23 research outputs found
La malnutrición en crisis humanitarias.
No full textLa malnutrición en crisis humanitarias es el capitulo 23 del libro titulado Asistencia Sanitaria en Crisis. Este capítulo resume el estado actual de los métodos de estimación de la prevalencia de malnutrición en situaciones de crisis humanitarias así como de las intervenciones que se llevan a cabo en estos contextos.JRC.D.5 - Food Securit
Exploring the new indicator Minimum Dietary Diversity-Women. Results from Burkina Faso.
No full textImproving the quality of women's diet is the best way to stop the inter-generational cycle of malnutrition. The Minimum Dietary Diversity Women is a global indicator recently endorsed to monitor nutrition sensitive actions and programs aimed at improving the diet of women of reproductive age. This report explores the potential use of the indicator for programmatic action, and gauges how the indicator relates to other dimensions, and how sensitive it is to changes, in urban and rural Burkina Faso.JRC.H.4 - Monitoring Agricultural Resource
Child dietary diversity and associated factors among children in Somalian IDP camps
No full textBackground: Malnutrition and food insecurity are major challenges in Somalia, particularly among small children living in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps. Poor diet has been identified as key driver of malnutrition in young children who depend for their diets on their household’s socio-economic standing and access to food, as well as on the family’s caring and feeding practices.
Objective: To assess the dietary diversity and identify the factors associated with it among children (6-23 months) in Somalian IDPs
Methods: We used a cross-sectional survey conducted in eleven IDPs camps in Somalia in June 2014 and in June 2015. A total of 3188 children aged 6 to 23 months were surveyed. Child diets were assessed using food frequency questionnaires, and dietary diversity was categorized using the minimum child dietary diversity (MDDC) indicator. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify the factors associated with the children's dietary diversity. We built and compared two models using alternatively the household dietary diversity score and (HDDS) the food consumption score (FCS) as food security proxies.
Results: Around 15% of children among IDP camps reached the minimum dietary diversity. Overall our results confirm that not only food security proxies are the factor more associated with MDDC, but HDDS performs better than FCS. In addition, results identified that: women as key decision-maker in the household, duration of household permanence in the settlement, women’s physiological status, frequency of milk feeding to child, type of toilet and measles vaccination were positively associated with MDDC.
Conclusions: To improve child dietary diversity in IDP camps, food security interventions should be broadened to include female empowerment and inclusive nutrition education (encouraging male participation) programmes, as well as initiatives for targeting children who do not live with pregnant or lactating women, and that can support families beyond the first months after their arrival.JRC.D.4 - Economics of Agricultur
Assessing MDG achievement through under-5 child stunting in East African Community. Some insights from urban versus rural areas in Burundi and Rwanda using DHS2010.
No full textThis paper assesses the prevalence of stunting and its potential determinants using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Rwanda and Burundi in 2010. Selected child, mother and household characteristics were described for rural and urban areas of each country and logistic regression model was constructed for each setting independently.
The results show that male sex and increasing age were associated with stunting in the rural and urban children of both countries. The child’s size at birth was associated with it only in urban Rwanda and rural Burundi, and the fact that the child had not received vitamin A supplementation or vaccination only in the rural settings (Rwanda and Burundi respectively). Regarding mother’s characteristics, young age was a stunting potential risk factor in all settings except in urban Rwanda, and mother’s low educational level in all settings except for rural Rwanda, although the mother’s working status had a significant impact in the child’s nutritional status only in this country. Finally, low socioeconomic status at household level was associated with chronic malnutrition only in the rural settings, and the mother’s partner education and no sanitation in rural Burundi and urban Rwanda respectively.
