2,800 research outputs found

    Tuttiett, Mary Gleed [pseud. Maxwell Gray] (1846–1923), novelist

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    Biographical entry of popular female author Maxwell Gray

    DECAY OF SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL-KLEIN-GORDON EQUATIONS WITH ARBITRARY MAXWELL FIELD

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    In the author's previous work, it has been shown that solutions of Maxwell-Klein-Gordon equations in R3+1 possess some form of global strong decay properties with data bounded in some weighted energy space. In this paper, we prove pointwise decay estimates for the solutions for the case when the initial data are merely small on the scalar field but can be arbitrarily large on the Maxwell field. This extends the previous result of Lindblad and Sterbenz, in which smallness was assumed both for the scalar field and the Maxwell field.SCI(E)ARTICLE81829-1902

    Foreign direct investment in a macroeconomic framework : finance, efficiency, incentives, and distortions

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    Does foreign direct investment (FDI) increase domestic investment, or does it provide additional foreign exchange for a pre-existing current account deficit, or some linear combination of the two? The author investigates this question for a group of five Pacific Basin countries and a control group of 11 other developing countries. For the sample of all 16 developing countries, the author finds that FDI does not provide additional balance of payments financing for a pre-existing current account deficit. In the control group of 11 developing countries, FDI is associated with reduced domestic investment - implying that FDI to those countries is simply a close substitute for other capital inflows. For the five Pacific Basin market economies, however, FDI raises domestic investment by the full extent of the FDI inflow. The author finds that FDI has a significantly negative impact on national saving in the sample of all 16 developing countries. For the control group, this negative effect is similar in magnitude to FDI's negative effect on domestic investment - implying a zero effect on the current account. But FDI's negative effect on national saving in the five Pacific Basin developing market economies implies that FDI could have more of a negative effect on the current account than through increased domestic investment alone. The author also investigates the impact of FDI on economic growth in these 16 countries, taking into account distortions in the economies. He estimates reduced-form current account equations, and presents an analytical framework for estimating FDI's effect on economic growth in the presence of incentive-disincentive packages and other economic distortions. He illustrates his framework using indicators of foreign trade and financial distortions. His main conclusion: the effect of FDI differs markedly from one group of countries to another. FDI has a negative effect on economic growth in the control group. It has the same positive effect on growth as domestically financed investment does in the Pacific Basin countries. The main cause for the different effect is the low level of distortion in the Pacific Basin countries.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Foreign Direct Investment,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Macroeconomic Management

