); Tequesquitla 23 May, 43 June, 23 July, 43, 1 Ƥ Aug., 23, 2 ƤƤ Sept., 23 Oct., 23 Dec. (MZFC); 63, 2 ƤƤ July, 13 Aug., 273, 12 ƤƤ Sept., 93, 1 Ƥ Oct., 33 Nov. (CNIN); VERACRUZ: Barranca de Cayoapa, Tejería, Teocelo 23 Feb., 13, 1 Ƥ Aug. 53, 1 Ƥ Sept. (MZFC); Camino a Santa Rosa, Teocelo 43 Sept., 23 Dec. (MZFC); Catemaco 2 specimens April, 4 specimens Aug. (MGCL); 13 Sept. (CNIN); 13 Nov. (MZFC); Coatepec 2 specimens (USNM); Córdoba 2 specimens Jan. (USNM); Cuetzalapan 1 Ƥ July, 13 Aug. (CNIN); Dos Amates, Catemaco 13 Dec. (MZFC); El Puente San Marcos 73 Aug., 13 Sept., 13 Oct. (MZFC); El Puente Texolo, Teocelo-San Marcos 23 July, 63, 1 Ƥ Aug., 73 Sept., 13 Oct., 23 Nov. (MZFC); Fortín de las Flores, Jardín Moctezuma 2 3 17 -IX- 49, 21 -XII- 68; 43, 2 ƤƤ Jan., 13 Sept., 13 Dec. (CNIN); 23 Dec. (MZFC); Las Juntas, Llano Grande 13, 1 Ƥ Jan. (MZFC); Presidio, Ixhuatlán del Café 23, 1 Ƥ VIII (40, 47, 50), 13, 1 Ƥ (42, 45), 13 VII- 41 (MGCL); Catemaco 1 Ƥ IV- 57, 13, 1 Ƥ VIII- 57 (MGCL); 2 specimens March. 6 specimens April, 2 specimens May, 2 specimens July, 2 specimens Aug., 6 specimens Sept. (AMNH); Santa Rosa 1 specimen May (USNM) Tapalapan, Santiago Tuxtla 13, 1 Ƥ Aug. (MZFC); Teocelo 13, 1 Ƥ Aug. (MZFC); Zapoapan de Cabañas 1 Ƥ Feb. (CNIN); “Veracruz”, 13 26 - IX- 1962 (MGCL). OAXACA: Metates, Santiago Comaltepec 23 May (MZFC); La Esperanza, Santiago Comaltepec 1 Ƥ Mar., Soyolapan El Bajo, Santiago Comaltepec 13 Jan. (CNIN); CHIAPAS: Escuintla 1 specimen July (MGCL); 4 Mi. N Cacahoatán on rd. to Unión Juárez nr. Faja de Oro, 1 Ƥ 26 -IX- 1962 (MGCL); Cacahoatán 1 specimen June (AMNH); Finca "Guatimoc" 1 specimen July (AMNH); San Antonio Buenavista (Santa Rosa), Independencia 13 Oct. (MZFC); Santa Rosa 1 specimen May (USNM); Unión Juárez 1 Ƥ April (MZFC); Puente Shjubal, 1 Ƥ 26 -VIII- 80 (MGCL). Other material examined. GUATEMALA: 23 San Felipe 2000 ’ Volcan Santa María (MGCL); 1 Ƥ Finca San Rafael, Olimpo Sud 3 -VII- 65; 13, 1 Ƥ Alta Verapaz Tamalhu 1100m 30 -VI- 63 (MGCL). EL SALVADOR: 23 La Libertad, 103 22 -XI- 69 (MGCL); 63, 2 ƤƤ Santa Tecla 7 -VI- 69 (MGCL); 1 Ƥ San Salvador 2 -XI- 71 (MGCL). COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago 16 -VII- 65 (MGCL); PANAMA: 13 Cerro Campana, (CJC); C OLOMBIA: 13 1 Ƥ VIII Boyacá 400m S. Luis de Garmo 26 -II-06; 13 Finca Guayabetal Cundinamarca, 14 -II- 92 (CJC); 33 Cunday, Tolima, 22 -VIII- 93; 13, 1 Ƥ, Villavicencio, Meta 5 -I- 94 (CJC); Santa Cecilia, Risalda vii- 91 (CJC); 13 Río Negro Huila, (CJC); 23 Ciudad Jardín, Cali, Valle, (CJC). VENEZUELA: 13 Palmachal 760m 9 -IV-05 (JS); 13 Río Carragua, Barinas 9 -II-02 (JS); 13 Barinitas, Barinas, 1 I- 85 (JS); 1 Ƥ Cuyagua, Aragua 23 -II- 83 (JS); 1 3 Rancho Grande Aragua 1100 28 -VI- 54. (JS); 13 Pozo del Diablo, Maracay 500m 6 -II- 86 (JS); Las Trincheras, Carabobo 27 -VI- 52 (JS); 3 ƤƤ Rancho Grande Aragua 1100m VIII- 58, VI- 65, IX- 52 (JS); 1 Ƥ El Limón 600m 9 -IX- 79 (JS); 1 Ƥ El Piñal, El Limón VIII- 76 (JS); 43 Palmichal, Carabobo 760m 4 -V-04 (JS); 13 Parque Nacional Lara Yacambu, El Blanquito 1300m 20 -XII- 92 (JS); 33 Palmichal 800m Carababo 20 -IX-03, 27 -VI-06 (JS); 33 El Limón Aragua I- 76, I- 59, IX- 53, (JS); 1 Ƥ Palmichal Carabobo 76m IV-03, (JS); 13 Choroni Aragua, 200m 1 -V-04 (JS). Ecology. Mesene jimena sp. nov. is confined to evergreen and semi-evergreen humid forest of Guerrero and Oaxaca Pacific slope below 700 m. It appears this species is associated only with this vegetation and high humidity. Conversely, M. margaretta in Mexico inhabits dry seasonal forest and cloud forest from 400 to 1350 m. In accordance with Llorente (1984, 1996) and Llorente and Escalante (1992) the differentiation of species and subspecies levels in the Mexican Pacific depends on their range of habitat. When they are closely tied to a limited altitudinal range and habitat, their isolation is more complete and the possibilities of divergence to the species level are greater. Conversely, if their distribution is wide and unlimited by climatic and altitudinal barriers, their differentiation between populations is less, as in the case of Pereute charops sspp., Dismorphia amphiona sspp., Rhetus arcius sspp. and M. margaretta, all of which have greater altitudinal and climatic distribution than Mesene jimena sp. nov. The following table summarizes the differences between the two taxa. The extent to which the aforementioned criteria will apply to other groups must be tested in practice, with supportive
