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A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean
No full textShen, Chengcheng, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo, Wang, Chunsheng (2020): A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4878 (2): 322-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.2.
FIGURE 5 in A new glass sponge genus (Hexactinellida: Euplectellidae) from abyssal depth of the Yap Trench, northwestern Pacific Ocean
No full textFIGURE 5. Position of Rhizophyta yapensis gen. et sp. nov. in the phylogeny of Hexasterophora. Maximum-likelihood tree based on concatenated 18S, 28S, and 16S rDNA, and COI sequences. Numbers at branches are rapid bootstrap values (Stamatakis et al. 2008) based on 850 replicates determined by bootstopping (Pattengale et al. 2010). Lyss., Lyssacinosida. Scale bar, expected number of substitutions per site. Outgroup omitted for clarity.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Dohrmann, Martin, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2019, A new glass sponge genus (Hexactinellida: Euplectellidae) from abyssal depth of the Yap Trench, northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 367-378 in Zootaxa 4567 (2) on page 376, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/259503
FIGURE 3 in A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean
No full textFIGURE 3. Tretopleura weijicus sp. nov., vertical-longitudinal wall section. A. Vertical-longitudinal section, dermal side up, consisting of an unchannelized primary middle layer (p. m. l.), channelized dermal peripheral layer (d. p. l.), and atrial peripheral layer (a. p. l.) as indicated at right. B. SEM of dictyonal framework in the d. p. l. consisting of irregularly connected hexactins. C. SEM of dictyonal framework in the p. m. l. delimited by longitudinal stands composed of serially attached and aligned hexactins. D. SEM of dictyonal framework in the a. p. l.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2020, A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 322-334 in Zootaxa 4878 (2) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/442503
FIGURE 3 in A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean
No full textFIGURE 3. Tretopleura weijicus sp. nov., vertical-longitudinal wall section. A. Vertical-longitudinal section, dermal side up, consisting of an unchannelized primary middle layer (p. m. l.), channelized dermal peripheral layer (d. p. l.), and atrial peripheral layer (a. p. l.) as indicated at right. B. SEM of dictyonal framework in the d. p. l. consisting of irregularly connected hexactins. C. SEM of dictyonal framework in the p. m. l. delimited by longitudinal stands composed of serially attached and aligned hexactins. D. SEM of dictyonal framework in the a. p. l.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2020, A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 322-334 in Zootaxa 4878 (2) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/442503
Bolosominae Tabachnick 2002
No full textSubfamily Bolosominae Tabachnick, 2002 Emended definition (after Tabachnick 2002): Basiphytose or rhizophytous Euplectellidae with peduncle. Remarks: Although erection of a new subfamily for Rhizophyta gen. nov. would have been a possibility, we refrained from it because classification of euplectellids according to attachment mode is clearly artificial (Dohrmann et al. 2017). We nevertheless retain the obviously paraphyletic Bolosominae (see below and Dohrmann et al. 2017) here for purely practical purposes, pending major revision or abolishment of euplectellid subfamily division.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Dohrmann, Martin, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2019, A new glass sponge genus (Hexactinellida: Euplectellidae) from abyssal depth of the Yap Trench, northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 367-378 in Zootaxa 4567 (2) on page 369, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/259503
Rhizophyta Shen & Dohrmann & Zhang & Lu & Wang 2019, gen. nov.
No full textGenus Rhizophyta gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B71AF3A9-527F-454E-9AC7-0074CC189FE0 Type species. Rhizophyta yapensis gen. et sp. nov. Diagnosis. Body is fungus-like, pedunculate, rhizophytous with completely everted, laterally directed atrial cavity. Choanosomal spicules of the main body are diactins and hexactins. Dermalia and atrialia are pinular hexactins and rare pentactins. The internal spicules of the peduncle are diactins fused into a rigid skeleton by synapticulars. External spicules of the peduncle are loose pentactins forming a veil. Microscleres are toothed stellate discohexasters. Etymology. The new genus name, Rhizophyta, reflects the rhizophytous attachment method (fixation by rootlike outgrowths instead of spicule tuft or basal plate). Remarks. Due to the presence of a long peduncle and absence of hypodermal pentactins, the new specimens most closely match the diagnosis of Euplectellidae: Bolosominae. Although the surface pentactins veiling the peduncle resemble similar structures formed by hypodermalia in the Rossellidae, there are no smaller megascleres accompanying them, so they are best interpreted as homologous to dermalia rather than hypodermalia. Furthermore, our molecular evidence (see below) clearly rules out any affinity to Rossellidae. The rhizophytous method of fixation is quite rare among extant Hexactinellida and has to our knowledge never been reported for bolosomine euplectellids – as far as we are aware, only two rhizophytous euplectellids have been described before, namely Regadrella rhizophora and R. pedunculata, which are venus-flower-basket-like forms with a very short "peduncle", currently classified in Corbitellinae (see Tabachnick & Lévi 2004; Reiswig & Kelly 2018). The new species cannot be accommodated in any of the currently known ten genera of Bolosominae. The overall body shape combined with pinular dermal and atrial hexactins suggest affinities to the monotypic genus Neocaledoniella Tabachnick & Lévi, 2004. However, the new species is clearly distinguished from it by the presence of regular discohexaster microscleres rather than a combination of calycocomes and graphiocomes. Furthermore, recent investigation of a newly collected specimen of Neocaledoniella caulophacoides (Tabachnick, 2002) allowed for the first time examination of the base of its peduncle, showing that it has a basiphytous method of fixation (CS, unpublished observation). The presence of no other microscleres than discohexasters is uniquely shared with Bolosoma Ijima, 1904 among known pedunculate euplectellids. However, besides from differing in body shape (no everted, laterally directed atrial cavity and shorter, thicker stalk), Bolosoma species are characterized by the presence of anchorate discohexasters (codonhexasters) and their derivatives (missing in the new species). Our molecular evidence (see below) also does not support any affinity of the new species to Bolosoma.