10,834 research outputs found
Comparing verbal media for alarm handling: Speech versus textual displays
No full textThe rise of computers in command and control domains has meant that control operations can be performed via desk-based visual display terminals. This trend has also produced the potential to display information to operators in a variety of formats. Of particular interest has been the use of text-based displays for alarm presentation. There are possible limitations to the use of text for alarm presentation, not least of which is the need for a dedicated alarms display screen (or, at least, a display page). Given the capability of computers to synthesize speech, it is possible that speech-based alarms could generate the same information as text-based displays without the need for dedicated screen space. In this paper an experimental comparison of speech-based and text-based displays for presentation of alarms is reported. The findings show that speech leads to longer response times than text displays, but that it has minimal effect on the efficacy of fault handling. The results are discussed within the alarm initiated activities framework and implications for alarm system design are outlined
Letter from Sally C. Stanton to John Sloan, 1935
No full text6 leaves (single sided)Letter from Sally C. Stanton to John Sloan, 193
Russell K. Stanton Letter - October 23, 1864
No full textIn this letter to his parents, Russell Stanton talks about the death of his brother, Ard. In his old age, Stanton often recalled the Battle of Gettysburg. His description of Pickett's charge was very vivid. For more information about the two Stanton brothers in the Civil War, see "Things I Can Remember About The Civil War" by Charles Stanton. Russell Stanton enlisted in Company K, Michigan 6th Cavalry Regiment in October 1862. He mustered out on 24 Nov 1865 at Fort Leavenworth, KS
Alarm initiated activities: Matching formats to tasks
No full textThis paper addresses the selection of visual alarm formats for different 'alarm initiated activities'. The activities under examination were alarm handling tasks. Seven such tasks have been identified, namely: observe, accept, analyse, investigate, correct, monitor and reset. One of the most important stages is the initial analysis of the alarm information as this determines the subsequent manner in which the information is processed. It was hypothesised that the format in which the information is presented will determine the success of the alarm handling task, hence the proposal to match formats to tasks. The findings suggest that text-based formats are best suited to tasks requiring time-based reasoning, mimic formats are best suited to tasks requiring spatial location and annunciator formats are best suited to tasks requiring recognition of spatial patterns. The importance of considering both reaction time and accuracy of response in consideration of task match was also noted. In summary, it is suggested that care needs to be taken to determine the appropriateness of the medium for any given task and the demands it places on the human operator
Task analysis for error identification: A methodology for designing 'error tolerant' consumer products
No full textThis paper presents an approach to the assessment of 'intelligent' consumer products. We assume that a primary reason for the difficulties people encounter in their use of intelligent consumer products is the lack of clear, consistent, and logical task sequences. The approach we have developed aims to illustrate the task sequences required for the purposeful use of 'intelligent' products, in order to indicate points at which errors, problems or confusions may occur. The approach combines two well proven methodologies (hierarchical task analysis and state space diagrams) to provide a description of human product interaction
Rewritable routines in human interaction with public technology
No full textIn this paper, the cognitive ergonomics of using public technology is investigated. A methodology for predicting human error with technology has been developed. Predictions from the method (combined with observation of user performance) form the foundation of the concept of ‘rewritable routines’. This is in keeping with the tradition of building models of user cognition on the basis of observed and predicted errors. The concept is introduced and illustrated with examples. Implications for cognitive ergonomics are discussed
Behavioural compensation by drivers of a simulator when using a vision enhancement system
No full textTechnological progress is suggesting dramatic changes to the tasks of the driver, with the general aim of making driving environment safer. Before any of these technologies are implemented, empirical research is required to establish if these devices do, in fact, bring about the anticipated improvements. Initially, at least, simulated driving environments offer a means of conducting this research. The study reported here concentrates on the application of a vision enhancement (VE) system within the risk homeostasis paradigm. It was anticipated, in line with risk homeostasis theory, that drivers would compensate for the reduction in risk by increasing speed. The results support the hypothesis although, after a simulated failure of the VE system, drivers did reduce their speed due to reduced confidence in the reliability of the system
Comparison of situational awareness in hierarchical C2 and edge network structures
No full textThe phenomenon of situational awareness (SA) has received considerable attention in recent years and significant theoretical advances have been made which establish that SA is an important component of teamwork. This is especially true in complex environments, such as in command and control, where the team is required to deal with decision-making problems under significant pressure. Two models of Team SA have generated interest, firstly, a model of Shared SA which describes Team SA as the level of overlap in common SA elements between team members (Endsley, 1995). In contrast, the recent model of Distributed SA considers team members to have compatible, but not identical SA (Stanton et al., 2006). Using ELICIT, an intelligence gathering game, an experiment was conducted which compares the manifestation of team SA in a Hierarchical network structure with that of an Edge network structure. In addition this study considered the type of SA prevalent in the two network structures and measured both Shared and Distributed SA. Understanding the type of SA prevalent in diverse network structures is important when considering future developments of C
Is utility in the mind of the beholder? A review of ergonomics methods
No full textThis paper reviews the use of ergonomics methods in the context of usability of consumer products. A review of the literature indicated that there is upward of 60 methods available to the ergonomist. The results of the survey indicated that questionnaires, interviews and observation are the most frequently reported methods used. Ease of use of the methods was dependent upon type of method used, presence of software support and type of training received. Strong links were found between questionnaires and interviews as a combined approach, as well as with HTA and observation. However, a questionnaire survey of professional ergonomists found that none of the respondents had any documented evidence of the reliability and validity of the methods they were using. A study of training people to use ergonomics' methods indicated the different requirements of the approaches, in terms of training time, application time and subjective preferences. An important goal for future research is to establish the reliability and validity of ergonomics methods
The trade-off between context and objectivity in an analytical approach to the evaluation of in-vehicle interfaces
No full textThis paper presents a case study to explore an analytic approach to the evaluation of in-vehicle information system (IVIS) usability, aimed at an early stage in product development with low demand on resources. Five methods were selected: hierarchical task analysis (HTA), multimodal critical path analysis (CPA), systematic human error reduction and prediction approach (SHERPA), heuristic analysis and layout analysis. The methods were applied in an evaluation of two IVIS interfaces: a touch screen and a remote controller. The findings showed that there was a trade-off between the objectivity of a method and consideration of the context of use: this has implications for the usefulness of analytic evaluation. An extension to the CPA method is proposed as a solution to enable more objective comparisons of IVIS, whilst accounting for context in terms of the dual-task driving environment
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