    Sensory and motor neuronal networks of the spinal cord

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    This body of work is focused upon neuronal networks of the spinal cord which are involved in processing of sensory information and generation of motor output. It includes a detailed account of the synaptic organisation, target neurons and neurotransmitter content of central terminals of various classes of cutaneous and proprioceptive primary afferent axons. It shows that presynaptic boutons at axoaxonic synapses, which regulate primary afferent transmission, contain GABA but that other transmitters such as glycine, neuropeptide Y and acetylcholine may be co-localised in these structures. The principal conclusion is that certain subtypes of presynaptic inhibitory interneurons target the terminals of specific types of primary afferent fibres but the majority of these neurons do not from 'pure' presynaptic inhibitory systems because many of them also mediate postsynaptic inhibition. A further series of investigations provides a detailed analysis of the organisation of monoaminergic axon terminals and the receptors that they act upon. This work supports the existence of two parallel modes of action for monoamines in the cord; a diffuse (non-synaptic or paracrine) system and a specific system which acts through direct synaptic actions on particular target neurons. Serotonin, for example, acts as a general modulator but also regulates transmission in some pathways selectively. Amongst the cells that are targeted selectively, are interneurons in reflex pathways and a class of projection neuron which receives monosynaptic input from nociceptive primary afferent axons. More recently, the focus has been on the organization and neurochemical properties of spinal interneurons. Until recently, there were few satisfactory classifications of spinal interneurons and the relationship between functional and structural properties of such cells was unclear. A detailed analysis of interneurons has shown that there is a clear relationship between the action of a given interneuron (i.e. whether it is inhibitory or excitatory), its axonal projections and the classes of cell that it targets. In conclusion, the work reported in this thesis is an attempt to elucidate neuronal circuits which underlie sensory and motor processes in the spinal cord by applying modern functional anatomical approaches.SELECTED REVIEW ARTICLES (PEER REVIEWED): 1. Morris, R., Cheunsuang, O., Stewart, A. and Maxwell, D. (2004) Spinal dorsal horn neurone targets for nociceptive primary afferents: do single neurone morphological characteristics suggest how nociceptive information is processed at the spinal level. Brain Res. Rev. 46, 173- 190. (Review article written as co-author with Dr. Richard Morris; contains some unpublished data from all 4 authors) || 2. Jankowska, E., Maxwell, D.J. and Bannatyne, B.A. (2007) On coupling and decoupling of spinal interneuronal networks Arch. Ital. Biol. 145: 235-250, 2007 (Review article written jointly by E. Jankowska, B.A. Bannatyne and DJM: summarises some of our major findings).SELECTED PEER REVIEWED ARTICLES: 1. Maxwell, D.J. Bannatyne, B.A., Brown, A.G. and Fyffe, R.E.W. (1982) Ultrastructure of physiologically identified hair follicle afferent fibres in the cat spinal cord. Journal of Neurocytology 11, 571-582. (Author; performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 2. Maxwell, D.J., Leranth, Cs. and Verhofstad, A.A.J. (1983) fine structure of serotonin containing axons in the marginal zone of the rat spinal cord. Brain Research 266, 253-260. || (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). 3. Maxwell, D.J., Fyffe, R.E.W. and Rethelyi, M. (1983) Morphological properties of physiologically characterized lamina III neurons in the cat spinal cord. Neuroscience 10, 1-22. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 4. Maxwell, D.J., Fyffe, R.E.W. and Brown, A.G. (1984) Fine structure of normal and degenerating primary afferent boutons associated with characterized spinocervical tract neurones in the cat. Neuroscience 12, 151-163. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 5. Maxwell, D.J. and Bannatyne, B.A. (1983) Ultrastructure of muscle spindle afferent terminations in lamina VI of the cat spinal cord. Brain Research 288, 297-301. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 6. Maxwell, D.J., Bannatyne, B.A., Fyffe, R.E.W. and Brown, A.G. (1984) Fine structure of primary afferent terminations projecting from rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors of the toe and foot pads of the cat. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 69, 381-392. (Author; initiated study and performed bulk of experimental work reported jointly with B.A. Banntyne). || 7. Bannatyne, B.A., Maxwell, D.J., Fyffe, R.E.W. and Brown, A.G. (1984) Fine structure of primary afferent terminals of slowly adapting cutaneous receptors in the cat. Quarterly Journal ofExperimental Physiology 69, 547-557. (Author; initiated study and performed bulk of experimental work reported jointly with B.A. Banntyne). 2 || 8. Maxwell, D.J., Koerber, H.R. and Bannatyne, B.A. (1985) Light and electron microscopy of contacts between primary afferent fibres and neurons with axons ascending the dorsal columns of the feline spinal cord. Neuroscience 16, 375-394. