459 research outputs found
Miccolamia (Miccolamia) ferruginea Hiremath 2019, sp. nov.
No full textMiccolamia (Miccolamia) ferruginea sp. nov. (Figs. 1–4, 5–10, 11–12) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5C6F3BB5-E5D7-495D-9B62-5C67F68D5B44 Type material: HOLOTYPE: ♂, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani / 0 8 o 26’01.0” N, 76 o 59’10.3” E / 20. i. 2017, MV Lamp / SR Hiremath Coll. // HOLOTYPE / Miccolamia ferruginea sp. nov. / des. Hiremath, 2018’ (red label) (UASB). PARATYPES (in addition to white locality label, with a second pink label: “ PARATYPE / Miccolamia ferruginea sp. nov. / des. Hiremath, 2018”): 1 ♂, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 4. iv. 2018 / N 8 o 26’01.0” E 76 o 59’10.3” / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani / N 0 8 o 26’01.0” E76 o 59’10.3” / 26. v. 2017 @ light / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 17. xi. 2016 / N 0 8 o 26’01.0” E76 o 59’10.3” / SR Hiremath Coll. ’ (NHML). 1 ♂, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani / N 0 8 o 25’47.5” E076 o 59’8.3” / 15. ii. 2017 @light / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♂, ‘ India: Kerala / Tirurangadi / 11 o 02’06.49”N, 75 o 55’38.15”E / 11. vi. 2017 / Shameem Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 24. vii. 2016 / N 8 o 25’38.8” E76 o 59’22.3” / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Karnataka / Uttara Kannada: Castle Rock / 569m, 15 o 25.293’N / 0 74 o 19.734’ E / 12–13. xi. 2012, ARV Kumar’ (UASB). 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / CRS, Pampadumpara / N 0 9 o 48’23.7” E077 o 10’04.9” / 8. iii. 2017 @ light / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 5. i. 2017 / N 0 8 o 26’01.0” E76 o 59’10.3” / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 25. xi. 2016 / N 0 8 o 26’01.0” E76 o 59’10.3” / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 4. iv. 2018 / N 0 8 o 26’01.0” E76 o 59’10.3” / SR Hiremath Coll. ’ (NBAIR). Description. Male (n = 4) (Figs. 1–2). Body length measured from vertex to elytral apex 3.65–4.65 mm; humeral width 1.10–1.39 mm. General body color red brown; covered with faint silvery grey recumbent pubescence, sparser on pronotum and thicker on scutellum; eyes, mandibular apex, sometimes apex of antennomeres black; elytra (except base and sutural margin), basal portion of tibiae and abdomen (except proximal two-thirds of first ventrite) dark brown, post-basal callosities on elytral disk much darker and proximal two-thirds of first ventrite reddish brown; antennomeres, elytral base, sutural margin and legs brown yellow. Head intermixed with a few light yellow and dark brown, long, erect setae. Antennae with scape intermixed with few light-yellow erect setae; antennomeres II– XI fringed with light yellow, intermixed with a few dark brown, long, erect setae beneath and intermixed with similar but comparatively shorter setae above. Pronotum shiny, apical and basal margins comparatively darker; disk intermixed with a few remotely distributed light-yellow erect setae. Elytra intermixed with long, light-yellow and dark brown erect setae. Legs intermixed with few erect setae of similar color. Ventral side intermixed with light yellow sub-erect setae. Head coarsely and shallowly punctate, slightly narrower than pronotum; eyes with lower lobes 1.20–1.33 times as long as gena, connected to upper lobes by three rows of ommatidia; vertex with space between antennal tubercles slightly concave. Antennae surpassing elytral apex at antennomere XI, 1.00–1.03 times as long as body; antennomere I, III and IV equal to each other in length; ratio of length of antennomeres: 1.00: 0.27–0.29: 1.00: 1.00: 0.64: 0.64: 0.55– 0.57: 0.45–0.50: 0.45–0.50: 0.45–0.50: 0.45–0.50. Pronotum gibbous, longer than wide, constricted before the basal margin, swollen near the apical margin, 0.74–0.80 times as wide as long (width measured excluding lateral spines), 0.83–0.86 times as long as humeral width; apical and basal margins straight. Elytra elongate, weakly constricted behind humeral prominence, distinctly convex at middle, thence sloping towards the arcuately rounded apex; elytra 0.64–0.67 times as long as body, 2.48–2.68 times as long as pronotum, 2.14–2.22 times as long as humeral width; elytral disk post-basally with a pair of weakly developed callosities, followed by a pair of oblique depressions; area behind oblique depression on each side with a small, indistinct, shallow depressed area, adjacent to sub-lateral margin; each elytron with nearly 6 rows of punctures; row of punctures distinctly separated from each other, fades beyond the apical third; elytral disk with two feebly developed short carinae exterior to post-basal callosity and a sub-lateral carinae, originating just before middle, extends backwards and terminates at apical quarter. Abdomen with last visible segment flat, broadly rounded at apex, 0.19–0.20 times as long as length of abdomen, 1.67–1.75 times as long as preceding segment. Male genitalia (Figs. 5–10). Tegmen about 0.80 mm long, sinuate in lateral view. Basal piece present, light brown, distally truncated, entire surface compactly packed with hexagonal cells. Ringed part converging, geniculated at widest portion, basal apodemes of ringed