Introduction : Romanticism and the letter
No full textRomanticism and the Letter seeks to redress the critical neglect of the letter in the Romantic period. Despite being an era of prolific letter writing, there has been no full-length study of letters written by the poets and other writers of the period, nor have letters attracted the sustained critical attention afforded to Romantic poetry, prose, and drama. This introduction discusses a series of important contextual matters relating to epistolary exchange, including the material and logistical culture of the letter, its importance for literary coteries, the writing of poetry into letters, gender constructions in letter writing, and epistolary conventions. It also briefly introduces each contributor’s chapter
Pheles caatingensis Callaghan & Nobre, new species
No full textPheles caatingensis Callaghan & Nobre, new species Diagnosis. Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. belongs to the tribe Riodinini Grote 1865 as indicated by a deeply notched posterior section of the tegumen (Fig. 9), and a pedicel forming a posterior tube-like projection not attached to the valvae of the male genitalia (Harvey 1985). Superficially, the new species is closest to the genus Pheles Herrich- Schaeffer [1863], particularly with the species Pheles strigosa, (Staudinger, 1876) and Pheles atricolor (Butler, 1871) sharing the orange scaling on the collar, orange palpae with a short third section, orange scaling on the abdomen around the genitalia, and wing shape and black coloring with a white apical spot on the forewing and with blue streaks between the veins. However, the genitalia of both sexes of P. caatingensis sp. nov. are different from those of Pheles; the male genitalia lack the scobinate patch, or vogelkopf on the end of the pedicel, and have instead a fork serving as a guide for the aedeagus. The aedeagus is modified with a long, curved point on the end. The female genitalia have a highly modified ostium bursae with an evaginated sinus vaginalis and a large, notched medial lamella postvaginalis, all characters not found in Pheles. The antennae are clubbed, and the shaft is without heavy scaling found in Pheles. However, because of the superficial similarities, P. caatingensis sp. nov. is provisionally left in the genus Pheles until its proper generic placement can be ascertained. Description. MALE: (Figs 1,2,7,8,9,11.) Forewing length of holotype: 15.1 mm; Paratypes: 13.5 – 16.0 mm (n= 16). Wing Shape: Forewing costa slightly concave medially, curving slightly to apex, distal margin curved slightly convex to Cu 1, then straight to tornus, anal margin straight. Hindwing costa curved to rounded apex, distal margin rounded from apex to M 3, then straight to rounded tornus, anal margin slightly curved to base. Dorsal surface: Wing ground color black, variable white scaling along the veins, except 3 A. Fringe white and black scaling intermixed with a white marginal line. Forewing with a white 1 mm wide irregular subapical transverse band from R 2 to cell Cu 1 –Cu 2, slightly bent in cell M 3 –Cu 1 with a few scattered brown scales along the edge, and a longitudinal white streak in cell Cu 2 – 2 A. Ventral surface: Maculation and color similar to dorsal surface. Ground color black with variable white scaling along the veins, especially on forewing apex distally of the white subapical band with white streaks distally in cells M 1 –Cu 2 and along costal border of cell; hindwing with white scaling along all veins and additional faint parallel white streaks distally in cells M 1–3 A; some irregular orange scaling at base of both wings; white forewing band as on dorsal surface. Head: Eyes dark brown (grey in live specimens), marginal scaling, frons and head dorsally orange; labial palpi short, light orange with