86,682 research outputs found

    Crystal structure and crystal chemistry of fluorannite and its relationships to annite

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    We present the crystal chemical characterization of fluorannite from Katugin Ta-Nb deposit, Chitinskaya Oblast’, Kalar Range, Transbaikalia, Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia. This mica belongs to 1M polytype (space group C2/m) with layer parameters a = 5.3454(2) Å, b = 9.2607(4) Å, c = 10.2040(5) Å, ? = 100.169(3)°. Structure refinement, using anisotropic displacement parameters, converged at R = 0.0384. Fluorannite shows a smaller cell volume (V = 497.19 Å3) than annite (V = 505.71 Å3) because of its smaller lateral dimensions and its reduced c parameter. The flattening of the tetrahedral basal oxygen atoms plane decreases with F content, together with the A-O4 distance (i.e., the distance between interlayer A cation and the octahedral anionic position) because of the reduced repulsion between the interlayer cation and the anion sited in O4

    Inflammatory bowel diseases: clinical update of practical guidelines

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    Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes a collection of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract of unknown aetiology, characterized by intestinal inflammation and a chronic relapsing course associated with local and systemic complications. Traditionally, IBD comprises two prototype entities, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) and an intermediate variant of these diseases, indeterminate colitis which shows overlapping features of the two major forms. Over the last few years, considerable progress has been made in our knowledge of the pathogenesis of IBD, which is complex and derives from genetic, environmental and immunological interactions. The aetiology remains unclear, but it is well established that the lesions and symptoms are associated with over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this paper we briefly review the pathophysiology and the new therapeutic approaches to IBD, since from these, new achievement depends the appropriate diagnostic exams to be performed and diagnostic flow charts. © 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc
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