part united. Lateral lobes separated, widest at base, about 0.25 times as long as total length of tegmen; inner and outer margins parallel to each other; apex rounded; integument in ventral view, randomly distributed with setae bearing punctures, which are strongly concentrated at apex with a mixture of long and medium sized, light brown setae arising from them. Median lobe about 0.94 times as long as tegmen, arcuate in lateral view; basal struts originating from apical quarter; apex of ventral plate weakly projected; pre-apical area randomly distributed with a few punctures. Tergite VIII U-shaped; apex weakly crenulate, moderately fringed with medium sized light brown setae; lateral margins distally with a few similarly coloured setae. Sternite VIII rectangular, light brown in proximal half, covered with a few remotely distributed light brown sub-erect setae in distal half. Spiculum gastrale about 3.15 times as long as spiculum relictum, Y-shaped with arms curved outward; median apodeme of spiculum gastrale slightly bent towards right at its apex in ventral view. Female (n= 9) (Figs. 3–4). Body length 3.46–4.70 mm, humeral width 1.06–1.44 mm. Identical to male in general appearance. Head with lower eye lobes 1.50–1.67 times as long as genae. Antennae 0.97–1.09 times as long as body; ratio of length of antennomeres: 1.00: 0.29–0.33: 1.00: 1.00: 0.71–0.78: 0.64–0.67: 0.64–0.67: 0.56–0.57: 0.56– 0.57: 0.56–0.57: 0.64–0.67. Pronotum 0.83–0.88 times as wide as long, 0.77–0.80 times as long as humeral width. Elytra 0.66–0.68 times as long as body, 2.71–2.88 times as long as pronotal length, 2.17–2.23 times as long as humeral width. Last abdominal ventrite convex with pre-apical declivity, 0.24–0.28 times as long as abdomen, 2.25– 2.33 times as long as previous segment; apex broadly truncate. Female genitalia (Figs. 11–12). Ovipositor about 0.65 mm. Vagina about 1.44 times as long as ovipositor, 1.39 times as long as bursa copulatrix, uniformly cylindrical up to two-thirds of its length, moderately thickened at distal end. Bursa copulatrix clavate, about 1.04 times as long as ovipositor, about 0.72 times as long as vagina. Vaginal plates not discernible. Spermathecal duct distinctly long, tubular, twisted into C-shape at its basal quarter, enters bursa copulatrix at its apical third. Spermatheca with narrowly tubular pump, transversally convoluted at its base; receptacle capitate, distinctly constricted and curved at its middle; spermatheca arise separately along with spermathecal gland at the tip of spermathecal duct. Spermathecal gland elongated, narrow, tubular. Tignum shorter than abdomen. In the specimen examined, tignum measured about 1.25 mm while abdomen measured about 1.66 mm in length. Differential diagnosis. The new species is similar to M. cleroides, but differs from it in the following characters: head and pronotum are red brown in the new species (dark brown to black in M. cleroides); antennae are slightly longer than the body in the new species (antennae as long as the body in M. cleroides); elytra almost unicolourous, entirely dark brown except for small basal portion and sutural margin (elytra bicoloured in M. cleroides); elytron with 6 rows of punctures and a few fine carinae, with weakly developed post-basal callosity, without any white transverse pubescent bands (elytron with 7 rows of punctures and without carinae, with a welldeveloped denticulate post-basal callosity and a white transverse band at the middle and a large white pubescent patch at apical third in M. cleroides). The new species is differentiated from the previously reported Indian species (M. relucens and M. rugosula) based on the key. Etymology. The name ferruginea refers to the general body coloration of the new species; adjective. Habit. The new species is nocturnal. The specimens were collected at light of mercury vapour lamp, LED and actinic blue ‘UV’ bulbs. Seasonal occurrences. The specimens in the present study were collected during January, February, March, April, May, June, July and November, indicating adult activity throughout the year. Distribution. India: Kerala: Vellayani (Trivandrum Dist.), Tirurangadi (Malappuram Dist.), Pampadumpara (Idukki dist.). Karnataka: Castle Rock (Uttara Kannada Dist.). The new species is distributed in coastal and hilly areas. This is the first record of the genus Miccolamia from southern India.Published as part of Hiremath, S. R., 2019, A new species of Miccolamia Bates, 1884 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from south India, pp. 141-148 in Zootaxa 4560 (1) on pages 142-143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/262748
Notomulciber (Micromulciber) viraktamathi Hiremath 2018, sp. nov.
