909 research outputs found
Sotin, trial archaeological excavations 2011
No full textProbna arheološka istraživanja u Sotinu, koja su provedena u ljeto 2011., imala su za cilj provjeriti hipotezu o položajima sjevernog i južnog ruba željeznodobnog groblja. Istovremeno se pokušao locirati južni obrambeni jarak privremenog vojnog logora otkrivenog na položaju Jaroši 2010. godine. U istraživanjima 2011. godine, uz ostatke zemunice badenske kulture, pronađeno je 15 grobova daljske grupe iz starijeg željeznog doba te 6 rimskih grobova na istočnoj nekropoli Cornacuma položenih uz jednu od rimskih prometnica. Na južnom rubu ranosrednjovjekovnog naselja na Srednjem polju otkrivena je poluzemunica s ognjištem. Rezultati ovogodišnjih istraživanja potvrdili su kako se radi o izuzetno važnom nalazištu u hrvatskom Podunavlju s tragovima naseljenosti iz svih vremenskih razdoblja.Trial archaeological excavations undertaken in 2011 in Sotin, lasting in continuity from 2008 in cooperation between the Institute of Archaeology and the City Museum of Vukovar, their goal being the verification of the hypothesis as to the location of the northern and the southern edge of the Iron Age cemetery as well as the attempt to locate the southern moat of the temporary military camp discovered during the 2010 research. The research was conducted on two sites on the south (Jaroši) and on the east (Srednje polje) part of Sotin on the area of 1308 m2.
In the probe 10 on Jaroš, cuts of ditches were found that are likely to belong to a section of the Roman road, alongside two Dalj group incineration graves that are assumed to be located on the southern edge of the Iron Age cemetery. Probes 11 and 12 are situated on the edge of the site Srednje polje in the direction of Vašarište. In the probe 11, a pit house was found with fireplace, as well as a pit dated to the Early Middle Ages. In the northern part of the probe 12, a portion of the Baden culture pit house was excavated, but the most important is a discovery of 13 graves of the group Dalj that were scattered over the central part of the small oval elevation. In the southern part of the probe 12, three trenches were found; these are probably the remains of the road, along which six graves of the Cornacum Eastern Necropolis were unearthed.
Bearing in mind current archaeological knowledge about Sotin, results of the 2011 research at Jaroš and Srednje polje shed light on the southern boundary of the Copper Age settlement and the southern and northern borders of the Iron Age cemetery. Based on the results of the regional studies of graves of group Dalj it can be assumed that the inhabitants of Iron Age Sotin were buried in small groups that were organized in rows by the ancestral principle, with the possible existence of the horizontal stratigraphy. The discovery of the grave 69, belonging to a prominent woman of the community, is particularly exceptional.
A multi-piece ceramic service was found in the burial place, with two urns containing bones, as well as parts of jewellery worn by the deceased while she was still alive (bronze spiral rings, pendants made of shell and stone, two bracelets made of bronze sheet) in one of them. Next to the urn, oval and pyramidal weights as part of the loom, and two vessels in the shape of birds were placed. Apart from the grave 69, a number of ceramic and metal contributions were also found in graves 65 and 78, which, alongside with the grave 1 from the earlier research, indicate burials of prominent members of the community in this part of the cemetery. Ceramography of the Iron Age cemetery in Sotin shows prevailing similarity with finds from the cemetery Doroslovo in Bačka, while on the other hand, the metal contributions substantially differ from those in Doroslov and those retrieved on the nearby cemetery Vukovar-Lijeva Bara from the same period. Based on the ceramic forms and found metal objects (brooches, bracelets), graves located on Srednje polje and Jaroš are dated to the 8th century BC, that is to the IIIa phase according to the periodization created by C. Metzner-Nebelsick (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002: 172-175, Abb. 75).