Nutrition programming should differentiate urban and rural contexts within a country. The 1000 days approach that advocates for interventions from conception to the second birthday of the child seems to be relevant as mother characteristics show a strong correlation with the child nutritional status. In rural area of both countries, access to health services should be enhanced.JRC.D.5 - Food Securit
Do agri‑food market incentives improve food security and nutrition indicators? a microsimulation evaluation for Kenya
No full textThe sustainable development goal #2 aims at ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030. Given the numbers of food insecure and malnourished people on the rise, the heterogeneity of nutritional statuses and needs, and the even worse context of COVID-19 pandemic, this has become an urgent challenge for food-related policies. This paper provides a comprehensive microsimulation approach to evaluate economic policies on food access, sufficiency (energy) and adequacy (protein, fat, carbohydrate) at household level. The improvement in market access conditions in Kenya is simulated as an application case of this method, using original insights from households’ surveys and biochemical and nutritional information by food item. Simulation’s results suggest that improving market access increases food purchasing power overall the country, with a pro-poor impact in rural areas. The daily energy consumption per capita and macronutrients intakes per capita increase at the national level, being the households with at least one stunted child under 5 years old, and poor households living areas outside Mombasa and Nairobi, those which benefit the most. The developed method and its Kenya's application contribute to the discussion on how to evaluate nutrition-sensitive policies, and how to cover most households suffering food insecurity and nutrition deficiencies in any given country.JRC.D.4 - Economics of Agricultur
Malnutrition and morbidity trends in Somalia between 2007 and 2016: results from 291 cross-sectional surveys
No full textBackground More than two decades of conflict and natural disasters in Somalia have resulted in one of the longest running humanitarian crises in the world. Nutrition data have been collected over the years despite challenges to inform programmatic action. This paper explores malnutrition and morbidity trends in Somalia during the last decade, disaggregated by geographical zone and livelihood system.
Methods We used data from 291 cross-sectional surveys conducted in children aged 6–59 months between 2007 and 2016 in Somalia. Wasting, morbidity and stunting prevalences over time were analysed by geographic area, livelihood system and season. Logistic regressions were used to test trends.
Results The wasting trends show a striking peak in 2011, more marked in southern and central Somalia and coinciding with the famine declaration. The trend declines slightly thereafter although not consistently across all zones and livelihoods, and it raises again in 2016 especially among internally displaced persons (IDPs).
Stunting declined for all groups and in all zones but with more consistent patterns in northern Somalia.
Morbidity also showed a declining trend, although with multiple peaks depicting disease outbreaks.
Pastoralist showed the lowest stunting estimates overall, while agrarian populations showed the lowest prevalence of wasting and morbidity. IDPs were the most affected by all outcomes. Seasonality affected the three outcomes differently by livelihood system. Stunting rates increased after the 2011 famine for all age groups within children under 5 years.
Conclusions Despite the continuous complex situation in Somalia, there has been a sustained decline in stunting and morbidity in the last decade. Wasting trends have remained at very high levels especially in north-east and the south zones of Somalia. The findings support the importance of performing trend analyses disaggregated by zone and livelihood groups within countries to better identify priorities for programme intervention.JRC.D.4 - Economics of Agricultur
Barriers and facilitators for exclusive breastfeeding in women’s biopsychosocial spheres according to primary care midwives in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)
No full text(1) The objective of our study is to determine, from a primary care midwife’s perspective, which biopsychosocial factors can favour or be detrimental to exclusive breast feeding. (2) The study was carried out in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) and is based on qualitative methodology. Twenty in-depth interviews were carried out with midwives working in primary care centres in Tenerife, using a content analysis approach. The transcript data was then encoded following an inductive approach. (3) According to the perceptions of the primary care midwives who were interviewed, the barriers and facilitators that influence exclusive breastfeeding related to the biopsychosocial spheres of women are, at an individual level, the physical and emotional aspects during the postnatal period; at the relationship level, the presence or not of support from the close family and partner; at the community level, the environment and social networks the new mothers may have; and at the work level, characteristics of jobs and early return to work. (4) The findings of our research can help healthcare professionals to approach the promotion and encouragement of exclusive breast feeding at each of the levels studied, with the aim of increasing rates following recommendations issued by The World Health Organization.JRC.D.4 - Economics of Agricultur
Assessing market incentive policies in Kenya with a food security and nutrition perspective: a macro-microsimulation approach
No full textKenya, such as other African countries, is particularly concerned about the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal #2 (SDG #2: zero hunger), and its associated consequences for the society. Empirical evidence about food security and nutrition in Kenya accounts for deficiencies in food access, food sufficiency and food quality at the household level. These deficiencies are among others the causes of all forms of malnutrition (stunting, wasting and overweight), which can lead to cognitive impairment, limited immunity to diseases, low educational performance, increased risk of chronic disease and even mortality cases of children in this country.