black tips; antennal length 7.9 mm, base of antennae and segments black without heavy scaling, clubs segmented and rough, reddish brown scaling ventrally. Body: Dorsal surface color of thorax black, thorax pubescent laterally, epaulets black; ventral surface of thorax dark grey, pubescent, with a lateral orange spot, forelegs dark grey and very pubescent; midlegs and hindlegs femur black, tibia and tarsus lighter with some yellow scaling; abdomen dorsally black with light scaling caudad on segments, an orange line laterally and tufts of orange scaling around genitalia. Genitalia: (Figs. 7,8,9) Uncus slightly bilobed, tegumen short, with a deeply indented notch on the posterior margin (Fig. 9), falces curved, sharp, posterior extension slightly indented dorsally; vinculum fused to posterior margin of tegumen at base of the notch, vinculum narrow, curving L–shaped with small flange and attached to ventral center of valvae without saccus; valvae cup shaped, extending caudad to a sharp, upward curving point; dorsally from the valvae extends a high, elaborate transtilla fusing the posterior half of the valvae with two sharp, dorsally projecting processes on each side; aedeagus curved, with a long, curved, pointed tip; pedicel forms a posterior tube–like projection from the aedeagus, terminating in a wide, bifurcated structure supporting the aedeagus and connected basally to the valvae. FEMALE: (Figs. 3,4,5,6,10) Forewing length 14.7mm (14.1–15.5mm, n= 4). Wing color and markings nearly identical to male. Wing shape: Forewing, same as male with distal margin slightly broader, hindwing same. Dorsal surface: Ground color black as in male, with white scaling along the veins and the white post discal transverse band slightly wider than on male; margin and fringe white. Ventral surface: Ground color black with veins outlined in white with parallel lines in the cells distad of white band on forewing and on hindwing and some orange scaling at base, as on male. Head: Eyes black, marginal scaling, frons below antennae and dorsally orange, labial palpi slightly longer than male, visible in front of face when viewed dorsally, orange with lighter tips than male, antennae length 7.9 mm, black with black scaling around base, as in male; Body: Dorsal surface color of thorax and abdomen black, ventral surface cream; forelegs, midlegs and hindlegs with dark orange scaling, lighter than male; abdomen (Fig. 6) black with broken orange lateral line, segments outlined caudally with white scaling; slight orange scaling around papillae anales. Genitalia: (Fig. 10) Corpus bursae round with two long, curved and pointed invaginate signa; ductus bursae leaves corpus bursae as wide, short, lightly sclerotized tube; ostium bursae funnel shaped, bent to the right when viewed caudad; the connection to the ductus bursae is a complex sclerotized evaginated tube, the sinus vaginalis, connected to a smaller tube forming a receptacle for the ductus seminalis; the ostium bursae ventrally extends into the medial lamella postvaginalis, which is a broad, deeply notched plate with two rounded processes at the base; papillae anales rounded, deeply bifurcated and pubescent. Type material. Holotype MALE with the following label: BRASIL: Ceará, Brejo Santo –PMN 12, PISF – 08.V. 2013, C.E. Nobre, leg. The holotype is deposited in the Museu Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo) Paratypes: BRASIL: 17 males, 5 females, Ceará, Brejo Santo - PMN 12, PISF – 5 December, 2012, C.E. Nobre, leg; ibid 2 males, PISF – 22 April, 2013, C.E. Nobre leg; ibid 2 males PISF – 22 April, 2013, T.B. Souza, leg; ibid 10 males, PISF – 8 May, 2013, C.E. Nobre, leg.; 1 male (DZ 28.358), 1 female (DZ 21.059), Bahia, Juazeiro, 19 February, 1966, ex- col. D´Almeida(DZUP); 1 male (DZ 28.356), ibid 300m, 19 July, 1973, Cursino & Mielke leg (DZUP); 1 male (DZ 26.411), ibid 17 September, 1967, Cursino leg.