During the research in 2011 it was noted that probably two roads existed on the southeast and on the east of the Roman settlement. Alongside the one on the north, that is, closer to the Danube, six Roman incineration and skeletal graves were discovered. So far, during the trial researches in Sotin, total of 35 Roman graves have been found. Investigated segment of the early Medieval settlement indicates that it was much larger than it had been assumed at first, or that the cemetery was located where the metal artefacts from the same period were discovered earlier. Further research and field surveys will give us a clue to some yet unanswered questions about life in Sotin through the millennia
Titan's interior structure / Editors: Robert H. Brown, Jean-Pierre Lebreton, J. Hunter Waite
No full textThe goal of this chapter is to give a description of Titan's interior that is consistent with the new constraints provided by the Cassini mission. As the Cassini mission proceeds into its first extended phase, the data obtained during the nominal mission suggest that Titan is at least partially differentiated. An ocean would be present some tens of kilometers below the surface. By comparison with the Galilean icy satellites Ganymede and Callisto, Titan would be composed of a metal/silicate rich core and a H2O rich outer layer. These conclusions are drawn from the interpretation of the gravity data, the geological data and the presence of a Schumann resonance which has been inferred from the measurement of electric signals during the descent of the Huygens probe into Titan's atmosphere. Titan's high eccentricity implies that the interior has not been very dissipative, there is little tidal heating available for internal dynamics, and the ice layer is cold, which can be achieved if the ocean under the ice layer contains ammonia. This paper also describes observations and interpretations which seem difficult to reconcile with our present understanding of Titan's interior structure and evolution such as the shape of the planet or the obliquity. The last part of the chapter describes heat transfer models which suggest that the lower part of the ice crust could be convective. The NH3-H2o phase diagram indicates that the ocean is decoupled from the silicate-rich core by a layer of high-pressure ices. However, the interior model is largely uncertain because the interpretation of the data is still debated at present time. The additional information that will be acquired during the Cassini Solstice Mission should allow us to answer some of the questions. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V
Stamps on Roman bricks and roof-tiles from Sotin (Cornacum)
No full textSotin, about ten kilometers south-east from Vukovar, in antiquity was the site of Cornacum, one of the most important Roman military bases of the Croatian Danubian limes. Until now there has been no systematic archaeological excavation in Sotin which would provide an answer to the most important questions concerning Cornacum. These questions concern the problems of its position, the division between military and civil zones, and the period when the main fortifications were built and who built them. However, on the basis of certain artefacts and some other informative material, especially the geomorphological characteristics of the Sotin region, it is possible to give at least an approximate answer to these questions.We have in mind here the stamps on Roman bricks and roof tiles of which 59 examples have been found in the Sotin area. Although nine of the Sotin finds from fired clay from the military brickworks of lower Pannonia (exercitus Pannoniae Inferioris) show considerable variations in the kind of material from which they were made they all have the same stamp, EXER PAN INF. The inscription is in a long,
shallow rectanglewith no spaces between the abbreviated words which are always in relief. (Cat nos 1–8). They probably show an important building period in Cornacum during the 3rd century or perhaps a little earlier but certainly not before Trajan, when the province was divided into upper and lower Pannonia. About 100 years ago fragments of a brick were found which had been produced by the legio I Noricorum. Unfortunately we have no details about its discovery. The impressed stamp was in shape of a very long rectangle consisting of rather badly formed letters in relief forming the inscription FIGVLINAS IVENSIANAS L[EG I NOR] (Cat no 9). Legio I Noricorum was established in the time of Diocletian at the end of 3rd century, and was active during the following century as a frontier
formation on the limes. The tiles got to Cornacum from Noricum, probably through trade on the Danube. The stamp is found on ten bricks and one tile using the shortened form LVI HR C X. The letters
are always impressed (Cat nos 10–18). The building material which was used by the l(egio) (sexta) H(e)r(culia) c(ohors) (decima) began to be produced in the time of Diocletian who created this military formation. The large number of varying kinds of stamps show that they were produced over a considerable time period. In the Sotin area most bricks of this kind were found near the parish
church. They reflect the intensive final building period of the late Antiquity in Cornacum. One piece of a brick from the Sotin area has a shallow rectangular field with badly impressed letters in relief (Cat no 19). It reads from left to right, but unfortunately it is difficult to decipher it because the last part is difficult to see. In the shortened COH, in themiddle of the stamp, the letter O is somewhat larger. It is probably followed by the letter P, then T and perhaps C. The available information suggests that the mark is COHO P T C, which stands for coho(rs) p(rima) T(hracum) c(ivium) (Romanorum).
