283 research outputs found
EU-Turkey Relations: Facilitating or Constraining Democratization?
No full textIn trying to bridge between external Europeanization literature and studies on the international dimension of democratization, we use the concepts of leverage and linkage to analyse how EU-Turkey relations, in combination with domestic-related factors, favoured or constrained democratization. Whereas in the first part, we reconstruct economic and political linkages to show what EU-related factors affect EU’s leverage on Turkey, in the second part we identify the combination with domestic factors, which facilitated democratization until 2007 and constrained it since then. We argue that, as the EU has no more leverage on Turkey’s ruling elite, only extensive linkages at the level of civil society, business groups and opposition elite, could contribute to favour Turkish democratization process over the long-term
Introduction
No full textThis edited volume aims to contribute to the recent scholarly debates on Turkey by analyzing the challenges it faces at both internal and external level, and by reflecting on the implications of Turkey’s multiple roles in the period following the Justice and Development Party’s coming to power in 2002. To this end, the book focuses on two main thematic research areas: 1) Turkey’s thorny accession process to the European Union (EU) since 1999 and the induced process of political transformation; and 2) the increasing importance of Turkey’s cooperation with Europe to tackle common security challenges
Shifting Dynamics in Turkish Foreign Policy in the Trans-European Space
No full textThis chapter reconstructs Turkey’s foreign policy interactions with the key actors in the Trans-European space, during the Justice and Development Party’s (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, hereafter AKP) era, evaluating how they have developed over time and how they have been mutually influencing. Turkish foreign policy has shifted from a Europe-centred outlook, generally characterized by the long haul of European Union (EU) membership, towards a more assertive foreign policy approach, fuelled with attaining an ambitious regional role, which was particularly displayed with the unfolding of the Syrian crisis. After presenting the origins and the main features of a pro-active and multi-dimensional Turkish foreign policy, this chapter analyses how different factors in Turkey-EU relations have led to a long pause in the membership process and contributed to re-orient Turkish foreign policy towards its regional spaces. In the last section, we present selected cases of the recent Turkish structural foreign policy activism in its regional spaces, mainly from Central Asia, Middle East and Africa, and the Balkans
Evaluating Effectiveness in EU Democracy Promotion: The Case of Turkey
No full textThe aim of this article is to contribute to the current debate on European Union (EU) democracy promotion (DP) in general and in Turkey in particular. Starting from the existing hypotheses in the literature, we analyze the potential effectiveness of EU DP in Turkey in the period which followed the so called «enlargement fatigue» (post-2005) until the last developments in bilateral relations following the migration crisis and the attempted coup. We show how a combination of structural factors and policy decisions, on the EU side, gradually leading to a transformation of Turkey from a country subjected to EU DP to a de facto strategic partner, constrained the Union’s potential effectiveness as a democracy promoter in Turkey
L'irrisolta questione curda in Turchia
No full textQuesto breve contributo ricostruisce le origini e gli sviluppi principali della questione curda in Turchia, mettendo in evidenza le ripercussioni a livello interno per quanto riguarda il processo di democratizzazione e la condizionalità posta dall'Unione europea per il rispetto dei diritti delle minoranze, e a livello regionale dal punto di vista della politica estera verso la Siria e l'Iraq
European Perspectives on Turkey's Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy
No full textThis edited volume aims to contribute to the recent scholarly debates on Turkey by analyzing the challenges it faces at both internal and external level, and by reflecting on the implications of Turkey’s multiple roles in the period following the Justice and Development Party’s coming to power in 2002. To this end, the book focuses on two main thematic research areas: 1) Turkey’s thorny accession process to the European Union (EU) since 1999 and the induced process of political transformation; and 2) the increasing importance of Turkey’s cooperation with Europe to tackle common security challenges
The Europeanization of Turkey's Foreign Policy: From Alignment to Misalignment?
No full textIn order to assess the impact of Europeanization on Turkey’s FP, we analyzed the country’s alignment to the Council of the European Union’s CFSP statements3. Most statements are open to an “alignment procedure” to acceding countries4, candidate countries and potential candidates, members of the European Economic Area (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway), and even to some European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) partners. We looked at Turkey’s alignment, starting from 2000 when the country was included in the procedure (after being recognized as an official candidate and before the opening of accession negotiations) until 2014. The Turkish alignment with CFSP was examined diachronically and across different topics and was compared with that of other candidate
Recall this Book 56: Merve Emre on Natalia Ginzburg's "The Dry Heart"
No full textLike our podcast, B-Side Books focuses on those moments when books topple off their shelves, open up, and start bellowing at you. The one that buttonholed Merve Emre (Oxford literature professor and author most recently of The Personality Brokers) was a novella by the luminous midcentury Italian pessimist, Natalia Ginzburg. And if you think you know precisely why a mid-century Italian writer would have a dark and bitter view of the world (already thinking of the Nazi shadows in work by Italo Calvino, Primo Levi and Giorgio Bassani) Ginzburg's The Dry Heart will have you thinking again. Merve started her piece by asking that age-old question: "When should a woman kill her husband?
Bioethanol Production from Mulberry Molasses Waste with Ohmic-Assisted Hydrodistillation
No full textIn this study, the fermentation process of bioethanol production conditions were optimized by response surface methodology. Mulberry molasses production waste was used as the only carbon source for yeast fermentation to produce bioethanol. Hydrodistillation (HD) and ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation (OAHD) methods were employed to concentrate the bioethanol. Fermentation time (48–168 h), waste matter rate (5–45%) and pH (5–7) were selected as independent variables. Alcohol concentration was treated as the response. Optimum fermentation conditions were determined as 96.894 h fermentation time, 45% waste ratio and pH 7. At these optimum conditions, alcohol concentration was determined as 3.77 ± 0.33%. While the distillate obtained in the HD method contained 22.50 ± 1.89% alcohol, it showed 27.72 ± 0.24% in the OAHD method. The energy consumption values for OAHD and HD was 2.92 ± 0.51 and 53.24 ± 1.74 Wh/mL bioethanol, respectively. Results of study showed that the OAHD could be a cost-effective and green method to distillation of bioethanol from mulberry molasses waste. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024
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