(DZUP). Paratypes are deposited in the Museu do CEMAFAUNA-Caatinga, Univasf, Petrolina, and the Coleção Entomológica Pe. J. S. Moure, UFPR (DZUP), and the collection of C. Callaghan, Bogotá, Colombia. Etymology. The species is named after the biogeographic Caatinga Province in which it is found. Biology. The type locality of Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. is situated in the Brazilian Northeastern semiarid domain, in the municipality of Brejo Santo, Ceará state (altitude of 380 meters (7 o 35 ’ 12.67 ’’ S, 38 o 52 ’08.08’’ W; Fig. 23). The average annual rainfall is around 930 mm concentrated between January and April (FUNCEME 2013). The habitat is a narrow gallery forest with trees up to 15 meters high on the margins of the Riacho dos Porcos, a permanent stream sustained by the Açude Atalho dam upstream (Fig. 14). In many spots, crops and pasture replace the native gallery forest as it winds through the surrounding shrub-dense, deciduous Caatinga vegetation. Tree species that occur in this habitat include: Pterogyne nitens Tul., Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) Kunth ex DC., Geoffroea spinosa Jacq., Enterolobium contortisiquum (Vell.) Morong, and Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Fabaceae); Sideroxylum obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn (Sapotaceae) and Sapindus saponaria L. (Rhamnaceae); Lianas are abundant, especially in the rainy season, including Serjania glabrata Kunnth (Sapindaceae), and some Araceae (Figs. 12,13,14). In addition to human activities, the gallery forest habitat is threatened by Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. (Apocynaceae) an exotic Southeast Asian plant, which occurs throughout the margins of Riacho dos Porcos, and in some spots has replaced the local vegetation (Fig. 15). Due to its known aggressiveness (Grice 1997; Silva & Cavalcante 2009), monitoring this species is important to prevent further damage to the already compromised local gallery forest, in addition to its effects on the biology of Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. The vines and foliage of this plant cut sunlight from the forest floor, limiting the presence of understory vegetation (Fig. 16). This has an impact on the habitat of Pheles caatingensis sp. nov., for in areas where the plant was common, the butterfly was notably infrequent. Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. individuals concentrate in the shade of large trees, resting on the lower surface of the leaves with wings spread and antennae together (Figs. 5,6). On April 25, 2013, after sunset, numerous individuals possibly displaying leck courtship behavior were seen flying rapidly, in short circular patterns around two Geoffroea spinosa trees (Fig. 12). No adults were observed feeding on flowers, although one individual was observed on the wet soil on the river margin (Fig. 11). From the start of the rainy season in December, 2012 to April 2013, the population had increased from about 30 individuals to hundreds, mostly concentrated in an area of gallery forest about 45.000 m ², although individuals were recorded all along the Riacho dos Porcos. However, the population falls during the dry season from June to December. At the same location, there is a large population of Melanis aegates (Hewitson 1874), (Figs.17,18) with individuals displaying similar color pattern and behavior to Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. including leck behavior at sundown, as noted for other Melanis species (Callaghan 2003). M. aegates is also recorded in a similar habitat 300 kilometers northwards in the Ceará State (4 o 33 ’ 40.18 ’’S; 39 o 45 ’ 44.70 ’’W, 470m) according to specimens in the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) entomological collection but no Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. were seen at this locality (C. E. Nobre, pers. obs.). There is a possible mimicry ring in the area with other insects converging on the black and white wing pattern and yellow/orange scaling on the head and abdomen. In addition to Melanis aegates, the pattern is shared with Acraephia perspicillata (Fabricius 1781), (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) (Fig. 19); Melanchroia chephise (Stoll, 1782) (Fig. 20), Melanchroia aterea (Stoll, 1781) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)(Fig. 