C II AVR D ANT is found on almost half of the Sotin inscriptions on Roman building materials from fired clay. There are no spaces between the letters which are always in relief (Cat no 20–41). Bricks and tiles with the mark c(ohors) (secunda) Aur(elia) D(acorum) Ant(oniniana) are to date unique in the Danube limes and reflect the stationing of that formation in Cornacum, probably during the time of Caracalla or perhaps Elagabalus. An auxiliary unit might have come even earlier which is suggested by the inscription coh(ors) (secunda) Aur(elia) D(acorum) and two lead seals also from Sotin that have not been published. Taking into account that most of the bricks and roofing tiles were found near the parish church, this was probably the place where the unit was stationed.We know that there was a very great deal of building going on in the period between 211 and 222. These bricks and tiles are probably relicts of the first important period of building in hard materials in Roman Cornacum. There are fragments of brick from Sotin on which the stamp shows the high and rather badly shaped letters AD, reading from right to left. After a large space there is a rounded letter in the upper part that could be an S, which would mean the inscription reads ADS (Cat no 42). There are two bricks from Sirmium with the same stamp, but made from different moulds, which are believed to be products of ala Dalmatarum Sagittariorum or perhaps ala Decima Sirmiensis. It is possible that the finds from Sotin refer to one of the famous cavalry units of the late Antiquity. But to form a final conclusion we need to wait until there are more examples of this stamp. On two bricks there is a stamp in the form of a tabula ansata with the short form DEC (Cat nos 43, 44). The seal of the same context is also found on a fragment of a tegula (Cat no 45). Building materials from the same mould are often found in Vinkovci. Since dec(urionum) means town
council, bricks of this kind can be associated with the brick-makers in Cibalae.We do not know for sure when they were produced, but it must have been in the time of Hadrian, when the settlement on
the Bosut became a municipality. The Sotin bricks with this stamp are the only ones in the Cornacum area for which we can be sure that were not produced by the Roman military. The last group of stamps are on three fragmented bricks discovered near the parish church.
One of them was lost at the beginning of the Croatian Independence War. On the remaining bricks (Cat no 46, 47) part of a stamp can be seen in form of an irregular circle with the inscribed part surrounded
by a pattern in the form of a triangle from the inner and outer sides. The part of the circlewith the inscription is divided into two parts. Unfortunately because of the fragmentary nature of the brick and the poor mould only a few relief letters can be made out. In the right of the upper part, next to the break the letter E is clearly visible and in the lower part the letter Ais shown upside-down. On the lost brick the letter Q was clearly visible. The inscription on this kind of stamp must have been fairly long but we do not have enough information to reach a reliable interpretation. The triangular edge of the stamp is similar to a kind of mould that was used in Cornacum by members of the cohors II Aurelia Dacorum Antoniniana. (Cat no 39–41). To interpret this group of finds properly, it will be necessary to wait for new finds with the same kind of stamp. On a number of Roman bricks and roof tiles from Sotin we find impressions of clothing (Cat
nos 48, 49) and the marks of animals’ paws (Cat no 50) that were caused by chance while they were being made and before they were fired and thus have no special meaning. On one tile a linear ornament
has been cut which suggests a cross (Cat no 51), but this is difficult to substantiate because of the fragmentary state of the artefact.
According to the positions where many varied archaeological finds have been found, Roman Cornacum developed from a Celtic Late Iron Age settlement. It developed on a position with excellent
natural conditions. This part of the Croatian Danube basin has many long, deep and relatively steep sided valleys on the edge of the Danubian loess. These provided sites for the development of settlements and if necessary for their fortification. They not only provided natural protection but allowed easy communication along the Danube. The valleys had large number of springs with abundant drinking water. All these favourable natural conditions in one place were most likely the main reason for the development of Roman Cornacum. On the north-east it is limited by a loess slope stretching along the Danube bank. From north-west to the south–east they extended from Gradina to Vrućak on the shore of the Danube. One of the most important questions relates to the positioning of the auxiliary camp. The concentration of finds of bricks and roof tiles, most of them with military stamps, near today’s parish church suggests that this was probably the north-western part of Cornacum. It is a dominant position on the very edge of the loess plains which allowed