No full textNotomulciber (Micromulciber) viraktamathi sp. nov. Description. Male (n = 2) (Figs. 1–3). Body length measured from vertex to elytral apex 12.00– 12.70 mm; Humeral width 4.17–4.60 mm. Body reddish-brown. Head and pronotum darker than elytra. Anteclypeus laterally, labrum, mandibles dark brown to black. Scape, apical third of elytra, legs excluding tarsi, metasternum and abdomen entirely adorned with several red brown circular spots, obscured on the elytral apex. Head mottled with golden yellow pubescence forming several irregular spots (Fig. 10); area around eye lobes, sides of gena with several long, erect setae; clypeus and labrum setose. Antennae setose beneath, thinly appressed golden-yellow pubescence as well as scattered short suberect setae above; antennomeres I–IV densely setose beneath, remaining segments without dense setae. Pronotum mottled with golden-yellow pubescence forming two pairs of spots on center of disk, arranged obliquely—one pre-median and other median (Fig. 12); area near anterior and posterior margins also mottled with several irregular spots of same pubescence; in dorsal view, lateral sides of pronotum adorned with dense ash grey appressed pubescence, forming inconspicuous band running from base to apex; latero-posterior area of disk and either sides of lateral spine with a few erect setae. Scutellum with median band of dense grey yellow pubescence. Elytra with disk between scutellum and humeral crest, mottled with a spot and an inwardly curving narrow longitudinal band of golden yellow pubescence (Fig. 14); lateral area near humeral crest with a minute spot of similar pubescence; surrounding area of pre-median disk with few obscure pubescent spots of same color (Fig. 14); laterally with ash-grey pubescence giving appearance of obscured longitudinal band on each side, running from base to elytral apex; elytral apex entirely covered with ash grey pubescence; elytra with five spots of white pubescence, one post-humeral and four post-median; post-humeral spot small, sometimes golden yellow in color (Fig. 14), placed laterally on elytral disk; first post-median spot fairly large, circular, placed adjacent to sub-lateral margin; remaining three spots arranged in curvilinear fashion as follows: one spot near lateral margin, about 0.6 times as large as large circular spot, placed obliquely posterior to it; second spot smaller than previous, just beneath the large circular spot; third spot placed close to sutural margin, minute, placed obliquely anterior to large circular spot. Legs with meso- and metatibiae thickly fringed with long setae on both sides. Pro- and mesosternum with inter-coxal spaces thinly covered with grey pubescence, remaining area thickly covered with grey yellow pubescence; metasternum thinly pubescent medially, laterally entirely covered with thick golden yellow pubescence. Abdomen with ventrites I–III mottled laterally with bands of golden yellow pubescence, central area thinly pubescent; ventrites IV–V entirely covered with grey-yellow pubescence. Head coarsely, deeply punctured; frons with medial black carina running from fronto-clypeal suture to vertex. Eyes deeply emarginate, lower lobes transverse, about 1.4 times as long as genae, connected to upper lobes by a single row of ommatidia. Clypeus angulated at its apical corners. Labrum trapezoidal, distinctly sclerotized, thickened towards apex; surface entirely punctate with apex coarsely punctured. Antenna about 1.4 times as long as body, surpassing elytral apex at apical quarter of antennomere VIII; antennomere I stout, widest at distal 2/3 rd, thence slightly narrowed to apex, proximally narrower than apically; antennomere III longest, 1.77 times as long as scape, 1.18 times as long as IV; antennomere V onwards decreasing; antennomeres X and XI equal in length; antennomere XI obtusely pointed; ratio of length of antennomeres as follows: 1.00: 0.16–0.18: 1.77: 1.50: 0.95–0.97: 0.86: 0.77–0.79: 0.74–0.76: 0.71–0.72: 0.66: 0.66. Pronotum coarsely, densely punctured, widest at middle, 1.44 times as wide as long, 0.85–0.86 times as wide as humeral width; central area of pronotal disk with three obscure gibbosities arranged in inverted triangular fashion: two premedian, covered with pubescent spots and one medial, devoid of such pubescence; lateral sides of pronotum with obtusely pointed spine at middle; anterior margin straight, basal margin sinuate. Elytra 0.75 times as long as body, about 3.6 times as long as pronotal length and about 2.1 times as long as humeral width; elytral disks with slightly developed post basal swellings, space between post basal swellings concave; elytra coarsely punctured up to apical third, thereafter fine punctures apically; lateral sides of elytra straight up to middle, then slightly narrowed towards apex; elytra dorsally slightly convex at apical third, thence sloping downwards towards apex; apex obliquely emarginate, regularly rounded externally (Fig. 15). Legs with mesotibiae having indistinct antennal cleaning groove at apex externally. Abdomen with last segment flat and weakly emarginate at apex. Male genitalia (Figs. 17–23). Tegmen length about 2.8 mm; sinuate in lateral view. Basal piece present, distally bifurcated, entire surface adorned with closely packed hexagonal cells. Ringed part converging, geniculated at widest portion. Lateral lobes separated, about 0.27 times as long as total length of tegmen, inner margins slightly curving in middle in ventral view; integument covered with three types of setae; apex with numerous long setae, rest of surface, except base, with randomly distributed medium sized setae and base with closely placed, comparatively shorter setae. Median lobe almost as long as tegmen; sinuate in lateral view; basal struts started from apical quarter. Apex of ventral plate roundly