20 research outputs found
Competition and Antitrust Policy in the Enlarged European Union: A Level Playing Field?
No full textWith the central and eastern European countries (CEECs) increasingly included into the international division of labour in the European economic space, we are prompted to ask whether this integration operates on a level playing field with respect to competition policy. In fact, our analysis reveals that effectiveness of implementation of competition law and policy and intensity of competition are lower in the CEECs. We find no reason to believe that the new eastern EU members struggle with the recent reforms of competition policy in the EU, nor do we see the necessity for policy action to spur effective implementation. Copyright (c) 2009 The Author(s). Journal compilation (c) 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Design patterns for multi-agent simulations
No full textThe advent of mobile agent technology has brought along a few difficulties in designing a stable, efficient and scalable system for a certain problem. Agent-based simulations prove to be powerful tools for economic analyses. In this paper we aim at describing a set of design patterns which were specifically built for agents and multi-agent systems. The details of each design pattern discussed are presented and the possible applications and known issues are noted. In order to aid the software designers, we provide some examples of the basic implementation of these patterns using the JADE multi-agent framework.intelligent agent, multi-agent design, multi-agent simulation.
nZEB criteria for typical single-family home renovations in various countries
No full textOTBArchitecture and The Built Environmen
DNA vaccines: a review
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Competition Law and Human Rights:Striking a Balance Between Business Freedom and Regulatory Intervention
No full textPresented at The Limits of Competition Law, Santorini, Greece (jointly organised by UCL Faculty of Laws and IMEDIPA)</p
Calculation of metric coefficients for a divertor tokamak configuration
No full textMost toroidal flux coordinate systems tacitly assume a nested flux surface structure. However, in a diverted torus the presence of a separatrix breaks this structure and the usual toroidal flux coordinates can not be used directly. In this paper we present a method to calculate the metric coefficients, necessary for MHD equilibrium and stability computations, in an axisymmetric divertor tokamak configuration. A ''classical'' flux coordinate system, amended by a ''cast function'', has been used. Thus, the unknown moments - the solution of the equilibrium equation - are determined by the difference between the real flux surfaces and those described by the cast function only. With this procedure, the necessary number of moments to describe the flux surfaces in a quite complicated separatrix configuration is small engough to make computations time-efficient. As an example of our approach, the separatrix of a particular equilibrium configuration of the ASDEX-Upgrade tokamak has been considered and, for a given surface dependence of the toroidal plasma current density, some metric coefficients and the rotational transform have been computed considering the cast function only. (orig.)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RA 71(5/63) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman
Overview of ASDEX upgrade results
No full textASDEX Upgrade was operated with a fully W-covered wall in 2007 and 2008. Stationary H-modes at the ITER target values and improved H-modes with H up to 1.2 were run without any boronization. The boundary conditions set by the full W wall (high enough ELM frequency, high enough central heating and low enough power density arriving at the target plates) require significant scenario development, but will apply to ITER as well. D retention has been reduced and stationary operation with saturated wall conditions has been found. Concerning confinement, impurity ion transport across the pedestal is neoclassical, explaining the strong inward pinch of high-Z impurities in between ELMs. In improved H-mode, the width of the temperature pedestal increases with heating power, consistent with a scaling. In the area of MHD instabilities, disruption mitigation experiments using massive Ne injection reach volume averaged values of the total electron density close to those required for runaway suppression in ITER. ECRH at the q = 2 surface was successfully applied to delay density limit disruptions. The characterization of fast particle losses due to MHD has shown the importance of different loss mechanisms for NTMs, TAEs and also beta-induced Alfven eigenmodes (BAEs). Specific studies addressing the first ITER operational phase show that O1 ECRH at the HFS assists reliable low-voltage breakdown. During ramp-up, additional heating can be used to vary li to fit within the ITER range. Confinement and power threshold in He are more favourable than in H, suggesting that He operation could allow us to assess H-mode operation in the non-nuclear phase of ITER operation. © 2009 IAEA, Vienna.
Lubricated contact analysis of a spur gear pair with dynamic loads
No full textIn the present research study, a comprehensive spur gear lubrication analysis has
been carried out to understand the gear contact behaviour under lubrication
conditions. The modelling works have been extended to consider the effects of
thermal mechanical, non-Newtonian fluid, surface roughness, transient squeeze and
dynamic load conditions.
First, the elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory is studied and relevant
numerical approaches are introduced. The reduced Reynolds equation technique is
applied to deal with any potential "asperity contacts" or any other ultra-thin film
situations. Those situations could be a result of the surface roughness or the dynamic
load effect. This approach allows us to capture local information about pressure,
traction, film thickness, etc., within the nominal contact zone. Influence of working
conditions, i.e. load, rolling speed, as well as the sliding to roll ratio are discussed
with those models (Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids, isothermal or thermal
conditions). The non-Newtonian fluid effect has been investigated with a
Ree-Eyring fluid model and a power-law fluid model and the thermal effect is
studied by solving energy equations of interacting solids and the film numerically
with the sequential sweeping technique.