direct control of the Danube. It also afforded direct visual communication with Dalj (Teutoburgium) and Ilok(Cuccium) and surveillance of the wide barbarian region on the opposite, left bank of the river. It was about 200 m long and 100 m wide and was protected by steep slopes from almost all sides. The only natural, narrow ascent was from the south. This work has been an attempt to establish the more exact position, character and main building periods of ancient Cornacum through analysis of a single kind of artefacts. Only further research can illuminate various other aspects and reveal the true potentials of Sotin. However, we can already say that Sotin is one of the most important ancient archaeological sites in the Croatian Danube basin, and that themilitary played the decisive role in the development of this outstanding stronghold in the Pannonian limes
Relational analysis and precision via probabilistic abstract interpretation
No full textWithin the context of a quantitative generalisation of the well established framework of Abstract Interpretation – i.e. Probabilistic Abstract Interpretation – we investigate a quantitative notion of precision which allows us to compare analyses on the basis of their expected exactness for a given program. We illustrate this approach by considering various types of numerical abstractions of the values of variables for independent analysis as well as weakly and fully relational analysis. We utilise for this a linear operator semantics of a simple imperative programming language. In this setting, fully relational dependencies are realised via the tensor product. Independent analyses and weakly relational analyses are realised as abstractions of the fully relational analysis
Sotin, Archaeological Trial Excavations 2010
No full textProbna arheološka istraživanja u Sotinu 2010. godine provedena su u dvije kampanje (u svibnju, te u kolovozu i početkom rujna) kojima je cilj bio istražiti, prema dosadašnjim spoznajama, središnji dio željeznodobnog groblja daljske grupe te provjeriti da li se prostorna distribucija grobova razlikuje i kronološki kao što je to bio slučaj u prethodnim istraživanjima. Uz 15 grobova daljske grupe s početka željeznog doba, otkriven je i periferni dio civilnog naselja te dio obrambenog sustava privremenog vojnog logora koji su položeni jugoistočno od vojne utvrde Cornacum smještene na Popinom brdu. Radi se dosad o prvom sigurnom otkriću jednog privremenog vojnog logora na hrvatskom dijelu limesa kojem je u budućim istraživanjima potrebno definirati površinu i unutarnju infrastrukturu.The 2010 archaeological trial excavations in Sotin were conducted in two campaigns (in May, and in August and the beginning of September). Their objective was to explore the central part of the Dalj group Iron Age cemetery and to check whether the spatial distribution of the graves varies chronologically, as was the case in previous excavations. Besides 15 Dalj group graves from the beginning of the Iron Age, the peripheral part of the civilian settlement and part of the defence system of a temporary military camp, situated south-east of the Cornacum fort on Popino Brdo, were also excavated. This was the first certain discovery of a temporary military camp on the Croatian part of the Limes. Its structure and inner infrastructure need to be defined in future excavations. The temporary military camp was built south-west of the southern necropolis, and partly ran across the south-western periphery of the industrial part of the civilian settlement. The discovery of the peripheral part of the civilian settlement in a stratigraphic relationship to the temporary camp has shed light on the multiple Roman layers in the south-eastern part of Sotin. It can be asserted with certainty that this is a peripheral part of Cornacum. Considering the fact that pits were found exclusively in trench 7 and 9, which according to the finds can preliminarily be dated to the 2nd-3rd centuries, this was a peripheral industrial part of the settlement. The structures were cut by channels belonging to the earliest excavated complexes, presumably from the 4th century, which were recorded at the southern necropolis site and associated with a residential phase, to which belong the remains of the foundations of a relatively large building whose position is believed to have been determined by the direction of a Roman road.
The various goods excavated in Dalj group graves suggest the community’s individual approach to sending off the deceased to the next world. Besides the general cremation rules and burying the mortal remains in an urn, other grave goods (attire and ceramic vessels) were selected according to age, sex, and also the social position of community members.
The shapes of pottery from Dalj group graves excavated in 2010 suggest they date from the 8th and first half of the 7th century B.C., that is in the IIIa and IIIb pottery horizon according to C. Metzner-Nebelsick (2002: 172-175, Abb. 75). The most similar graves based on ceramography and attire have been unearthed in the so-far largest excavated Dalj group cemetery in Doroslov, Bačka (Trajković 2008).