21); and Hyperalonia morio erythrocephala (Fabricius, 1805) (Diptera: Bombyliidae) (Fig. 22). These last three, however, are found only in adjacent sunny areas. The black and white wing pattern with blue veins and red/orange head coloring is common throughout the Amazon basin, both in day flying moths, particularly Geometridae, and butterflies of the family Riodinidae. Among the latter are species of Pheles, as mentioned above, and the genus Esthemopsis of the tribe Symmachiini. Among the species of Esthemopsis sharing these patterns are E. alicia (H.W. Bates, 1865), E. pherephatte caeruleata (Godman and Salvin, 1878) and E. teras (Stichel, 1910). This mimicry complex is particularly common in the western Amazon, from eastern Colombia to northern Bolivia (Callaghan, unpublished data). Distribution. (Fig 23) The species appears to be rare and local but widespread. A few individuals were located elsewhere along the Riacho dos Porcos, but not in the same numbers as at the type locality. In June, 2013 an additional colony was located in Cabrobó municipality Pernambuco state (8 19 ' 39.95 '' S, 39 20 ' 23.38 '' W) in a sparse forest consisting mainly of algaroba, (Prosopis julifolia,) along a nearly dry stream bed. There are also specimens in the Coleção Entomológica Pe. J. S. Moure, UFPR (DZUP) from northern Bahia State (Juazeiro, 300m). These findings suggest that Pheles caatingensis sp. nov. is widespread in the Caatinga in other similar humid habitats well into the dry season.Published as part of Callaghan, Curtis J. & Nobre, Carlos Eduardo Beserra, 2014, A new species of Pheles Herrich – Schaeffer from Northeast Brazil (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae), pp. 558-566 in Zootaxa 3780 (3) on pages 559-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3780.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/22830
Commentary on 'Pregnancy week at delivery and the risk of shoulder dystocia: A population study of 2 014 956 deliveries'
No full textObjectiveTo study whether pregnancy week at delivery is an independent risk factor for shoulder dystocia.DesignPopulation study.SettingMedical Birth Registry of Norway.PopulationAll vaginal deliveries of singleton offspring in cephalic presentation in Norway during 1967 through 2009 (n=2014956).MethodsThe incidence of shoulder dystocia was calculated according to pregnancy week at delivery. The associations of pregnancy week at delivery with shoulder dystocia were estimated as crude and adjusted odds ratios using logistic regression analyses. We repeated the analyses in pregnancies with and without maternal diabetes.Main outcome measuresShoulder dystocia at delivery.ResultsThe overall incidence of shoulder dystocia was 0.73% (n=14820), and the incidence increased by increasing pregnancy week at delivery. Birthweight was strongly associated with shoulder dystocia. After adjustment for birthweight, induction of labour, use of epidural analgesia at delivery, prolonged labour, forceps-assisted and vacuum-assisted delivery, parity, period of delivery and maternal age in multivariable analyses, the adjusted odds ratios for shoulder dystocia were 1.77 (1.42-2.20) for deliveries at 32-35weeks of gestation, and 0.84 (0.79-0.88) at 42-43weeks of gestation, using weeks 40-41 as the reference. In pregnancies affected by diabetes (n=11188), the incidence of shoulder dystocia was 3.95%, and after adjustment for birthweight the adjusted odds ratio for shoulder dystocia was 2.92 (95% CI 1.54-5.52) for deliveries at weeks 32-35 of gestation, and 0.91 (95% CI 0.50-1.66) at 42-43weeks of gestation.ConclusionThe risk of shoulder dystocia was associated with increased birthweight, diabetes, induction of labour, use of epidural analgesia at delivery, prolonged labour, forceps-assisted and vacuum-assisted delivery, parity and period of delivery but not with post-term delivery
Citizens' perspectives on disinvestment from publicly funded pathology tests: a deliberative forum
No full textAbstract not availableJackie M. Street, Peta Callaghan, Annette J. Braunack-Mayer, Janet E. Hille
Melanis caatingensis Callaghan & Nobre 2014, comb. nov.