The dynamic effect on contact performance is also studied. The dynamic load is
calculated using a two degree-of-freedom lumped parameter system dynamic model
in which the varying mesh stiffness is considered as the excitation. The dynamic
model is solved using the Runge-Kutta method. The effects of the dynamic load
effect on pressure distribution and film thickness in a whole mesh period are
discussed. The normal contact stiffness of a spur gear pair is also predicted based on
the deterministic tribology models.
The main contributions from the present research could be summarized as follows:
i. An elastohydrodynamic lubrication model for a spur gear pair is developed
by taking into account the effects of transient squeeze, the non-Newtonian fluid, the
rough surface and the thermal mechanical contacts which makes the proposed model
one of the most advanced models currently evaluating gear lubrication performance.
This model can also be applied to bearings, cams, or other gear types with some
modifications.
ii. The friction behaviour, which is not investigated as extensively as the film
thickness in existing work, is studied. The effects of the working conditions (the
load, the rolling speed, the slide/roll ratio), the non-Newtonian conditions, the rough
surface conditions, as well as the thermal conditions on friction behaviour are
discussed. The conclusions suggest controlling surface topography patterns and
working conditions aiming at a reduced friction coefficient and a longer service life.
iii. The dynamic effect on lubrication performance and effect of lubrication on
normal contact stiffness of a spur gear pair are studied. The work provides a
potential gateway for a more comprehensive evaluation of spur gear pair working
performance using a tribology-dynamic coupled method which is the next area this
author would like to explore
Thermal and structural evolution of the East Carpathians in northern Romania : from Cretaceous orogeny to final exhumation during Miocene collision
No full textCombining thermochronological methods with structural field data, this study aims to reconstruct the Tertiary burial and exhumation history of the northeastern part of the Tisza‐ Dacia block during its invasion in the Carpathian embayment and final soft collision with the European margin. Zircon fission track data additionally provide information about the last metamorphic overprint during the Cretaceous. Within the basement units of the northern Central East Carpathians (Bucovinian nappe stack) and the Preluca massif (Biharia unit) zircon fission tracks are largely reset during the last (Cretaceous) orogeny. Temperatures during this Alpine metamorphic overprint increase from external to internal within the northern East Carpathians from sub‐greenschist facies conditions to at least greenschist facies conditions. Greenschist facies conditions are also observed in the Preluca massif. The close neighbourhood of Coniacian to Campanian zircon FT cooling ages with Cenomanian sediments suggests Late Cretaceous tectonic exhumation in the northern East Carpathians. The most likely explanation for this tectonic exhumation is a ‐ so far undocumented ‐ Late Cretaceous extension related to orogenic collapse (Gosau type basins). The Tertiary evolution is characterised by the invasion of the previously amalgamated Tisza‐Dacia and ALCAPA blocks into the Carpathian embayment and Miocene soft collision of both these blocks with the European margin. The juxtaposition of the ALCAPA and Tisza‐Dacia blocks, with Tisza‐Dacia in a lower plate position, is announced by the onset of Oligocene turbiditic sedimentation. The Burdigalian SE‐directed over‐thrusting of the Pienides (non‐ metamorphic flysch units) is interpreted to express the final stages of this juxtaposition. Burial heating caused full annealing of fission tracks in apatite (i.e. >120°C) in the Central East Carpathian basement in the NE of the study area, while in the basement of the Preluca massif in the SW of the study area temperatures related to Paleogene to Early Miocene burial did not exceed 80°C. The post‐Burdigalian (post‐16 Ma) soft collision of Tisza‐Dacia with the European margin occurred in two stages expressed by predominantly sinistral strike‐slip deformation during constant NE‐SW shortening. During and following soft collision, combined uplift and erosion caused exhumation of the buried rocks along the European margin. Uplift reaches up to 9 km in the Rodna horst The first post‐Burdigalian transpressional stage (16‐12 Ma) is related to perpendicular convergence of Tisza‐Dacia with the NW‐SE striking European margin. Minor exhumation during this stage resulted in Middle Miocene apatite fission track cooling ages (15‐13 Ma) in the west of the study area. The transtensional stage (12–10 Ma) led to the formation of the Bogdan‐Dragos‐Voda fault system. Sinistral transtension allowed for the docking and fitting of Tisza‐Dacia with the NW‐ SE striking European margin. Oblique E‐W convergence led to strain partitioning with thrusting in the external thrust belt and internal strike‐slip deformation. Differential lateral movements are distributed and deformation is accommodated by E‐W striking sinistral strike slip faults and SW‐NE striking normal faults, which led to fragmentation into SW‐tilted blocks. Fragmentation and differential offset along the bounding faults resulted in the formation of triangular‐shaped graben and corresponding horst structures. Enhanced exhumation during transtensional activity led to advective heat transport and resulted in Middle to Late Miocene apatite fission track cooling ages (13‐7) in the east of the study area