The 2010 archaeological excavations in Sotin again achieved excellent results in the Dalj group Early Iron Age cemetery, as well as on the horizontal and vertical stratigraphy of Cornacum. They also suggested the directions of planned future excavations in which the western border of the Iron Age cemetery and the size and infrastructure of the temporary military camp need to be defined, and further field surveys carried out with the aim of a more detailed defining of the rich horizontal layers of this extraordinary archaeological site on the Danube
Research results of the Sotin – Zmajevac Site in the Croatian Danube Region
No full textArheološko nalazište Sotin – Zmajevac, smješteno na rubu lesne zaravni istočno od sela Sotin, poznato je više od stoljeća. Mjesto je to pronalaska paljevinskih kasnolatenskih grobova (LT D1) s iznimnim nalazima naoružanja, ženske nošnje i nakita te keramičkim i brončanim posudama koji pokazuju postojanje supra-regionalnih kontakata. Ipak, točan položaj otkrivenih grobova danas nije poznat, zbog čega su provedeni terenski pregledi koji su pokazali kako se radi o nalazištu iz različitih razdoblja prapovijesti te kasnoga srednjeg vijeka. U okviru FEMINE projekta poduzeta su pokusna istraživanja na dostupnim površinama nalazišta u kojima su otkriveni tragovi kasnolatenskoga i kasnosrednjovjekovnog naselja, pri čemu su nalazi većega broja keramičkih pršljena iz kasnoga latena ukazali na vjerojatnu proizvodnju tekstila u naselju.Within the research project of the Croatian Science Foundation Iron Age female identities in the southern part of the Carpathian Basin (FEMINE / IP-06-2016-1749), the Institute of Archaeology during the November 2017 carried out a trial archaeological excavation of Sotin – Zmajevac site (Fig. 1). Investigations were conducted to reveal the position of the cemetery from the Late Iron Age (La Tène culture), since three cremation burials were found at the beginning of the 20th century at Zmajevac which were dated to the Late La Tène (LT D1), respectively at the beginning of the 1st c. BC (Majnarić-Pandžić 1970; 1972/1973; Božič 1981; Guštin 1984; Ilkić 1999). Finds of weaponry belong to male burials, while female burials contained characteristic costume and jewellery items (Fig. 2). In burials ceramic and bronze vessels were also revealed indicating the existence of supra-regional distribution networks (Majnarić-Pandžić 1996; Dizdar, Radman-Livaja 2004; 2015). The mentioned burials from Sotin, although discovered more than a hundred years ago, are still the only known Late La Tène female burials in the eastern part of Croatia until today (Majnarić-Pandžić 1972/1973; Božič 1981: Guštin 1984).
In the view of exceptional finds from Zmajevac, the existence of Late La Tène site was confirmed by results of field surveys and in the rescue excavation carried out in 2015 (Ložnjak Dizdar et al. 2016). The aim of the research was the discovery of female burials with characteristic finds that would testify about the different aspects of female social identities during the Late La Tène (i.e. Todorović 1972). During the research, traces of the Late La Tène (Figs. 3–5) and Late Medieval settlements (Figs. 6–8) were discovered, spreading along the edge of the loess plateau above the Danube. A large number of ceramic spindle whorls point to textile production at the site and testify to the different aspects of female social identities and everyday activities that female members of population performed in households during the Late Iron Age
Research results of the Sotin – Zmajevac Site in the Croatian Danube Region
No full textArheološko nalazište Sotin – Zmajevac, smješteno na rubu lesne zaravni istočno od sela Sotin, poznato je više od stoljeća. Mjesto je to pronalaska paljevinskih kasnolatenskih grobova (LT D1) s iznimnim nalazima naoružanja, ženske nošnje i nakita te keramičkim i brončanim posudama koji pokazuju postojanje supra-regionalnih kontakata. Ipak, točan položaj otkrivenih grobova danas nije poznat, zbog čega su provedeni terenski pregledi koji su pokazali kako se radi o nalazištu iz različitih razdoblja prapovijesti te kasnoga srednjeg vijeka. U okviru FEMINE projekta poduzeta su pokusna istraživanja na dostupnim površinama nalazišta u kojima su otkriveni tragovi kasnolatenskoga i kasnosrednjovjekovnog naselja, pri čemu su nalazi većega broja keramičkih pršljena iz kasnoga latena ukazali na vjerojatnu proizvodnju tekstila u naselju.Within the research project of the Croatian Science Foundation Iron Age female identities in the southern part of the Carpathian Basin (FEMINE / IP-06-2016-1749), the Institute of Archaeology during the November 2017 carried out a trial archaeological excavation of Sotin – Zmajevac site (Fig. 1). Investigations were conducted to reveal the position of the cemetery from the Late Iron Age (La Tène culture), since three cremation burials were found at the beginning of the 20th century at Zmajevac which were dated to the Late La Tène (LT D1), respectively at the beginning of the 1st c. BC (Majnarić-Pandžić 1970; 1972/1973; Božič 1981; Guštin 1984; Ilkić 1999). Finds of weaponry belong to male burials, while female burials contained characteristic costume and jewellery items (Fig. 2). In burials ceramic and bronze vessels were also revealed indicating the existence of supra-regional distribution networks (Majnarić-Pandžić 1996; Dizdar, Radman-Livaja 2004; 2015). The mentioned burials from Sotin, although discovered more than a hundred years ago, are still the only known Late La Tène female burials in the eastern part of Croatia until today (Majnarić-Pandžić 1972/1973; Božič 1981: Guštin 1984).
