58,487 research outputs found
Plicatotheca anitae Calder & Vervoort 1986
No full text<i>Plicatotheca anitae</i> Calder & Vervoort, 1986 <p>Fig. 2c, d</p> <p> <i>Plicatotheca anitae</i> Calder & Vervoort, 1986: 2022, figs. 1–4.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Bermuda: 2 km southeast of Castle Roads, 60–90 m (Calder & Vervoort 1986).</p> <p> <b>Voucher material.</b> Off Sebastian Inlet, 27°52.5’N, 79°57.5’W, 75–98 m, 28.ii.1974, Smith-McIntyre grab, R/ V <i>Gosnold</i> Station 222/274D, six colony fragments, up to 1.5 cm high, with two gonothecae, ROMIZ B1072.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. <i>Plicatotheca anitae</i> Calder & Vervoort, 1986 appears to be widely distributed, having been reported from the Pacific and Indian oceans as well as the western and eastern Atlantic. Although Bermuda is the type locality of the species, this is only the second record of it in the western Atlantic. It is a species of deeper waters, having a reported bathymetric distribution of 60–1480 m (Vervoort 2006). Specimens examined here were collected at the upper end of this range, on the outer edge of the continental shelf off the east coast of Florida.</p> <p> Gonothecae of <i>Plicatotheca anitae</i> are reported here for the second time. They correspond with the description of Gili <i>et al</i>. (1989), based on material from Guinea Bissau, western Africa, in being laterally flattened and triangular in shape. As with the specimens of Gili <i>et al</i>., gonothecae observed here were empty and the nature of the gonophore could not be determined.</p> <p> <i>Plicatotheca anitae</i> resembles <i>Campanulina denticulata</i> Clarke, 1907, originally described from abyssal depths (2845 fathoms = 5203 m) off Peru. In addition to trophosomal differences between the two noted earlier (Calder 1991a), the gonotheca of <i>P. anitae</i> is now known to be triangular rather than long and irregularly cylindrical as in <i>C. denticulata</i>. <i>Campanulina indivisa</i> Fraser, 1948 from 267–347 fathoms (488–634 m) off Catalina Island, California, regarded as conspecific with <i>C. denticulata</i> by Vervoort (1966), was referred to <i>Plicatotheca</i> Calder & Vervoort, 1986 by Calder <i>et al</i>. (2009). That generic assignment is doubtful if gonothecae of <i>C. indivisa</i>, presently unknown, prove identical with those of <i>C. denticulata</i>.</p> <p> <b>Reported distribution.</b> Atlantic coast of Florida. First record.</p> <p>Western Atlantic. Bermuda (Calder 1991a) to Florida (this study).</p> <p>Elsewhere. Atlantic and Indo-Pacific regions, from deeper neritic to bathyal depths (Vervoort 2006).</p>Published as part of <i>Calder, Dale R., 2013, Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 3648 (1)</i> on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3648.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5264362">http://zenodo.org/record/5264362</a>
Nutrition et fonction immunitaire (Nutrition and immune function)
No full textUn déficit énergétique majeur ainsi que celui en un ou plusieurs nutriments tels vitamines A, B6, B12, C, E, acide folique, zinc, cuivre, fer, sélénium, acides aminés essentiels et acides gras essentiels, peut altérer la fonction immunitaire et augmenter la sensibilité aux infections. Cela est lié à l'implication des nutriments dans les réponses moléculaires et cellulaires du système immunitaire. La correction de ces déficits restaure la fonction immunitaire et améliore la résistance aux infections. Ainsi, une nutrition appropriée est nécessaire pour maintenir chez l'hôte des défenses immunes dirigées contre les bactéries, les virus, les champignons, les parasites, les cellules tumorales. Bien que, chez le sujet sain, les quantités de certains nutriments requises pour l'amélioration des fonctions immunes soient plus importantes que les apports recommandés, les excès de ces nutriments peuvent également altérer les fonctions immunitaires. Quelques nutriments (par exemple la glutamine et l'arginine) peuvent devenir limitant au cours des états d'agression, et de plus en plus de données viennent appuyer l'idée que leur apport peut aider à la guérison du patient. A deficiency of total energy or of one or more essential nutrients, including vitamins A, B6, B12, C, and E, folic acid, zinc, iron, copper, selenium, essential amino acids and essential fatty acids, will impair immune function and increase susceptibility of the host to infectious pathogens. This is most likely because these nutrients are involved in the molecular and cellular responses to challenge of the immune system. Providing these nutrients to deficient individuals restores immune function and improves resistance to infection. Thus, appropriate nutrition is required in order for the host to maintain adequate immune defences towards bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and tumour cel circ;s. Although the intakes of several nutrients which result in greatest enhancement of immune function appear to be greater than recommended intakes, excess intake of certain nutrients also impairs immune responses. Some nutrients (e.g. glutamine, arginine) may become limiting in critical illness and there is mounting evidence that provision of these will aid patient recovery
