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Oxidative stress and fatty acids profile in infants: influence of genetic factors and dietary pattern
Full text linkThe 1000 days between a women’s pregnancy and her child’s 2nd birthday is a period of both tremendous potential and enormous vulnerability and offer a unique window of opportunity to build healthier and more prosperous futures. The adoption of good nutrition practices during this period is important in order to provide the essential building blocks for child’s brain development, health growth and strong immune system and to set the foundations for lifelong health, including the predispositions to obesity and certain chronic diseases.
The aim of my PhD project was to investigate the relationship of different typology of epidemiological data (dietary and biological data) collected and already available, obtained from the Italian component of PHIME study, a prospective mother-child cohort study.
Maternal dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire administered at 30-32 weeks of gestation (n = 646) whereas children dietary data were gathered using a 7-day dietary record (food diary) at 18 months of age (n = 389). These nutritional data were used to estimate energy and nutrients intake for the evaluation of adherence to Italian dietary recommendations and to assess the different eating behaviours in term of foods and food groups. Lipidomic analysis was carried out on human milk samples (n = 61) collected one month after birth. Correlation analysis between fatty acids (FAs) profile and indexes from maternal dietary intake, human milk samples, maternal age, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was performed using Spearman rank test.
Pregnant women showed a low compliance with dietary recommendations with an excessive intake of total fats, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and sugars and insufficient intake of essential fatty acids (linoleic acid - LA, eicosapentaenoic acid- EPA and docosahexaenoic acid - DHA) iron, folate and vitamin D. This was probably due to a low varied diet, characterized by a high consumption of milk and dairy products and meat and cured meat whereas the eating of fish, pulses and nuts were negligible. As well, children diet at 18 months of age was unbalanced with an excessive intake of proteins, mainly from animal sources (milk and dairy products and meat and cured meat) and a scarce intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular essential FAs (EPA and DHA) and vitamin D. Moreover, most of children consumed a high amount of sweets and dessert reflecting in an excessive intake of soluble carbohydrates while the consumption of fish and pulses were scarce. Human milk FAs profile was characterized by higher levels of total SFAs, in particular palmitic acid, and total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) even if the most abundant fatty acid was LA. The content of PUFAs ω3 series was very low. A negative correlation was found between arachidonic acid in human milk samples and maternal dietary intake of total MUFA, oleic acid, LA and ALA (p<0.005).
Understanding how eating patterns change during this sensitive period (first 1000 days) is important in order to identify possible critical aspects, which should be monitored and addressed in accordance with national and international recommendations
UTILIZZO DEI FOOD GROUPS NELL’ANALISI NUTRIZIONALE: DISTINZIONE DI GENERE IN UNA COORTE DI BAMBINI NEL NORD-EST ITALIA
No full textNovità dalla banca dati di composizione degli alimenti per studi epidemiologici in Italia
No full textPatterns of nutrients' intake at six months in the northeast of Italy: a cohort study
No full textBACKGROUND:
Adequate complementary feeding is recognized as an important predictor of health later in life. The objective of this study was to describe the feeding practices and nutrients' intake, and their association with breastfeeding at six months of age, in a cohort of infants enrolled at birth in the maternity hospital of Trieste, Italy.
METHODS:
Out of 400 infants enrolled at birth, 268 (67%) had complete data gathered through a 24-hour feeding diary on three separate days at six months, and two questionnaires administered at birth and at six months. Data from feeding diaries were used to estimate nutrients' intakes using the Italian food composition database included in the software. To estimate the quantity of breastmilk, information was gathered on the frequency and length of breastfeeds.
RESULTS:
At six months, 70% of infants were breastfed and 94% were given complementary foods. The average daily caloric intake was higher in non-breastfed (723 Kcal) than in breastfed infants (547 Kcal, p < 0.001) due to energy provided by complementary foods (321 vs. 190 Kcal, p < 0.001) and milk (363 vs. 301 Kcal, p = 0.007). Non-breastfed infants had also higher intakes of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The mean intake of macronutrients was within recommended ranges in both groups, except for the higher protein intake in non-breastfed infants. These consumed significantly higher quantities of commercial baby foods than breastfed infants.
CONCLUSIONS:
Contrary to what is recommended, 94% of infants were not exclusively breastfed and were given complementary foods at six months. The proportion of daily energy intake from complementary foods was around 50% higher than recommended and with significant differences between breastfed and non-breastfed infants, with possible consequences for future nutrition and health
Italian network for the systematic collection of food composition data of literature and analytic origin.