In the view of exceptional finds from Zmajevac, the existence of Late La Tène site was confirmed by results of field surveys and in the rescue excavation carried out in 2015 (Ložnjak Dizdar et al. 2016). The aim of the research was the discovery of female burials with characteristic finds that would testify about the different aspects of female social identities during the Late La Tène (i.e. Todorović 1972). During the research, traces of the Late La Tène (Figs. 3–5) and Late Medieval settlements (Figs. 6–8) were discovered, spreading along the edge of the loess plateau above the Danube. A large number of ceramic spindle whorls point to textile production at the site and testify to the different aspects of female social identities and everyday activities that female members of population performed in households during the Late Iron Age
Sotin – Srednje polje, Archaeological Trial Excavations in 2008
No full textNakon terenskog pregleda područja Sotina tijekom listopada i studenog poduzeta su probna arheološka iskopavanja radi utvrđivanja odnosa između željeznodobnog naselja i groblja i definiranja sjeverne i istočne granice istoga groblja. Istražena su četiri paljevinska groba daljske grupe kao i periferni objekti istovremenog naselja te eneolitičkog i srednjovjekovnog naselja. Probnim iskopavanjima naznačena je moguća istočna granica groblja i potvrđeno je postojanje jarka oko željeznodobnog naselja na Srednjem polju.The archaeological trial excavations in Srednje polje in Sotin suggested some answers to questions on the settlement’s infrastructure, on the relationship between the settlement and the Early Iron Age cemetery, and the cemetery’s eastern boundary. It can be concluded that the Srednje polje settlement, presently known only from surface finds, once had a fortified part (a ditch) at the most easily accessible southern point. On the northern side, there is a steep and high slope towards the Danube, with ravines from the east and west. Surface finds from the elevated part of the settlement suggest that the plateau above the Danube was inhabited in the Eneolithic, the Late Bronze Age and the entire Iron Age. There were also simultaneous structures (Baden culture, Dalj group) observed south of the ditch, from the period when the plateau was inhabited as well; as these are pits and pillars, they may also have been peripheral structures associated with farming or industry. At the lower part (trial trench 2) there was also a settlement in the Early Middle Ages, which also had a ditch, but its function has not been clarified due to a small dig surface. It was noted that at a length of approximately 60 metres from the settlement there is no synchronous cemetery, which explains the peripheral structures from the settlement. The northern boundary of the cemetery needs to be examined farther south of the settlement. The trial trenches 1 and 3 in Sotin indicate a possible eastern boundary of the cemetery of the Iron Age settlement in Srednje polje. Graves from stages II and IIIa of the Dalj Group according to C. Metzner-Nebelsick (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 179, Abb. 78) were identified as well. The graves are situated in the territory of the present village of Sotin and are directly endangered by construction and utility works
Sotin Srednje polje – Archaeological excavation of multilayer site in Danube Basin in 2018
No full textArheološkim iskopavanjem, provedenim na položaju Srednje polje – Vašarište u Sotinu 2018. godine, istražene su tri sonde ukupne površine 392,5 m2. Sonde 25, 26 i 27 obuhvatile su područje groblja daljske grupe iz kasnoga brončanog i ranoga željeznog doba. Istraženi grobovi mogu se datirati u vrijeme II. i III. faze prema C. Metzner Nebelsick, odnosno u Ha B3 i Ha C1–C2. Iz rimskoga vremena istražen je dio kanala koji se vjerojatno nalazio uz prometnicu koja je vodila uz Dunav od Sotina prema Iloku. Otkriveni ranosrednjovjekovni radni prostor s peći pokazuje kako se naselje širilo i prema jugoistočnome dijelu Vašarišta. Položaj dosad istraženih sondi na Vašarištu (2008., 2011.