1,720 research outputs found
Pietro Verri’s Contribution to the Economic Theory of the 18th Century: Commercial Society, Civil Society and Governance of the Economy
No full text'Count Pietro Verri (1728-97) - Schumpeter writes (History, p. 178) - - would have to be included in any list of the greatest economists'. Within the Milanese school, he certainly stands out, alongside with Cesare Beccaria, during one of the most interesting periods from a history of analysis point of view. Luigi Cossa's famous introduction to the study of political economy rates Pietro Verri to be inferior to Beccaria in ingenuity and scientific cultivation, but greatly to be ahead of him as an economist.1 This judgement by Cossa, in particular, seems to echo the relative position of the two men in the history of ideas, particularly after Beccaria's rise to fame with a book - On crimes and punishments - which had in fact been largely inspired by Verri himself and defended by him.2 It is proposed in the present paper to revisit some of the basic tenets of Pietro Verri's political economy, with more in view than dwell on specific intuitions and theorems: namely relate those to Verri's own - quite original - conception of the economy. The scholarly work of Pietro Verri - with a special reference to his Meditazioni sulla economia politica of 1771 - provides the first systematic contribution stemming from the quarters of Lombard enlightenment in the field of political economy, especially so if one considers that Cesare Beccaria's parallel work - namely his Elementi di economia pubblica, conceived and drafted at the same time as Verri's Meditazioni - would only be published posthumously several years later. From the vantage point afforded by Verri's political economy, we gain a considerably attractive view of the most significant elements and characteristic concepts of Lombard enlightenment during the latter half of the 18th century; Verri, moreover, as we shall see, builds on a number of them in a new and original way. This paper is aimed at discussing Verri's political economy mainly along two distinct, but related, lines. In the first place the conception of commercial society is considered such as it is treated by the author particularly in his Meditazioni. In this perspective the analysis of such issues as competition and the market or money and taxation occupy a central place. Secondly it will be necessary to emphasise that Verri's approach has little to do either with forms of pure economics on one side - largely yet to be born throughout the 18th century - or, on the other side, with such conceptions of the polis - contrariwise well alive among his own contemporaries - as are founded on a sovereign authority conceived to be situated above the law. What Verri's political economy ultimately amounts to is an economic conception of civil society. The latter has natural strong connections with his own fact-mindedness - emphasised by Schumpeter - as well as with his deep practical involvement in administrative affairs and in the reforming process taking place during the latter half of the 18th century in Milan. In our view, a thorough investigation along the mentioned lines is the precondition for an understanding of the intellectual stature and of the scholarly contribution of Pietro Verri. His main ground is distinctly analytical and only by appreciating his analysis is it possible to shed light on the meaning and intellectual significance also of his practical contributions. Moreover Verri's pronouncements on the criticism of despotic government, the relevance of intermediate powers or bodies and on multiple levels of governance will be examined in a new and original light, showing how close they are to the gist of his analysis.