acuminate; antero-lateral sides grooved; integument with scattered, raised pustules in apical half. Tergite VIII trapezoidal; apex emarginate; lateral margins straight, laterally with medium-sized brown setae, apically with much longer setae and median disk covered with recumbent brownish setae. Sternite VIII on apical half covered with long brownish setae. Spiculum gastrale ‘Y’ shaped, distinctly curved distally in lateral view, about 3.6 times as long as spiculum relictum. Endophallus (Figs. 24–28) in lateral view about 4 times as long as median lobe; BPH about 0.13 times as long as endophallus with membrane hemispherically bulged at region of CS; MPH with MT about 0.14 times as long as endophallus, flask shaped; CT subequal to MT, cylindrical with lateral sides wrinkled; PB about 0.14 times as long as endophallus, spindle shaped; APH about 0.45 times as long as endophallus, vase shaped, distally with membranous sac housing two kinds of RS; first sclerite (Figs. 27) lies dorsally, paired, asymmetrical, proximally lanceolate; second sclerite (Figs. 28) placed ventrally with proximal end receiving two asymmetrical sclerotized thickened lines, middle portion of rod slightly curved while distal end with asymmetrical biforked tines; apex of longer tine bent inward while that of shorter tine slightly bent outward. MSp circular in shape, densely covers MT except small portion proximally and quarter area distally. LSp absent in CT. SSp with dash-line like appearance, compactly arranged transversely on entire surface of PB. ED single, arising medially from biforked tines of ventral rod shaped sclerite. Female (n = 1) (Figs. 4–6). Body length 13.60 mm, humeral width 5.04 mm. Similar to male in general appearance with the following differences: Head (Fig. 11), pronotum (Fig. 13), antennae, prosternum and mesosternum comparatively more densely pubescent. Antennae about 1.2 times as long as body, surpassing elytral apices at antennomere IX; ratio of length of antennomeres as follows: 1.00: 0.17: 1.69: 1.47: 0.9: 0.86: 0.83: 0.77: 0.72: 0.61: 0.61. Pronotum with spots and gibbosities on disk as in male but additionally with medial pubescent line (Fig. 13). Elytra about 3.8 times as long as pronotum, about twice as long as humeral width; apex obliquely truncate with rounded marginal angle (Fig. 16); of the three white spots arranged in curvilinear fashion on post-median disk, spot near lateral margin about 0.4 times as large as large circular spot. Last abdominal segment convex with preapical concave space; apex straight. Female genitalia (Figs. 29–31). Ovipositor about 1.87 mm. Vagina about 2.29 times as long as ovipositor and 2.77 times as long as bursa copulatrix, with transverse wrinkles on entire surface, gently bulged proximally, narrow, cylindrical towards middle, thence gradually bulged towards distal end. Bursa copulatrix clavate in shape, about 0.83 times as long as ovipositor and 0.36 times as long as vagina; surface in apical half strongly plicate. Vaginal plates lamellar, thin and hyaline. Spermathecal duct translucent, twisted, distinctly narrowed towards base, enters bursa copulatrix at its apical third. Spermatheca capitate in shape, intertwined, arising at tip of spermathecal duct separately along with spermathecal gland. Spermathecal gland basally distinctly sclerotized, tube short, thence sac like, which is proximally dilated and distally narrowed with distinct wrinkled spots on surface. Tignum slightly shorter than abdomen. In the only specimen known, tignum measured 6.24 mm while abdomen measured 6.62 mm in length. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to N. decemmaculatus and N. travancorensis. The following characters differentiate it from N. decemmaculatus: proportionate size of elytral spots (post-humeral spot comparatively bigger in N. decemmaculatus), elytra not densely punctate (densely punctate in N. decemmaculatus), elytral apex not drawn out into a lobe (drawn out into a short lobe in N. decemmaculatus). It can be distinguished from N. travancorensis by the following characters: integument reddish brown (orange-yellow in N. travancorensis), body uniformly covered with golden-yellow pubescence (grey white pubescence in N. travancorensis), central disk of the pronotum densely punctured (sparsely punctured in N. travancorensis), elytra with five white spots (four in N. travancorensis); proportionate size of elytral spots also varies. In general, elytral punctation is slightly finer and post-humeral spot distinctly smaller in N. viraktamathi sp. nov. compared to the other two Indian species. Type series. Holotype: ♂, with labels as follows: “(1) India: Kerala / Kallar / 8°42’43.0” N, 77°7’47.3” E / 19.ix.2017 / SR Hiremath Coll. / Ex. Helicteres isora (2) HOLOTYPE / Notomulciber viraktamathi n. sp. / des. Hiremath, 2018” (red label)”. Paratypes (2 specimens, both with a white locality label as given below, besides a second pink label: “ PARATYPE / Notomulciber viraktamathi n. sp. / des. Hiremath, 2018”): 1 ♂, with the same labels as for holotype; 1 ♀ with label as follows: India: Kerala / Kallar / 8°42’43.0” N, 77°7’47.3” E / 19.ix.2017 / SR Hiremath Coll. / Ex. Zingiber zerumbet. Etymology. The author dedicates this new species to his beloved teacher, Dr. C. A. Viraktamath, for