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Plate 5 in Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991
No full textPlate 5. Syracosphaera rotaconica Archontikis, Young, Cros sp. nov. HOL Scale bars = 1μm 1. Holotype; flattened coccosphere with chiral-conical BCs that usually show a small apical boss on top of the central distal cover. BCs' central structure is made of numerous crystal struts, progressively meeting and forming the distal cover. 2. Detail of figure 1 showing the ultrastructure of BCs. 3. Paratype; coccosphere showing the delicate structure of CFCs (see arrow). 4. Paratype.Published as part of Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. & Cros, Lluïsa, 2020, Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991, pp. 121-139 in Acta Protozoologica 59 on page 135, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.20.010.13265, http://zenodo.org/record/835697
Syracosphaera periperforata var. tridentata Archontikis, Young, Cros 2020, var. nov.
No full textSyracosphaera periperforata var. tridentata Archontikis, Young, Cros var. nov. HOL Derivatio nominis: From Latin tridentatus –a –um (adjective), from trident, the three-prong weapon; refer- ring to the three-pointed upper structure of CFCs. Description: Coccosphere, spherical but usually seen collapsed, composed of c. 50–85 BCs and c. 6–10 CFCs. BCs broadly elliptical with a rim of one to two microcrystals wide. Perforate cycle irregular with c. 8 large perforations, separated by narrow struts, which usually do not show obvious obliquity. The central structure dome-shaped with a low apical boss. CFCs subcircular to circular in outline. A single-layered distal process, whose opening in the arch is placed low, bears an upper margin structure with three pointy edges; the rim shows one to two rings of crystallites. Remarks: The central structure of the BCs is similar to that of S. periperforata var. periperforata with a conical shape and an apical boss. However, the perforate cycle is less regular and bears less struts. The CFCs are also different, showing a characteristic upper margin structure with three pointy edges and a low arch. Dimensions: Coccosphere diameter c. 7.5 μm. BCs c. 0.9–1.1 μm long x c. 0.8–1.0 μm wide. CFCs c. 1.0– 1.2 μm long and wide; distal process maximum 1.0 μm high and wide. Holotype: Specimen illustrated in JRYSEM-303-76 (Plate 4, Fig. 5), stub TS 17-8-09, curated at the NHM, London, UK. Paratype: Specimen illustrated at Plate 4, Fig. 6. Type locality: Station RV 001, 10m water depth, col- lected off Rovinj, northeastern Adriatic Sea (45°04N, 13°63E) on 17 August 2009. Number of specimens studied: 7 Distribution: Sub-tropical watersPublished as part of Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. & Cros, Lluïsa, 2020, Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991, pp. 121-139 in Acta Protozoologica 59 on page 134, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.20.010.13265, http://zenodo.org/record/835697
Syracosphaera periperforata Archontikis, Young, Cros 2020, comb. nov.
No full textSpecies Syracosphaera periperforata (Kleijne) Archontikis, Young, Cros comb. nov. HOL Basionym: Anthosphaera periperforata Kleijne 1991 Mar. Micropaleontol, vol. 17, p. 41, Plate IX, Figs. 3–4 non Figs. 5–6. The species S. periperforata HOL is characterised by body-coccoliths, with a prominent perforate cy- cle. The perforations are elongate and typically show consistent anticlockwise obliquity in distal view. The central structure may be domal or conical. The circum-flagellar coccoliths have similarly constructed rims, with medium-sized arched processes (c. 1.0–1.5 μm long). It is an unusual taxon among extant holococcolithophores in showing strong chirality; if the perfora- tions are oblique, they are always directed anticlock- wise in distal view. The species is morphologically variable (Cros and Fortuño 2002; our observations) in that 1) body-coccoliths and antapical coccoliths may or may not possess an apical boss on top of their central distal cover, 2) the central structure may be conical or dome-shaped, 3) the perforate cycle is variably de- veloped, and 4) circum-flagellar coccoliths may show a flat or a pointed top. If these characters are considered together, then they define a limited number of recurring morphotypes, and we believe these should be regarded as discrete taxa. One of the forms appears sufficiently well-separated to be treated as a distinct species, how- ever, for the other three, the evidence is less clear and therefore, we describe them as varieties.Published as part of Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. & Cros, Lluïsa, 2020, Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991, pp. 121-139 in Acta Protozoologica 59 on page 132, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.20.010.13265, http://zenodo.org/record/835697
Syracosphaera lafourcadii Archontikis, Young, Cros 2020, comb. nov.