Pleural Mesothelioma Cases in Biancavilla are Related to a New Fluoro-Edenite Fibrous Amphibole
No full textA cluster of deaths from pleural mesothelioma was previously reported for Biancavilla, Italy, a city in eastern Sicily. An environmental survey suggested that the stone quarries located southeast of the city might be a source of asbestos exposure. The materials extracted from the quarries, used widely in the local building industry, contain large quantities of a fibrous amphibole that was initially referred to as an anomalous intermediate phase of sodium- and fluorine-rich tremolite-actinolite. A subsequent crystal chemistry investigation identified the mineral as fluoro-edenite, a new end-member of the edenite --> fluoro-edenite series. The material is very similar in morphology and composition to the minerals of the tremolite-actinolite series. To the authors' knowledge, fluoro-edenite becomes the 3rd mineral fiber (along with erionite and winchite), not yet classified as asbestos, with a demonstrable mesotheliomatogenous action in humans
About twin primes and distribution of primes
No full textThis paper give us a demonstration of twin primes conjecture using approximation of function �(iupsilon) that we introduce in section 6. Section 1-5 give us introduction to terminology and a clarification on (iupsilon) terms. In particular section
5 is really important because of its Lemma. Section 7 reassume foregoing explanations and it give us two theorems and one corollary;the theorem 7.2 give us exact approximation of twin primes counting function
Causal inference in environmental epidemiology: the role of implicit values
No full textFirst published: 23 February 1999The current epistemologic debate in epidemiology has underlined the relevance of subjective judgment in the production and evaluation of epidemiologic evidence. The definition of criteria aimed at evaluating causal links requires the adoption of judgment, values and extra-scientific considerations, such as the inclusion of a precautionary principle. The purpose of the present analysis is to examine the influence of moral principles in the process of evaluating scientific data relevant to human health. Two case studies are discussed. The first one deals with the carcinogenic risk associated with occupational exposure to non-arsenical insecticides; the second one deals with the association between urban air pollution, mortality and asthmatic attacks
Razionale ed obiettivi del Progetto Sentieri
No full textSENTIERI Project (Mortality study of residents in italian polluted sites) studied mortality of residents in the sites of national interest for environmental remediation (Italian polluted sites - IPSs). IPSs are in proximity of either active or dismissed industrial areas, near dumping sites of industrial and hazardous waste or incinerators. SENTIERI Project described and evaluated the mortality of the populations residing in IPSs and it specifically focused on causes of death for which environmental exposure is suspected or ascertained to play an etiologic role. The epidemiological evidence of the causal association was classified a priori into one of these three categories: Sufficient (S), Limited (L) and Inadequate (I). The study results will allow the priorities setting in remediation intervention, so as to prevent adverse health effects from environmental exposure. At the time of 2001 Census, about 10%of Italian population resided in the 44 IPSs included in SENTIERI; the mortality analysis was carried out for the years 1995-2002 for 63 causes of death. The study results for the 44 IPSs are here commented and read on the basis the a priori evaluation of the epidemiological evidence in terms of strength of the causal association, and taking into account the limits of a gepographic study design and its implied complexities. The producers and results of the evidence evaluation have been presented in a 2010 Supplement of Epidemiologia & Prevenzione devoted to SENTIERIIl Progetto SENTIERI (Studio Epidemiologico Nazionale dei Territori e degli Insediamenti Esposti a Rischio da Inquinamento) riguarda l\u27analisi della mortalit? delle popolazioni residenti in prossimit? di una serie di grandi centri industriali attivi o dismessi, o di aree oggetto di smaltimento di rifiuti industriali e/o pericolosi, che presentano un quadro di contaminazione ambientale e di rischio sanitario tale da avere determinato il riconoscimento di "siti di interesse nazionale per le bonifiche"(SIN). Il Progetto SENTIERI concorre alla descrizione e valutazione dello stato di salute delle popolazioni residenti nei SIN, in particolare per le cause di morte per le quali le esposizioni ambientali svolgano un ruolo eziologico certo o sospetto; i risultati dello studio contribuiranno a individuare le priorit? negli interventi di risanamento finalizzati alla prevenzione degli effetti sulla salute delle esposizioni ambientali. Le procedure e i risultati della valutazione della evidenza sono pubblicati nel Supplemento interamente dedicato a SENTIERI, pubblicato nel 2010 da Epidemiologia & Prevenzione. La popolazione residente al Censimento 2001 nei 44 SIN inclusi in SENTIERI costituisce approssimativamente il 10%della popolazione italiana. L\u27analisi della mortalit? nei 44 SIN riguarda 63 cause di morte e gruppi di cause per il periodo 1995-2002. Il commento e l\u27interpretazione dei risultati della mortalit? nei 44 SIN ? stato completato considerando limiti e complessit? del disegno geografico. E\u27 comunque possibile affermare che l\u27interpretazione dei risultati ? principalmente determinata dalla valutazione a priori dell\u27evidenza epidemiologica della forza delle associazioni considerate
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