introducing and encouraging him to study Cerambycidae. Distribution. India (Kerala) Host plants. Two beetles were collected on Helicteres isora L. (Sterculiaceae). Although there were adult feeding symptoms on the leaves and stem, the host association could not be confirmed during the field collection. The symptoms of damage involved typical Lamiinae adult feeding patterns: leaves were fed along the veins from underside (Fig. 33) and sometimes vein clearing was also observed, while the outer surface of the petiole and stem were gnawed longitudinally (Fig. 34). Another adult was picked up while it was resting on the leaf blade of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm. (Zingiberaceae). However, no such feeding symptoms were noticed on the plant. Based on the circumstantial evidences, it may be that H. isora is the adult host plant of N. viraktamathi sp. nov. Behaviour. Adults were inactive during day and were found idle in a characteristic resting posture (Figs. 36– 37). Legs were held adducted to the body with tibiae closely appressed to the femora. The front and mid-legs were held close to each other near to the pronotum, substantially apart from the hind legs, thereby creating an illusion of the hind legs as the ‘fore legs.’ The antennae, held closely appressed to the body, emerge from beneath the elytra and extend beyond the elytral apex. Further, the postmedian circular bright eyespots on the elytra look like deflection marks besides creating an illusion of broad ‘false head’. This whole arrangement may give the beetle an illusion of moving in the direction opposite to its actual orientation. Silberglied & Aiello (1976) define this behaviour of reversed orientation as “Tergiversation.” Apart from this, when the adults were hand-picked from the plant surface, they resorted to stridulation by constantly nodding their head to rub the pronotal ridges on the stridulatory plate to produce sound. Natural Enemy. A single instance of organized attack on the beetle by the red ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius, 1775) was observed. In their attempt to dislodge the prey, the ants pulled the beetle by holding its antennae and leg joints (Fig. 35).Published as part of Hiremath, S. R., 2018, A new species of Notomulciber (Micromulciber) Aurivillius, 1913, from the southern Western Ghats of India (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Homonoeini), pp. 440-452 in Zootaxa 4524 (4) on pages 442-450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/261064
Glenea vellayaniensis Hiremath & Lin 2021, sp. nov.
No full textGlenea vellayaniensis sp. nov. (Figures 1–12) Type material Holotype: ♂, (1) India: Kerala / Vellayani / 8.43333333 N, 76.98416667 E / 5 May 2019, at light / S. R. Hiremath Coll. (2) HOLOTYPE/ Glenea vellayaniensis sp. nov. /des. Hiremath and Lin, 2020 (red label). Paratypes (2 specimens, both with a white locality label as given below, besides a second pink label: ‘ PARATYPE / Glenea vellayaniensis sp. nov. /des. Hiremath & Lin, 2020’): 1♀ with label as follows: India: Kerala / Vellayani; 17. November. 2016/ 8.43333333 N, 76.98416667 E /S. R. Hiremath Coll.; 1♀ with label as follows: India: Kerala / Vellayani; 5. i. 2017 / 8.43333333 N, 76.98416667 E /S. R. Hiremath Coll. Description Male (n = 1) (Figure 1). Body length measured from vertex to elytral apex 6.29 mm; humeral width 1.92 mm. General body colour reddish brown; head, antennomeres I–II, pronotum, elytra and ventral side of body reddish brown; apical half of mandibles black; anteclypeus and antennomeres III–XI yellowish brown; maxillary and labial palpi, legs (except tarsal claws) yellowish brown; tarsal claws reddish brown. Head with frons thickly adpressed with cream yellow hairs; outer margin of upper eye lobes on each side of vertex ornamented with transverse, oblong band of adpressed yellow hairs; area surrounding lower eye lobes, gena, postclypeus thickly adpressed with white hairs. Basal half of mandibles adpressed with thick white hairs. Apical half of labrum adpressed with transverse band of pale white hairs; middle portion of labrum adorned with transversely arranged, seven golden yellow suberect setae, setae at middle smaller than remaining. Head slightly wider than pronotum, randomly covered with punctures subequal in size to those on pronotum, medially impressed with a fine dark brown longitudinal sulcus running from postclypeus to vertex. Labrum thick, protruding, longer than anteclypeus, lying over mandibles; mandibles concealed in frontal view; dorsal surface of labrum with a median transverse ridge, followed by a postmedian shallow excavation; apical margin smooth and truncated. Eyes with lower lobes 2.17 times as long as gena, connected to upper lobes by five rows of ommatidia. Antennal tubercles weakly developed, widely separated, with space between them transversely flat. Antenna with antennomeres I–VII moderately setose beneath with dark brown suberect setae; integument of antennomere I–XI uniformly covered with dark brown and yellowish brown recumbent setae. Antennae surpassing elytral apex near distal end of antennomere VIII, 1.35 times as long as body. Scape thick, cylindrical, slightly narrowed at base, integument uniformly covered with shallow