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 9. Maxwell, D.J. and Koerber, H.R. (1986) Fine structure of collateral axons originating from feline spinocervical tract neurons. Brain Research 363, 199-203. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). 10.Maxwell, D.J., Christie, W.M. and Somogyi, P. (1989) Synaptic connections of GABAcontaining boutons in the lateral cervical nucleus of the cat: an ultrastructural study employing pre- and post-embedding immunocytochemical methods. Neuroscience 33, 169-184. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || II .Maxwell, D.J., Christie, W.M., Ottersen, O.P. and Storm-Mathisen, J. (1990) Terminals of group la primary afferent fibres in Clarke's column are enriched with L-glutamate-like immunoreactivity. Brain Research 510, 346-350. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 12.Maxwell, D.J., Christie, W.M., Short, A.D., Storm-Mathisen, J. and Ottersen, O.P. (1990) Central boutons of glomeruli are enriched with L-glutamate-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the cat. Neuroscience 36, 83-104. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 13.Maxwell, D.J., Christie, W.M., Short, A.D. and Brown, A.G. (1990) Direct observations of synapses between GABA- immunoreactive boutons and muscle afferent terminals in lamina VI of the cat's spinal cord. Brain Research 530, 215-222. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 14.Maxwell, D.J., Christie, W.M., Short, A.D. and Brown, A.G. (1991) Direct observations of synapses between GABA- immunoreactive boutons and identified spinocervical tract neurons in the cat's spinal cord. J.Comp. Neurol. 307: 375-392. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 15.Doyle, C.A. and Maxwell, D.J. (1991) Catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal dorsal horn: a correlated light and electron microscopic analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibres in the cat. Neuroscience, 45, 161-176. (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported). || 16.Doyle, C.A. and Maxwell, D.J. (1991) Ultrastructural analysis of noradrenergic nerve terminals in the cat lumbosacral spinal dorsal horn: a dopamine-B-hydroxylase immunocytochemical study. Brain Research 563, 329-333. (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported). || 17.Todd, A.J., Maxwell. D.J. and Brown, A.G. (1991) Relationships between hair-follicle afferent axons and glycine-immunoreactive profiles in cat dorsal horn. Brain Research 564,132-137. (Co-author; collaborative study with A. Todd). || 18.Maxwell, D.J., Christie, W.M., Brown, A.G., Ottersen, O.P. and Storm-Mathisen, J. (1992) Direct observations of synapses between L-glutamate-immunoreactive boutons and identified spinocervical tract neurones in the spinal cord of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 326, 485-500. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 19.Doyle, C.A. and Maxwell, D.J. (1993) Direct catecholaminergic innervation of postsynaptic dorsal column neurons in the cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 331, 434-444. (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported). || 20.Doyle, C.A. and Maxwell, D.J. (1993) Neuropeptide Y- immunoreactive terminals form axo¬ axonic synaptic arrangements in the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) of the cat spinal dorsal horn. Brain Research 603, 157-161. (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported). || 21.Maxwell, D.J., Christie, W.M., Brown, A.G., Ottersen, O.P. and Storm-Mathisen, J. (1993) Identified hair follicle afferent boutons in the spinal cord of the cat are enriched with Lglutamate-like immunoreactivity. Brain Research 606, 156-161. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 22.Doyle, C.A. and Maxwell, D.J. (1994) Light- and electron-microscopic analysis of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive profiles in the cat spinal dorsal horn. Neuroscience 61, 107- 121. (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported). || 23.Doyle, C.A. and Maxwell, D.J. (1994) Catecholaminergic innervation of the lateral cervical nucleus: a correlated light and electron microscopic analysis of tyrosine hydroxylaseimmunoreactive axons in the cat. Neuroscience 61, 381-389. (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported). || 24.Maxwell, D.J., Ottersen, O.P. and Storm-Mathisen, J. (1995) Synaptic organization of excitatory and inhibitory boutons associated with spinal neurons which project through the dorsal columns of the cat. Brain Research 676, 103-112. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 25.Jankowska, E., Maxwell, D.J., Dolk, S., Krutki, P. Belichenko, P.V. and Dahlstrom, A. (1995) Contacts between serotoninergic fibres and dorsal horn spinocerebellar tract neurones in the cat and rat; a confocal microscopic study. Neuroscience, 67,477-487. (Co-author; collaborative study with E. Jankowska. Performed much of experimental work reported). || 26.Maxwell, D.J., Todd,A.J. and Kerr, R. (1995) Colocalization of glycine and GABA in synapses on spinomedullary neurons. Brain Research 690, 127-132. (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported). || 27.Maxwell, D.J. and Jankowska, E. (1996) Synaptic relations between serotonin-immunoreactive axons and dorsal horn spinocerebellar tract cells in the cat spinal cord. Neuroscience, 70, 247- 253. (Author; collaborative study