To solve the food security and nutrition problems in Kenya is a challenging issue because of the different dimensions to be tackled (economic, environmental, educational, health and sanitation) and also because of the heterogeneity that characterizes households (income and food expenditure, education level of households’ head, regional sanitation coverage, access to potable water / waste water system, etc.).
In the recent past, the Government of Kenya supported the construction of a roughly €1.1 billion fertilizer plant in Eldoret in the framework of a fertilizer cost reduction strategy aiming at stabilizing fertilizer prices and making fertilizer more accessible through local manufacturing, blending and bulk procurement. Increasing the domestic production of fertilizers should reduce the price of fertilizer, making them more accessible for farmers. Co-authors of this report, employing the STatic Applied General Equilibrium for DEVelopment (STAGE-DEV) Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, calibrated on a Social Accounting Matrix Kenya 2014, evaluated the impact on food security of the creation of the fertiliser plant together with three additional policy scenarios (market access, extension and subsidies removal). For the purpose of this study, we developed a macro-micro simulation model, based on the previously developed CGE and policy scenarios and on microsimulations using the Kenya Integrated Household Budged Survey 2015/2016.
The objective is to produce new set of food security indicators using macro-micro model linkages and it is purely methodological. The policy results, which should be taken with some caution, are discussed in terms of initial economic (per capita income), food security (household dietary diversity and dietary energy consumption) and children’s nutritional (stunting, wasting) status at the household level. Furthermore, national results are disaggregated by metropolitan areas (Nairobi and Mombasa) and the rest of urban and rural zones of the country.
Main results suggest that increasing fertilizers’ availability coupled with increasing market access through the improvement of infrastructures and the reduction of transport costs (market access scenario) will increase overall purchasing power. Supporting pro-poor growth, this development will benefit the most those households with lower diet diversity and higher stunting rates. This policy scenario also leads to the largest increases in diet energy consumption, with similar distributive results as for the purchasing power impact. Increasing fertilizers’ availability paired with improving crops productivity in agricultural practices (extension scenario) leads to the largest increase in energy consumption, particularly from fats in the diet, among households with low diet diversity. Average protein and carbohydrate consumption at national level increase the most within the market access scenario.
The results confirm the findings of the previous report. Increasing fertilizer availability in Kenya is not enough to improve food security in the country. The contribution of complementary policies, such as increasing the market access for fertilizers and agriculture by improving the rural infrastructure or improving the extension services to train small-holder farmers about fertilizer and land use, that give farmers better access to input and output markets is needed.JRC.D.4 - Economics of Agricultur
Global analysis of food and nutrition security situation in food crisis hotspots
No full textThis report provides a global overview of food insecurity due to different crises and natural disasters to support programming of the Pro-resilience Actions (PRO-ACT) funding mechanism, a component of the Global Public Goods and Challenges (GPGC) thematic programme of the European Union. The analysis covers the period January 2015-January 2016 that has been marked by food crises in several countries because of extreme weather events due the El Niño phenomenon but also because of conflicts and political crises. In a number of countries, in particular in West Africa, food insecurity remains a major concern because of chronic vulnerability despite good crop production in 2015.JRC.H.4 - Monitoring Agricultural Resource