Functional roles of fatty acids and their effects on human health
No full textA variety of fatty acids exists in the diet of humans, in the bloodstream of humans, and in cells and tissues of humans. Fatty acids are energy sources and membrane constituents. They have biological activities that act to influence cell and tissue metabolism, function, and responsiveness to hormonal and other signals. The biological activities may be grouped as regulation of membrane structure and function; regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, transcription factor activity, and gene expression; and regulation of the production of bioactive lipid mediators. Through these effects, fatty acids influence health, well-being, and disease risk. The effects of saturated, cis monounsaturated, ?-6 and ?-3 polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acids are discussed. Although traditionally most interest in the health impact of fatty acids related to cardiovascular disease, it is now clear that fatty acids influence a range of other diseases, including metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Scientists, regulators, and communicators have described the biological effects and the health impacts of fatty acids according to fatty acid class. However, it is now obvious that within any fatty acid class, different members have different actions and effects. Thus, it would seem more appropriate to describe biological effects and health impacts of individual named fatty acids, although it is recognized that this would be a challenge when communicating outside of an academic environment (eg, to consumers
Omega 3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia and cognitive impairment
No full textThis is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows:Primary objectiveTo evaluate the effect of omega 3 FA supplementation on cognitive functions in patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment.Secondary objectivesTo assess the effect of omega 3 FA on global disease severity, neuropsychiatric symptoms, quality of life and performance of activities of daily living (ADLs) and to assess the safety and acceptability of omega 3 FA supplementation in patients with dementia and mild cognitive impairment<br/
Very long-chain n-3 fatty acids and human health: Fact, fiction and the future
No full textEPA and DHA appear to be the most importantn-3 fatty acids, but roles forn-3 docosapentaenoic acid are now also emerging. Intakes of EPA and DHA are usually low, typically below those recommended. Increased intakes result in higher concentrations of EPA and DHA in blood lipids, cells and tissues. Increased content of EPA and DHA modifies the structure of cell membranes and the function of membrane proteins. EPA and DHA modulate the production of lipid mediators and through effects on cell signalling can alter the patterns of gene expression. Through these mechanisms, EPA and DHA alter cell and tissue responsiveness in a way that often results in more optimal conditions for growth, development and maintenance of health. DHA has vital roles in brain and eye development and function. EPA and DHA have a wide range of physiological roles, which are linked to certain health or clinical benefits, particularly related to CVD, cancer, inflammation and neurocognitive function. The benefits of EPA and DHA are evident throughout the life course. Future research will include better identification of the determinants of variation of responses to increased intake of EPA and DHA; more in-depth dose–response studies of the effects of EPA and DHA; clearer identification of the specific roles of EPA, docosapentaenoic acid and DHA; testing strategies to enhance delivery ofn-3 fatty acids to the bloodstream; and exploration of sustainable alternatives to fish-derived very long-chainn-3 fatty acids.</jats:p
Effect of fat and fatty acid intake on inflammatory and immune responses: a critical review
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