No full textSpecies Syracosphaera lafourcadii (Lecal 1967) Archontikis, Young, Cros comb. nov. HOL Basionym: Helladosphaera (Cyclohelladosphaera) lafourcadii Lecal 1967 Hydrobiologia vol. 29, pp. 326– 328, text-figs. 21, 22, figs. 28–30. Synonymy: Anthosphaera lafourcadii (Lecal) Kleijne (1991), p. 41, Pl.7 IX, Figs. 1–2; Winter and Siesser (1994), p. 148, Fig. 165; Aubry (1999), p. 247, Fig. 5; Cros (2001), p. 80, Pl. 55, Figs. 5–6; Cros and Fortuño (2002), p. 148, Fig. 86D; Young et al. (2003), p. 90, Pl. 42, Fig. 2; Dimiza (2006), p. 82, Pl. XXVI, Fig. 4; Malinverno et al. (2008), p. 137, Fig. 109. Description: Coccosphere, spherical in shape, with c. 60–70 BCs and c. 10 CFCs. BCs consist of an ellipti- cal, narrow rim that is tightly connected to a vaulted central structure, made delicately of less regular crys- tallites. Several struts of one or two crystals width connect the dome-like distal cover with the rim, leaving pores in the perforate cycle, consistently present. No apical boss can be observed on top of the BCs’ central distal cover. CFCs possess a broad but low (height similar to width) leaf-like process, with a large arched opening. Remarks: BCs are similar to those of S. molischii var. molischii HOL, but smaller and with noticeably less regular crystallites. The CFCs are distinctively dif- ferent, having a well-formed arch and lacking the large leaf-like extension. Dimensions: Coccosphere diameter c. 4–5 μm. BCs c. 0.8 μm long x 0.6 μm wide. CFCs’ distal process c. 0.8 μm high.Published as part of Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. & Cros, Lluïsa, 2020, Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991, pp. 121-139 in Acta Protozoologica 59 on page 129, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.20.010.13265, http://zenodo.org/record/835697
Syracosphaera molischii Schiller 1925
No full textSpecies Syracosphaera molischii Schiller 1925 HOL Syracosphaera molischii Schiller 1925 var. molischii HOL Synonymy: Anthosphaera fragaria (Kamptner) Kamptner 1937, p. 304, Pl. 15, Fig. 20; Kamptner (1941), pp. 86, 106, Pl. 9, Figs. 89, 90a, b. Helladosphaera fragaria (Kamptner) Gaarder (1962), pp. 47, 48, Pl. 11, Figs. a, b; Norris (1984), p. 38. Calyptrolithina fragaria (Kamptner) Norris (1985), p. 625. Anthosphaera fragaria Kamptner emend. Kleijne (1991), p. 39, Pl. VIII, Figs. 3 –6; Aubry (1999), pp. 244–246, Figs. 1–3; Cros et al. (2000), Pl. 8, Fig. 1; Cros (2001), pp. 80, 101, Pl. 55, Figs. 1–3 and Pl. 84, Fig. 1; Cros and Fortuño (2002), p. 59, Figs. 86A, 86B; Young et al. (2003), p. 90, Plate 42, Figs. 1, 4; Dimiza (2006), p. 82, Pl. XXVI, Figs. 1–3; Malinverno et al. (2008), p. 136, Fig. 108. Syracosphaera molischii Schiller 1925 HOL, Trian- taphyllou et al. (2016), pp. 466–467, Figs. 5, 6. Description: Coccosphere spherical, but usually seen collapsed, consisting of c. 60–70 BCs and c. 5–10 CFCs. BCs elliptical in shape forming a flat, well-devel- oped rim that is tightly connected to the central structure by a narrow perforate cycle with single-crystallite width perforations that are barely visible. CFCs possess an arched process with a large leaf-like extension; low- er part of leaf is composed of angular microcrystallites, upper part of smoother crystallites and distal margin is delicately serrated. Dimensions: Coccosphere diameter c. 6–8 μm. BCs c. 1.1 μm long x 0.9 μm wide. CFCs c. 1.3 μm long, distal process c. 2.5 μm high.Published as part of Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. & Cros, Lluïsa, 2020, Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991, pp. 121-139 in Acta Protozoologica 59 on page 125, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.20.010.13265, http://zenodo.org/record/835697
Syracosphaera elevata Archontikis, Young, Cros 2020, sp. nov.