punctures. Ratio of lengths of antennomeres: 1.00: 0.29: 1.35: 1.35: 1.06: 1.00: 0.94: 0.88: 0.88: 0.82: 0.82. Pronotum with pronotal disc faintly covered with yellowish brown recumbent setae, intermixed with uniformly distributed golden yellow erect setae originating from respective punctures; pronotal disc, on each side, ornamented with a broad, longitudinal, sublateral band of thick, adpressed creamy yellow hairs, turning white postmedially, inner margin of this band distinctly concave at its proximal third; lower lateral sides of pronotum, on each side, just above procoxae ornamented with a broad, longitudinal band of thick adpressed white hairs; basal middle of pronotum ornamented with a short, angulate patch of thickly adpressed hairs, white intermixed with yellow; centro-notal area with pubescence of white and yellowish brown disposed into a faint, median, narrow longitudinal band. Pronotum transverse, 1.15 times as wide as long, 0.68 times as long as humeral width; apical margin broader than basal margin; lateral margin on each side slightly swollen at middle and weakly constricted before basal margin. Pronotal disc densely covered with fine punctures; impressed ante-basally with a shallow, transverse groove; pronotal disc just before ante-basal groove, impressed at its middle with a weakly raised, short ridge. Apical margin straight, basal margin weakly sinuate. Scutellum short, tongue-shaped with distinctly arcuate apex; prominently covered with thickly adpressed yellow hairs. Elytra uniformly covered with moderately dense, yellowish grey pubescence; elytral disc uniformly intermixed with suberect golden yellow setae arising from respective punctures; outer margin and apex of elytron fringed with single row of golden yellow suberect setae. Elytral disc, on each side, ornamented with pubescent spots arranged as follows: pre-medially with two spots, medially with one and post-medially with four spots along with a short, sub-lateral pubescent band. First premedian spot located at basal quarter, between humeral prominence and scutellum, made up of thick yellow pubescence, large, broadly bean-shaped with white halo on its borders; second premedian spot located sub-laterally at basal third, small, oval, made up of thick white hairs. Median spot largest, placed between sutural and sub-lateral margins, transversely oval, made up of thick yellow hairs bordered with halo of white hairs; anterior margin angulate at its middle, posterior margin obliquely straight. Post-median spots arranged as follows: first and second spots placed obliquely side by side, just behind middle; first spot located along sutural margin, hemispherical, made up of thick yellow hairs bordered with halo of white hairs, antero-laterally joins median spot along sutural margin; second spot touches sub-lateral margin, circular, made up of thick white hairs; third spot at apical third of elytral disc, largest of post-median spots, made up of thick yellow hairs, bordered with halo of white hairs; second and third spots joined laterally along sub-lateral margin by a short, narrow, longitudinal band of white hairs; fourth spot located on elytral apex, transversely oval, subequal in size to first and second post-median spots, made up of thick yellow hairs, anteriorly bordered with narrow band of white hairs. Elytra elongate, 0.68 times as long as body, 3.30 times as long as pronotum, 2.22 times as long as humeral width; broadest at base, gradually narrowed towards apex. Humeral prominence well developed, obtusely ridged. Sublateral margin impressed with a longitudinal carina, slightly curved at basal fourth, originating from humeral prominence, extending to apical third of elytra. Elytral disc dorsally flat, coarsely punctate up to apical third, punctures becoming finer towards apex; elytral apex truncate with sutural angle dentate and marginal angle stretched into acute spine. Legs with faintly adpressed golden yellow recumbent setae, long and dense on tibiae, interspersed with randomly distributed suberect setae of similar colour. Tarsal claws appendiculate on all legs. Sternites with median portion of pro-, meso- and metasternum uniformly covered with fine, golden yellow recumbent hairs; mesepisternum, mesepimeron and metepisternum thickly adpressed with creamy white hairs; lateral sides of metasternum thickly adpressed with creamy yellow hairs. Abdomen with median longitudinal space uniformly covered with golden yellow recumbent hairs. Ventrites I–IV, laterally on each side, ornamented with a large, thickly adpressed white-haired spot. Sternite VII, laterally on either side with a post-basal spot of similar hairs as previous. Abdomen with sternite VII 0.23 times as long as abdomen, 1.33 times as long as previous segment; disc without a medio-longitudinal sulcus; apex weakly emarginate. Male genitalia (Figures 4–6). Tergite VIII (Figure 4) trapezoidal with apical margin truncated, moderately fringed with light brown elongate setae; lateral margins weakly curved in basal third, fringed with light brown elongate setae from basal third to apex, sparser proximally, denser at distal fourth on inner side; median disc of tergite VIII adorned with randomly distributed light brown, minute, adpressed setae of similar colour. Sternite VIII