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Dohrmann, Martin, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2019, A new glass sponge genus (Hexactinellida: Euplectellidae) from abyssal depth of the Yap Trench, northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 367-378 in Zootaxa 4567 (2) on page 369, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/259503
Implied Author, Overall Consideration, and Subtext of "Desiree's Baby"
No full textThis essay explores how to infer from a text the image of the implied author. It examines Kate Chopin's "Desiree's Baby" (1893), which has been widely regarded as an indictment of racism but which an "overall consideration" of the implied author's choices will lead us to see as a racist text. Through the interaction of various details in the text, the implied author suggests three racist dichotomies: (1) white characters' nondiscrimination versus black characters' discrimination, (2) positive slavery under white masters versus negative slavery under a black master, and (3) superior whites versus inferior blacks. This implied racist stance reflects the historical context of Chopin's personal experiences, but it contrasts with the quite different racial stances of the implied authors of some other Chopin narratives with different thematic designs. The complexity of the narratives under the name "Kate Chopin" offers an opportunity not only to gain a better understanding of the concept of implied author but also to clarify the relations (connections as well as disparities) among textual, intertextual, and extratextual evidence in literary interpretation in general.LiteratureA&HCI4ARTICLE2285-3113
FIGURE 5 in A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean
No full textFIGURE 5. Tretopleura weijicus sp. nov., spicules. A. Dermal pentactins or subhexactins, whole and enlargements of tangential ray, proximal ray and distal rays with a clavate tip, a spherical or bullet-like swelling. B. Atrial pentactins or subhexactins, whole and enlargements of two tangential rays, proximal ray and cylindrical distal rays with two sizes in length. C. Dermal hexactins, whole and enlargements of tangential, proximal and distal rays. D. Atrial hexactins, whole and enlargements of tangential, proximal and distal rays. E. Uncinate, whole and enlargements of middle segment and two ends. F. Sceptrules, as discoscopules, whole and enlargements of two types of upper ends, tine tip, middle segment and lower end. G. Discohexasters of type I (G1) and type II (G2), whole and enlargement of terminal ray.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2020, A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 322-334 in Zootaxa 4878 (2) on page 330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/442503
“Shen Congwen Literary Thought and the Development of Chinese Modern Literature”
No full textThe study presents a reflection on the Chinese literature at the beginning of the twentieth century prompted by an examination of the non-fiction works written by Shen Congwen. This author wrote between the 1920s and 1940s and was driven by his conviction that literature would have changed China’s future. He concentrated on issues such as originality, creativity and imagination, without which he felt literary works could not be produced, and encouraged young authors to carry out research on style and experimentation in order to create a new body of literature and a new poetical language in a particularly delicate moment of Chinese history influenced by an escalation of Marxist aesthetic theories
Shen Gua (1031-1095) et les sciences
No full textSummary. — Shen Gua (1031-1095) is the author of a famous collection of notes which treat a great variety of subjects. Most modern historians of Chinese science consider him to have been the greatest Chinese « scientist » of the Middle Ages. However, before the twentieth century, Shen Gua was regarded, even in China, as an outstanding literary scholar, not a man of science. What is the significance of such a radical change of viewpoint, and what is the true nature of Shen Gua's works ? We try to outline answers to such questions by examining both the historio graphical background of Chinese science and Shen Gua's works as they appear in their historical context.Résumé. — Shen Gua (1031-1095) est l'auteur d'un célèbre recueil de notes abordant des sujets extrêmement variés. La plupart des historiens actuels des sciences chinoises le considèrent comme le plus grand « homme de science » du Moyen Age. Pourtant^ avant le xxe siècle, en Chine même, on rattachait généralement Shen Gua à la littérature plutôt qu'à la science. Quelle est la signification d'un changement de point de vue aussi radical et quelle est la véritable nature de l'œuvre de Shen Gua ? Nous tentons d'esquisser les réponses à de telles questions en examinant à la fois l'arrière-plan historiographique des sciences chinoises et l'œuvre de Shen Gua telle qu'elle se présente dans son contexte historique.Brenier Joël, Dieny Colette, Martzloff Jean Claude, De Wieclawik Wladislaw. Shen Gua (1031-1095) et les sciences. In: Revue d'histoire des sciences, tome 42, n°4, 1989. Problème d'Histoire des Sciences en Chine (1) pp. 333-351
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