–2018.), s obzirom na površinu istraživanja veću od 5.300 m2, omogućava ispitivanja stratigrafskih preslojavanja od bakrenoga doba pa sve do novijega doba, pri čemu otkriće velikoga broja paljevinskih grobova daljske grupe s kraja kasnoga brončanog i početka starijega željeznog doba svrstava Sotin među najveća istražena nalazišta toga vremena na prostoru srednjega Podunavlja.The archaeological excavations undertaken on the site of Srednje polje – Vašarište in Sotin in 2018 explored three trenches with a total surface area of 392.5 m2. Trenches 25, 26, and 27 included the area of a Dalj group cemetery from the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The explored graves can be dated to phases II and III according to C. Metzner Nebelsick, i.e. to Ha B3 and Ha C1–C2. Roman remains were found in a part of a ditch that probably ran next to a road going along the Danube from Sotin towards Ilok. The discovered early medieval working area with a furnace shows that the settlement also grew towards the south-eastern part of Vašarište. The position of the explored trenches in Vašarište (2008, 2011–2018), considering the exploration area exceeding 5.300 m2, makes it possible to examine the stratigraphic layers from the Copper Age to the modern period. The finds from the site of Srednje polje – Vašarište are parts of a Copper Age settlement and pits from the Late Bronze Age. There are numerous Roman structures: the excavations uncovered pits from the 2nd century, remains of a Roman road, and a part of a cremation cemetery that stretched along the road. The same site was inhabited in the Early Middle Ages, when the infrastructure of the settlement on Vašarište included the foundations of regular rectangular structures, probably working areas, next to furnaces. There are fewer structures from the Late Middle Ages, but there are numerous modern ditches, which often damaged older complexes. Still, what makes the site on Vašarište stand out is the discovery of a large number of Dalj group cremation graves from the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age places Sotin among the largest explored sites from that period in the middle Danube area
Can a fractionally crystallized magma ocean explain the thermo-chemical evolution of Mars?
No full textThe impact heat accumulated during the late stage of planetary accretion can melt a significant part or even the entire mantle of a terrestrial body, giving rise to a global magma ocean. The subsequent cooling of the interior causes the magma ocean to freeze from the core-mantle boundary (CMB) to the surface due to the steeper slope of the mantle adiabat compared to the slope of the solidus.
Assuming fractional crystallization of the magma ocean, dense cumulates are produced close to the surface, largely due to iron enrichment in the evolving magma ocean liquid. A gravitationally unstable mantle thus forms, which is prone to overturn. We investigate the cumulate overturn and its influence on the thermal evolution of Mars using mantle convection simulations in 2D cylindrical geometry. We present a suite of simulations using different initial conditions and a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity. We assume that all radiogenic heat sources have been enriched during the freezing-phase of the magma ocean in the uppermost 50 km and that the initial steam-atmosphere created by the degassing of the freezing magma ocean was rapidly lost, implying that the surface temperature is set to present-day values. In this case, a stagnant lid quickly forms on top of the convective interior preventing the uppermost dense cumulates to sink, even when allowing for a plastic yielding mechanism. Below this dense stagnant lid, the mantle chemical gradient settles to a stable configuration. The convection pattern is dominated by small-scale structures, which are difficult to reconcile with the large-scale volcanic features observed over Mars' surface and partial melting ceases in less than 900 Ma. Assuming that the stagnant lid can break because of additional mechanisms and allowing the uppermost dense layer to overturn, a stable density gradient is obtained, with the densest material and the entire amount of heat sources lying above the CMB. This stratification leads to a strong overheating of the lowermost mantle, whose temperature increases to values that exceed the liquidus. The iron-rich melt would most likely remain trapped in the lower part of the mantle. The upper mantle in that scenario cools rapidly and only shows partial melting during the first billion year of evolution. Therefore a fractionated global and deep magma ocean is difficult to reconcile with observations. Different scenarios assuming, for instance, a hemispherical or shallow magma ocean, or a crystallization sequence resulting in a lower density gradient than that implied by pure fractional crystallization will have to be considered
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