with E. Jankowska. initiated and performed morphological aspects of experimental work reported). || 28.McGonigle, D.J., Maxwell, D.J., Shehab, S.A.S. and Kerr,R. (1996) Evidence for the presence of neurokinin-1 receptors on dorsal horn spinocerebellar tract cells in the rat. Brain Research, 742, 1-9. (Author; initiated, supervised and performed experimental work reported). || 29.Maxwell, L. Maxwell. D.J., Nielson, M. and Kerr. R. (1996) A confocal microscopic survey of serotoninergic axons in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat: colocalization with glutamate decarboxylase and neuropeptides. Neuroscience 75: 471-480(Author; initiated, supervised and performed experimental work reported). || 30.Maxwell, D.J., Kerr, R., Jankowska, E. and Riddell, J.S. (1997) Synaptic connections of dorsal horn group II interneurons: synapses formed with the interneurons and by their axon collaterals. J.Comp. Neurol. 380: 51-69 (Author; collaborative study with E. Jankowska. initiated and performed morphological aspects of experimental work reported). || 31.Patel, R., Kerr, R. and Maxwell, D.J. (1997) Absence of co-localized glutamic acid decarboxylase and neuropeptides in noradrenergic axons of the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 749: 164-169. (Author; initiated, supervised and performed experimental work reported). || 32.Jankowska E., Maxwell, D.J. Dolk, S. and Dahlstrom, A. (1997) A confocal and electron microscopic study of contacts between 5-HT fibres and feline dorsal horn interneurons in pathways from muscle afferents J.Comp. Neurol. 387, 430-438 (Co-author; collaborative study with E. Jankowska. initiated and performed morphological aspects of experimental work reported). || 33.Pollock, R., Kerr, R. and Maxwell. D.J. (1997) An immunocyochemical investigation ofthe relationship between substance P and the neurokinin-1 receptor in the lateral horn of the rat thoracic spinal cord. Brain Res. 777, 22-30 (Author; initiated, supervised and performed experimental work reported). 34.Spike, R.C., Kerr, R., Maxwell. D.J. and Todd, A.J. (1998) GluRl and GluR2/3 subunits of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor are associated with particular types of neuron in laminae I-III of the spinal dorsal horn of the rat, Eur. J. Neurosci. 10,324-333. (Co-author; collaborative study with A. Todd. Performed some aspects of experimental work reported). || 35.Welton J., Stewart W., Kerr R. and Maxwell D.J., (1999) Differential expression of the muscarinic m2 acetylcholine receptor by small and large motoneurons of the rat spinal cord. Brain Reserarch 817, 215-219 (Author; initiated, supervised and performed experimental work reported). || 36.Maxwell D.J. and Riddell J.S. (1999) Axoaxonic synapses on terminals of group II muscle afferent axons in the spinal cord of the cat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 2151-2159 (Author; initiated and performed bulk of experimental work reported) || 37.Maxwell, D.J., Riddell J.S. and Jankowska, E. (2000) Serotoninergic and noradrenergic axonal contacts associated with premotor interneurons in spinal pathways from group II muscle afferents. Eur. J. Neurosci .12,1271-1280. (Author; collaborative study with E. Jankowska. initiated and performed morphological aspects of experimental work reported). || 38.Gladden, M.H., Maxwell, D.J., Sahal, A. and Jankowska, E. (2000) Coupling between serotoninergic and noradrenergic neurones and gamma motoneurones in the cat J.Physiol 527, 213-223.. (Co-author; collaborative study with E. Jankowska. Performed morphological aspects of experimental work reported). || 39.Stewart, W. and Maxwell, D.J. (2000) Morphological evidence for selective modulation by serotonin of a sub-population of dorsal horn cells which possess the neurokinin-1 receptor. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 4583-4588. (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported). || 40.Hammar, I. and Maxwell, D.J. (2002) Serotoninergic and Noradrenergic axons make contacts with neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 443, 310-319. (Co-author; initiated, supervised and performed aspects of experimental work reported). || 41.Cheunsuang, O., Maxwell, D.J. and Morris, R., (2002) Spinal lamina I neurones which express neurokinin 1 receptors: Elecctrophysiological properties, responses to primary afferent stimulation and effects of a selective p-opioid receptor agonist. Neuroscience. Ill, 423-434. (Co-author; collaborative study with R. Morris. Performed morphological aspects of experimental work reported). || 42.0lave, M.J. Puri, N. Kerr, R. and Maxwell, D.J. (2002) Myelinated and unmyelinated primary afferent axons form contacts with cholinergic interneurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Exp. Brain Res. 145: 448-456. (Author; initiated, supervised and performed aspects experimental work reported). || 43.Sutherland, F.I., Bannatyne, B.A., Kerr, R., Riddell, J.S. and. Maxwell,D.J. (2002) Inhibitory amino acid transmitters associated with axons in presynaptic apposition to cutaneous primary afferent axons in the cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 452: 154-162. (Author; initiated, supervised and performed aspects experimental work reported). || 44.0lave, M.J. and Maxwell. D.J. (2002) An investigation of neurons that possess the a2cadrenergic receptor in the rat dorsal horn. Neuroscience, 115, 31-40. (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported). || 45.Todd, A.J., Hughes, D.I.. Polgar, E., Nagy, G.G., Mackie, M., Ottersen, O.P. and Maxwell, D.J. (2003) The expression of vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in neurochemically-defined axonal populations in the rat spinal cord with emphasis on the dorsal horn. Eur. J. Neuroscience. 