No full text
Development of a food composition database to study complementary feeding: An Italian experience
No full textFood Composition Databases (FCDBs) are important tools for epidemiological research, public health nutrition and education, clinical practice and nutrition declaration on food labels. The aim of this paper is to describe the methodology used to compile a FCDB for the analysis on the dietary intake of an Italian cohort of infants, and to assess its strengths and weaknesses. Dietary data were collected using a 3-DD records compiled at 6, 9 and 12 months of age of the infants. We developed a FCDB that contains data from the Italian and the USDA food composition databases and other sources. Our FCDB includes 563 food derived from the analysis of 623 3-DD records. Non-commercial products are more consumed than commercial products (25.5% vs. 9.1% at 6 months, 58.4% vs. 18.1% at 9 months and 77.8% vs. 11.3% at 12 months) but the latter are the main source of missing data (>70% in each database, with the exception of the energy components), which is one of the major weaknesses of this tool. An integrated system of data collection (NUTRIRETE.lab) that brings together food composition data from public and private laboratories will allow us to build a more complete and representative food composition database
Strumenti per l'epidemiologia nutrizionale dell'era della globalizzazione
No full textI database nutrizionali (DN) sono ancora strumenti indispensabili per valutare l'adeguatezza della dieta ed individuare i fattori di rischio alimentare. In un'epoca in cui i prodotti di nuova concezione (alimenti fortificati e funzionali, etc) e la globalizzazione hanno fortemente diversificato l’offerta alimentare, i DN non sempre sono in grado di rappresentare i consumi. Inoltre, i DN spesso non contengono informazioni complete sui componenti alimentari che appaiono più legati all’eziologia delle malattie (composti bioattivi, etc).
OBIETTIVI: presentare caratteristiche e finalità del network NUTRIRETElab (www.nutriretelab.it) e la nuova edizione della Banca Dati di Composizione degli Alimenti per Studi Epidemiologici in Italia (BDA- V1.2015; www.bda-ieo.it).
METODI. Nell’ambito del progetto di ricerca QUALIFU-SIAGRO coordinato dal CREA (ex-INRAN) è stato sviluppato un network per la condivisione di dati di composizione degli alimenti tra ricercatori, laboratori ed industrie alimentari italiane. Un sito web ed un database MS-Access permettono la raccolta e documentazione dei dati. Parallelamente, il processo di compilazione e gestione della BDA, certificato da EuroFIR (European Food Information Resource Network www.eurofir.org), ha consentito di procedere all’aggiornamento della versione 2008 della BDA attraverso dati di composizione italiani (CREA) e stranieri (applicazione eSearch di EuroFIR).
RISULTATI. Ad oggi (31/07/2015), sul sito NUTRIRETElab sono presenti informazioni su 133 set di recenti pubblicazioni (articoli scientifici, report di laboratorio, dichiarazioni nutrizionali, etc.), consultabili online sotto forma di schede. Nel database in MS-Access sono stati inseriti 911 alimenti, di cui 775 completi di dati di composizione (in totale 201 componenti alimentari).
La BDA-V1.2015 contiene 977 voci; di queste, 339 (35%) sono alimenti edizione 1998, 501 (51%) alimenti edizione 2008 e 137 (14%) alimenti edizione 2015. Quest’ultimo aggiornamento ha riguardato il gruppo “Frutta fresca e conservata”, che ora presenta 43 nuovi alimenti. I componenti alimentari sono 37, 85 e 86 rispettivamente per gli alimenti delle edizioni 1998, 2008 e 2015: in particolare, la novità assoluta è la presenza del dato di composizione relativo alla vitamina K per 137 alimenti e il contenuto di energia calcolato senza o con l’apporto della fibra alimentare, in linea con la normativa europea (Reg UE 1169/2011), per tutti i 977 alimenti.
CONCLUSIONI. La complessità dell’offerta alimentare influisce sulle capacità di stimare adeguatamente l’assunzione di alimenti e componenti alimentari e complica il già difficile processo di acquisizione di dati di composizione necessari per l’aggiornamento dei database nutrizionali. Tale processo è destinato sempre più a passare attraverso l’acquisizione di dati di composizione utilizzando Reti dedicate, in grado di fornire ai compilatori di database nutrizionali dati di composizione rappresentativi e ben documentati
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