rectangular, proximal two-thirds with angular reddish brown patch, apex on each side of middle adorned with a transverse patch of medium to elongate, light brown, suberect setae. Spiculum gastrale about 4.43 times as long as spiculum relictum, Y-shaped with median arm slightly longer than lateral arms, distinctly curved at apex; lateral arms obliquely straight, bearing membranous dilation at their distal end. Tegmen (Figure 5 (a– c)) about 1.43 mm long, curved at middle in lateral view (Figure 5 (c)). Basal piece present, reddish brown, distally arcuate, entire surface uniformly covered with minute, suberect spinules. Roof present. Ringed part converging, constricted near widest portion; manubrium hollow, thick in appearance due to internally explanated membrane on each side, in both dorsal and ventral planes; constricted just before basal end; basal end of manubrium abridged by a rectangular membrane, truncated apically (Figure 5 (a)). Lateral lobes (Figure 5 (b)) separated, about 0.25 times as long as total length of tegmen with basal margins transversely ridged; inner margins straight, outer margins oblique, gradually arcuate towards apex; apex rounded. Integument in ventral view red-brown except for a small lighter apical area; basal margin of integument impressed with a transverse row of reddish brown, medium sized, suberect setae; remaining surface randomly covered with similar setae except for a few glabrous spaces near central area; apex concentrated with elongate light brown setae. Median lobe (Figure 6 (a–b)) subequal to length of tegmen, arcuate in lateral view; basal struts originate almost near apical fourth; ventral plate (Figure 6 (b)) dark brown at apical one-fifth, interspersed with a few randomly distributed punctures; apex obtusely pointed, lateral sides asymmetrical, with right side weakly concave near apex. Endophallus (Figures 7–9) in lateral view about 3.90 times as long as median lobe; BPH about 0.28 times as long as endophallus, with membrane transversely plicate; distal end bearing CS embedded in ventral membrane, dorsal membrane embedded with a pair of median sclerotic plates (Figure 8). MPH with MT short, slightly bulged at distal end, about 0.09 times as long as endophallus; membrane of MT randomly distributed with a few round spicules, dorsal membrane at proximal third impressed with a median patch of densely distributed angulate spicules (Figure 8). CT uniformly tubular, curved at middle, about 0.19 times as long as endophallus, proximal two-thirds of membrane uniformly covered with angulate spicules, gradually turning obtuse towards beginning of apical third; apical third dark, densely and compactly adorned with C-shaped spicules, reaching up to proximal half of PB; PB tubular in proximal half, bulged at distal half, as long as MT, uniformly but not densely adorned with C-shaped spicules, gradually turning into U-shaped spicules towards APH. APH funnel shaped, as long as MT, uniformly and closely adorned with stout, broadly U-shaped spicules; junction between PB and APH circumscribed by membranous fringe; apex of APH continued with a membranous tube, bearing RS at distal end. RS about 0.19 times as long as endophallus, uniformly curved in lateral view, composed of two closely appressed, sclerotised plates, of which ventral plate (Figure 9 (b)) dorso-ventrally flattened with lateral sides curved upwards towards dorsal plane distally, broadly encasing dorsal plate; dorsal plate (Figure 9 (a)) made up of two closely approximated inconspicuous rods, forming tubular structure; proximal ends bearing two asymmetrical, falcate tines, one tine being longer than other; apex of longer tine bearing divaricate claw-like projection. ED single, arises medially from distal end of dorsal plate of RS. Female (n = 2) (Figures 2–3). Body length 6.86–6.91 mm, humeral width 2.21–2.26 mm. Similar to male in general appearance, with the following differences. Head with lower eye lobes 1.30–1.33 times as long as genae; mandibles distinctly visible in frontal view. Antennae 1.31 times as long as body. Ratio of lengths of antennomeres: 1.00: 0.25: 1.25: 1.25: 0.95: 0.90: 0.85: 0.80: 0.75: 0.70: 0.70. Pronotum 1.20–1.21 times as wide as long, 0.62–0.65 times as long as humeral width. Elytra 0.72 times as long as body, 3.47–3.55 times as long as pronotum, 2.19–2.26 times as long as humeral width. Last abdominal ventrite robust, dorsally convex, about 0.30–0.32 times as long as length of abdomen, 2.10–2.22 times as long as previous segment; disc medially impressed with a dark brown longitudinal sulcus; apex broadly crescent shaped. Female genitalia (Figures 10–12) with ovipositor (Figure 10 (a)) about 1.10 mm long, in dorsal view thickly covered with adpressed light brown setae at apical third (except coxite lobe and stylus), immediately followed by compactly disposed cells, in scale-like arrangement throughout basal two-thirds except outer margin on each side, which is randomly distributed with a few circular punctures. Coxite lobe light brown, randomly covered with circular punctures except at apex; apex of coxite lobe in dorsal view (Figure 10 (b)) transversely impressed with a single row of closely congregated circular punctures with six setae arising from them, outer setae on either side