17, 13-27. (Co-author; supervised aspects of experimental work reported). || 46.Maxwell, D. J., Kerr, R., Rashid S. and Anderson E. (2003) Characterisation of axon terminals in the rat dorsal horn that are immunoreactive for serotonin 5-HT3A receptor subunits. Exp. Brain Res. 149, 114-124. (Author; initiated, supervised and performed aspects experimental work reported). || 47. Olave, M.J. and Maxwell, D.J. (2003) Axon terminals possessing the a2c-adrenergic receptor in the rat dorsal horn are predominantly excitatory. Brain Res. 965, 269-273. (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported). || 48.Polgar, E., Hughes, D.I., Riddell, J.S., Maxwell, D.J., Puskar, Z. and Todd, A.J. (2003) Selective loss ofGABAergic or glycinergic is not necessary for the development of thermal hyperalgesia in the chronic constriction model of neuropathic pain. Pain. 104, 299-239. (Co-author; collaborative study with A. Todd. Supervised some aspects of experimental work reported). || 49.Stewart, W. and Maxwell, D.J. (2003) Distribution and organisation of dorsal horn neuronal cell bodies that possess the muscarinic m2 acetylcholine receptor. Neuroscience 119, 121-135. (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported). || 50.Mackie. M., Hughes, D.I., Maxwell, D.J., Tillakaratine, N.J.K. and Todd, A.J. (2003) Distribution and colocalisation of glutamate decarboxylase isoforms in the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 119, 461-472. (Co-author; collaborative study with A. Todd. Supervised and performed some aspects of experimental work reported). || 51 .Olave, M.J. and Maxwell, D.J. (2003) Neurokinin-1 projection cells in the rat dorsal horn receive synaptic contacts from axons that possess a.2c-adrenergic receptors J. Neurosci. 23, 6837-6846. (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported). || 52.Bannatyne, B.A., Edgley, S.A., Hammar, I., Jankowska, E. and Maxwell D.J. (2003) Networks of inhibitory and excitatory commissural interneurons mediating crossed reticulospinal actions. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 2273-2284. (Author; collaborative study with E. Jankowska. initiated and performed morphological aspects of experimental work reported). || 53.Hammar, I., Bannatyne, B.A. Maxwell, D.J., Edgley, S. A. and Jankowska, E. (2004) The actions of monoamines and distribution of noradrenergic and serotoninergic contacts on different subpopulations of commissural interneurons in the cat spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19, 1305-1316. (Co-author; collaborative study with E. Jankowska. Performed and supervised morphological aspects of experimental work reported). || 54.Olave, M.J. and Maxwell, D.J. (2004) Axon terminals possessing a2c-adrenergic receptors densely innervate , neurons in the rat lateral spinal nucleus which respond to noxious stimulation. Neuroscience 126, 391-403 (Co-author; initiated and supervised experimental work reported) 55.Dougherty, K.J. Bannatyne, B.A., Jankowska, E., Krutki, P. and Maxwell D.J. (2005) Membrane receptors involved in Modulation of responses of spinal dorsal horn interneurons evoked by feline group II muscle afferents. J. Neurosci. 25, 584-593. (Co-author; collaborative study with E. Jankowska. Supervised morphological aspects of experimental work reported). || 56.Conte, D., Legg, E. D., McCourt, A. C., Silajdzic E.,, Nagy, G. G. and Maxwell. D.J. (2005) Transmitter content, origins and connections of axons in the spinal cord that possess 5-HT3 receptors. Neuroscience, 134, 165-173. (Author; initiated, supervised and performed aspects experimental work reported). || 57.Wilson JM, Hartley R, Maxwell DJ, Todd AJ, Lieberam I, Kaltschmidt JA, Yoshida Y, Jessell TM, Brownstone RM (2005) Conditional rhythmicity of ventral spinal interneurons defined by expression of the Hb9 homeodomain protein. J Neurosci 25: 5710-5719 (Co-author; collaborative study with R. Brownstone, A. Todd and T. Jessell. Performed morphological aspects of experimental work reported). || 58.Hughes DI, Mackie M. Nagy GG, Riddell JS, Maxwell DJ, Szabo G, Erdelyi F, Veress G, Szucs P, Antal M, Todd AJ (2005) P boutons in lamina IX ofthe rodent spinal cord express high levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 and originate from cells in deep medial dorsal horn. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102: 9038-9043. (Co-author; collaborative study with A. Todd. Supervised and performed some aspects of experimental work reported). || 59.Bannatyne. B.A., Edgley, S.A., Hammar, I., Jankowska, E. and Maxwell D.J. (2006) Differential projections of excitatory and inhibitory dorsal horn interneurons relaying information from group II muscle afferents in the cat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 26: 2871-2880 (Co-author; collaborative study with E. Jankowska. Performed, initiated and supervised morphological aspects of experimental work reported). || 60.Erika Polgar, Suzanne Thomson, David J. Maxwell, Khulood Al-Khater and Andrew J. Todd (20