No full textSpecies Syracosphaera elevata Archontikis, Young, Cros sp. nov. HOL Synonymy: Holococcolithophore sp. 2 (Anthosphaera affinity?) Cros (2001), p. 97, Pl. 75, Figs. 3–4. Anthosphaera sp. type C Cros and Fortuño (2002), p. 60, Figs. 88C, 88D; Young et al. (2003), p. 90, Pl. 42, Figs. 8, 11. Derivatio nominis: From Latin elevatus –a –um (adjective), elevated; referring to the elevated arch of CFCs. Description: Coccosphere, most probably spheri- cal in shape but usually seen collapsed/flattened, with c. 250 BCs and 5–12 CFCs. BCs are characteristically minute ( 2 x width) with a low triangular apical spine. Remarks: The BCs are similar to those of S. marginiporata, although without the perforate microstructure. The CFCs with the very high arch are unique and quite different to those of S. marginiporata. Dimensions: Coccosphere diameter c. 6 μm. BCs 0.4–0.8 μm long x c. 0.4 μm wide. CFCs c. 0.5 μm long x 0.5–0.8 μm wide; distal process is 1.2–2.0 μm high. Holotype: Specimen illustrated in JRYSEM-177-72 (Plate 6, Fig. 1), stub 302-02, curated at the NHM, Lon- don, UK. Paratype (s): Specimens illustrated at Plate 6, Figs. 3–4. Type locality: Station 69–11, 42.5m water depth, collected from the western Mediterranean Sea (37°43N, 0°42W), cruise MATER II, October 1999. Number of specimens studied: 9 Distribution: Northwestern Mediterranean and Alboran SeasPublished as part of Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. & Cros, Lluïsa, 2020, Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991, pp. 121-139 in Acta Protozoologica 59 on page 137, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.20.010.13265, http://zenodo.org/record/835697
Syracosphaera marginiporata Knappertsbusch 1993
No full textSpecies Syracosphaera marginiporata Knappertsbusch 1993 HOL Synonymy: Anthosphaera sp. type B Cros and For- tuño (2002), p. 60, Figs. 88B, 112C–112D; Percopo et al. (2011), p. 256, Fig. 30. Syracosphaera marginiporata HOL Šupraha et al. (2018), p. 27, Fig. 4c. Description: Coccosphere, spherical but usually seen collapsed, with c. 80–140 tiny BCs and c. 5–10 CFCs. BCs elliptical, with a single-crystallite-width rim and a rounded central structure, formed from sev- eral, usually large, angular crystals typically with open- ings in between. The rim appears separated from the central structure, i.e. there is a gap, where the perforate cycle would be. CFCs with a large central arch attached to the rim by robust lateral columns of large crystallites; vertical process extends as a large thin leaf with rounded to somewhat straight sides that are constructed by small crystallites arranged in characteristically ordered disposition. Remarks: BCs’ central structure is made by a few crystallites; it is perforated and bears no apical boss or any other structure on top. The perforate cycle does not possess any crystallites. The central structure is not attached to the rim by any visible calcification, but both the rim and the distal cover are supported by an organic baseplate. Dimensions: Coccosphere diameter c. 4 μm. BCs c. 0.6 μm long x 0.4 μm wide. CFCs’ distal process is c. 1 μm high.Published as part of Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. & Cros, Lluïsa, 2020, Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991, pp. 121-139 in Acta Protozoologica 59 on page 129, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.20.010.13265, http://zenodo.org/record/835697
Syracosphaera periperforata var. periperforata Archontikis, Young, Cros
No full textSyracosphaera periperforata (Kleijne 1991) var. periperforata Archontikis, Young, Cros HOL Synonymy: Anthosphaera periperforata Kleijne (1991), p. 41, Plate IX, Figs. 3–4; Winter and Siess- er (1994), p. 149, Fig. 166; Aubry (1999), p. 248, Fig. 6 (upper panel). Anthosphaera periperforata type 2 Cros (2001), p. 81, Pl. 56, Figs. 3–4; Cros and Fortuño (2002), p. 59, Fig. 87C; Young et al. (2003), p. 90, Pl. 42, Figs. 3, 6. Anthosphaera sp. Dimiza (2006), p. 83, Pl. XXVI, Fig. 6. Description: Coccosphere, spherical in shape, com- posed of c. 40–80 BCs and c. 5–8 CFCs. BCs ellipti- cal rim one crystallite wide, perforate cycle with c. 16 radial struts that show anticlockwise obliquity in distal view; central structure cone-shaped. A short central apical boss always occurs at the top of the protrusion. CFCs elliptical with well-formed arch, supported by ro- bust columns of crystallites, ending distally in a central spine. Additional buttress-like struts of crystallites may also be present within the arch (Plate 4, Fig. 2). Remarks: BCs’ central structure is of conical shape and consistently presents an apical boss on top of its distal cover. The width of the rim is of one crystallite and is connected to the central structure by struts of three to five microcrystals. Dimensions: Coccosphere diameter c. 5.5 μm. BCs c. 1.0 μm long x c. 0.8 μm wide. CFCs c. 1.0 μm long and wide; distal process c. 1.3 μm high.Published as part of Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. & Cros, Lluïsa, 2020, Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991, pp. 121-139 in Acta Protozoologica 59 on pages 132-134, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.20.010.13265, http://zenodo.org/record/835697
Syracosphaera origami Archontikis, Young, Cros 2020, comb. nov.