No full text<i>Melanis caatingensis</i> (Callaghan & Nobre, 2014) comb. nov. <p>(Figs 17–20, 31–32, 36, 40)</p> <p> Callaghan & Nobre (2014) expressed their doubts about the generic placement of this recently described species, indicating a number of divergent characters from those observed in typical <i>Pheles</i>. Nevertheless, Callaghan & Nobre (2014) provisionally described this species in <i>Pheles</i> until its proper generic placement could be ascertained. Closer examination reveals several characters that support its placement in <i>Melanis</i> Hübner, [1819], as defined by Stichel (1911) (<i>i.e.</i> <i>Lymnas</i> Blanchard, 1840 <i>sensu</i> Stichel (1911); see Hemming (1967)). Stichel (1911) divided the genus in two sections and a number of cohorts, and he noted that the general conformation of the male genitalia is similar among them, differing only in specific characters. These characters includes the ventral arm of the tegumen dorsally horizontal and projected anteriorly, connecting ventrally to the strap–like saccus (“L–shaped vinculum” <i>sensu</i> Callaghan & Nobre 2014); valve comparatively very large, ventrally tapering to a point and projected dorsally; transtilla developed and lobed; and aedeagus strongly curved ventrally and posteriorly tapering to a point, with the anterior end enlarged and bulbous. The shape of the distal end of the fultura inferior, described by Callaghan & Nobre (2014) as a “fork serving as a guide for the aedeagus”, were described by Stichel (1911) as “saddle–shaped” (“Sattelförmig” and “Selle” <i>sensu</i> Stichel 1911), and is identical between <i>M. caatingensis</i> <b>comb. nov.</b> and species of <i>Melanis</i>. In females, the ductus bursae sclerotized near to the ostium, the pear-shaped corpus bursae and the slit-shaped signa, one dorsal and other ventral, also occurs in <i>Melanis</i>. The following taxa were examined for further comparisons and similar general characters were observed: <i>M. smithiae smithiae</i> (Westwood, 1851) (dissected, male DZ 32.045, female DZ 31.892), <i>M. xenia xenia</i> Hewitson, [1853] (dissected, male DZ 32.047), <i>M. electron auriferax</i> (Stichel, 1910) (dissected, male DZ 31.978), <i>M. cinaron</i> C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 (Stichel 1911: pl. 13, Fig. 53e), <i>M. aegates araguaya</i> (Seitz, 1913) (dissected, male DZ 32.034), <i>M. aegates albugo</i> (Stichel, 1910) (dissected, female DZ 31.993). Other characters commonly observed in species of <i>Melanis</i>, such as the wing pattern with white subapical bands (although the yellow color is more frequent in the genus), lighter colored scales over the veins (instead of lighter colored lines radiating from the base of the wings between veins observed in <i>Pheles</i>) and blotches of reddish scales on the base of the wings, thorax and pleura of the abdomen (Callaghan & Nobre 2014: Fig. 6), further support the proposed combination. Nevertheless, only a comprehensive phylogeny for the Riodinini could ascertain if <i>M. caatingensis</i> <b>comb. nov.</b> is a highly derived species nested within <i>Melanis</i> or if it is sister or closely related to the genus. The sickle shape of the tip of the aedeagus and the corresponding sclerotized curled ductus bursae appear to be unique to <i>M. caatingensis</i> <b>comb. nov.</b>; the orange color of the gena, labial palpus and prothorax distinguish this species from any known species of <i>Melanis</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Mielke, Carlos Guilherme Costa, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2015, Description of two new species of Pheles Herrich – Schäffer, [1853] and notes on the taxonomic position of two species hitherto included in the genus (Riodinidae: Riodininae), pp. 275-283 in Zootaxa 3981 (2)</i> on page 282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3981.2.8, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/237172">http://zenodo.org/record/237172</a>
- …