    Maxwell Whiteman collection of Hendricks family papers undated, 1799-1872, 1971

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    Collection consists of Hendricks family papers that were in the possession of Maxwell Whiteman, author of Cooper For America. The collection includes accounts and business correspondence written to Harmon Hendricks primarily from trade metal agents Solomon Moses (1774-1857) and Joseph Lyon Moss (1804-1874). An invitation to the third annual meeting of the Coppers Manufacturers Association is also available. The collection also contains a copy of Whiteman's book, photographs of illustrations Whiteman used for Cooper in America, and a photograph of Edmund HendricksSid LapidusMr. Sid Lapidu

    Sara B. Maxwell

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    An obituary for author and librarian Sara B. Maxwell

    Sara B. Maxwell

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    An obituary for author and librarian Sara B. Maxwell

    Sara B. Maxwell

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    An obituary for author and librarian Sara B. Maxwell

    208 - Dillon Maxwell

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    CSU Department of History.Includes bibliographical references.In Mid-September 1857, a wagon train of 120 men, women, and children headed to California were killed by Mormon Militiamen in southwestern Utah. The Militiamen spared none except several small children. The discussion on Mountain Meadows has been focused on cultural and social causes, while the environment sits as a backdrop. Amidst these social tensions, drought and erratic weather helped push the violence at Mountain Meadows in motion. For this I used an interdisciplinary methodology which included secondary historic literature, desert ecological studies, rangeland studies, and PDSI index maps

    Transient electroosmotic flow of general Maxwell fluids through a slit microchannel

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    Using Laplace transform method, semi-analytical solutions are presented for transient electroosmotic flow of Maxwell fluids between micro-parallel plates. The solution involves solving the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation, together with the Cauchy momentum equation and the Maxwell constitutive equation considering the depletion effect produced by the interaction between macro-molecules of the Maxwell fluids and the channel surface. The overall flow is divided into depletion layer and bulk flow outside of depletion layer. In addition, the Maxwell stress is incorporated to describe the boundary condition at the interface. The velocity expressions of these two layers were obtained respectively. By numerical computations of inverse Laplace transform, the influences of viscosity ratio mu, density ratio rho, dielectric constant ratio of layer II to layer I, relaxation time , interface charge density jump Q, and interface zeta potential difference on transient velocity amplitude are presented
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