No full textSpecies Syracosphaera origami (Cros and McGrane) Archontikis, Young, Cros comb. nov. HOL Basionym: Anthosphaera origami Cros and McGrane 2014 J. Nannoplankton Res, vol. 34, p. 23– 25, Pl. 1, Figs. 1–4. Synonymy: Daktylethra aff. D. pirus (Kamptner) Bérard-Therriault et al. (1999), p. 271, Pl. 132, Fig. a. Anthosphaera sp. type A (very ornamented; sp. nov. origami?) Cros (2001), p. 81, Pl. 57, Figs. 1–2. Anthosphaera sp. type A (origami art) Cros and For- tuño (2002), p.150, Fig. 88A; Young et al. (2003) p. 90. Anthosphaera origami sp. nov. (nomen nudum) Cros (2004), p. 26, Fig. 1. Anthosphaera periperforata (Kleijne) Dimiza (2006), p. 82, Pl. XXVI, Fig. 5; Malinverno et al. (2008), p. 137, Fig. 110. Anthosphaera origami sp. nov. McGrane (2007) (unpublished PhD thesis, invalid), p. 243, Pl. 25, Figs. 1 –6. Description: Coccosphere, usually spherical, com- posed of c. 40–80 BCs and c. 5–10 CFCs, all ornament- ed. BCs elliptical with a two crystallites-width rim, which supports c. 10 robust radial struts of about three crystallites separated by large perforations. The perforate cycle supports a concave distal cover with a central triangular apical boss that is flattened parallel to the long axis of the coccolith. CFCs elliptical and their rim supports an ornamented arched process ending distally in c. 6 spine-like struts of crystallites and a central triangular apical spine. Within the arch, oblique buttress-like sets occur giving an ornamented appearance. Dimensions: Coccosphere diameter c. 5 μm. BCs 1.0 μm–1.4 μm long x c. 0.8 μm wide. CFCs c. 1.0 μm wide with a distal process of c. 1.5 μm high.Published as part of Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. & Cros, Lluïsa, 2020, Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991, pp. 121-139 in Acta Protozoologica 59 on pages 129-132, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.20.010.13265, http://zenodo.org/record/835697
Syracosphaera periperforata var. cylindrata Archontikis, Young, Cros 2020, var. nov.
No full textSyracosphaera periperforata var. cylindrata Archontikis, Young, Cros var. nov. HOL Synonymy: Anthosphaera periperforata Kleijne 1991, p. 41, Pl. IX, Figs. 5–6; Aubry (1999), p. 248, Fig. 6 (lower panel). Anthosphaera periperforata type 1 Cros (2001), p. 81, Pl. 56, Figs. 1–2; Cros and Fortuño (2002), p. 59, Figs. 87A, 87C; Young et al. (2003), p. 90, Pl. 42, Fig. 5. Derivatio nominis: From Latin cylindratus –a –um (adjective), cylindrical; referring to the somewhat cy- lindrical structure of the BCs. Description: Coccosphere, usually spherical, com- posed of c. 40–80 BCs and c. 7–14 CFCs. BCs ellipti- cal, rim one crystallite wide and loosely connected to a short cylinder-like distal cover at the central structure via c. 15–20 short, delicate connecting struts of crys- tal elements. The walls of the cylindrical structure are formed of compacted struts of crystallites, the top is nearly flat and typically without any central apical boss; however, some antapical coccoliths may bear a weak apical boss. CFCs with broad arch, supported by two short but robust columns, often with a central apical spine. Remarks: The cylindrical form of the protrusion combined with the absence of a central apical boss readily separates the BCs of S. periperforata var. cylindrata. The CFCs are less distinctive, but generally less ornamented than those of other varieties. Dimensions: Coccosphere diameter is c. 6 μm. BCs c. 1.0 μm long x c. 0.7 μm wide. CFCs c. 1.0 μm long and wide; CFCs’ distal process 1.0 μm high. Holotype: Negative nº 140501 (Plate 4, Fig. 3), cu- rated at the ICM (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain. Paratype: Specimen illustrated at Plate 4, Fig. 4. Type locality: Station Meso-96 E3/4, 40m wa- ter depth, collected from the NW Mediterranean Sea (41º23.0N 3º10.2E), cruise Meso-96, 1 July 1996. Number of specimens studied: 7 Distribution: Sub-tropical watersPublished as part of Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. & Cros, Lluïsa, 2020, Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991, pp. 121-139 in Acta Protozoologica 59 on page 134, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.20.010.13265, http://zenodo.org/record/835697
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