longer and pointed, remaining setae placed between them, shorter, subequal to each other and obtusely pointed. Stylus dome-shaped, red brown, continuous with coxite lobe; basal portion of stylus impressed with a few remotely distributed punctures; apex of stylus bears a single seta arising from associated puncture. Vaginal plates flap shaped, weakly sclerotised, basally red brown. Bursa copulatrix (Figure 12) elongate, basal two-thirds tubular and bi-sinuate, apical third distinctly capitate. Spermathecal duct distinctly longer than spermatheca, enters bursa copulatrix at apical third, uniformly tubular, with its distal end slightly curved. Spermatheca (Figure 11) arise on spermathecal duct separately, before spermathecal gland, red brown with basal end obliquely curved, distinctly moulded into an elongate, U-shaped tubule up to apical third; apex curved, distinctly capitate. Spermathecal gland sac like, basally with a distinctly sclerotised ringed plate giving rise to a short sclerotised tube. Tignum longer than abdomen. In the specimen examined, tignum measured about 4.94 mm in length while abdomen measured about 3.17 mm. Differential diagnosis Glenea vellayaniensis sp. nov. is closely allied to G. pulchella Pascoe, 1858 and G. vestalis Heller, 1934 by the integument colouration, shape of elytra, and yellow hairs covering the body; however, it can be easily distinguished from them by the appendiculate claws (simple claws for G. pulchella and G. vestalis) and distinct shape of the male genitalia, viz. median lobe distinctly curved in lateral view (vs median lobe weakly curved in lateral view in G. pulchella and G. vestalis), tegmen with lateral lobes medium sized and wider (vs tegmen with lateral lobes distinctly elongate and slender in G. pulchella and G. vestalis), basal piece arcuate distally (vs basal piece bifurcated distally in G. pulchella and G. vestalis), ringed part of tegmen constricted near widest portion (vs ringed part of tegmen weakly geniculated in G. pulchella and G. vestalis), manubrium of ringed part hollow, constricted just before basal end, which is short, and abridged by rectangular membrane (vs manubrium of the ringed part closely approximated from middle, continued to distal end as a slender rod in G. pulchella and G. vestalis), median arm of spiculum gastrale slightly longer than lateral arms (vs median arm of spiculum gastrale distinctly longer than lateral arms in G. pulchella and G. vestalis) and RS composed of two closely appressed, sclerotised plates, of which ventral plate is dorso-ventrally flattened to encase dorsal plate, while dorsal plate is made up of two closely approximated inconspicuous rods, forming tubular structure; proximal ends bear two asymmetrical, falcate tines, one tine being longer than other; apex of longer tine bearing divaricate claw like projection (vs RS without any modifications as previous but made up of 4 rods in G. pulchella and 3 rods in G. vestalis). In female genitalia, spermatheca with stalk strongly moulded into U-shaped tubule (vs stalk slightly curved basally in G. pulchella and G. vestalis). It is also similar to Bifidunguiglenea gestroi (Gahan, 1894) in the integument colouration, body shape and yellow-haired maculae, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the following characters: claws appendiculate (vs claws bifid in B. gestroi); male genitalia with median lobe distinctly curved in lateral view (vs median lobe indistinctly curved in lateral view in B. gestroi); tegmen with lateral lobes medium sized and wider (vs lateral lobes distinctly short and stout in B. gestroi) lateral lobes separated and ventral face sparsely covered with randomly distributed suberect setae (vs lateral lobes confluent except apex, ventral face densely covered with suberect setae in B. gestroi); ringed part of tegmen constricted near widest portion (vs ringed part of tegmen weakly geniculated in B. gestroi); manubrium of ringed part hollow, constricted just before basal end; basal end short, abridged by rectangular membrane (vs manubria of the ringed part joined with each other at basal third, continued to basal end as short, slender rod in B. gestroi); tergite VIII with apical margin truncated (vs apical margin of tergite VIII angulately projected at middle in B. gestroi); female genitalia with stalk of spermatheca strongly moulded into U-shaped tubule (vs spermatheca with stalk nearly straight in B. gestroi). Etymology The name refers to the type locality of the species, Vellayani campus of the Kerala Agricultural University, situated on the banks of the Vellayani lake, on the outskirts of Trivandrum, in the capital city of Kerala, India. Life history All three specimens were collected by the blue light of Actinic BL TL 8 W tubes. Distribution India (Kerala). Remarks on generic affinity Glenea vellayaniensis sp. nov. is an atypical member of the genus Glenea because of the appendiculate female claws. Claws vary greatly between the males of Glenea spp. (Gahan 1897; Lin et al. 2009b; Lin and Yang 2011), but all of them have simple claws in the females. When the female claws are not simple, they are placed in their own genus in most cases (Lin et al. 2009a; Lin and Tavakilian 2012). The genera Eumecocera Solsky, 1871 and Pareutetrapha Breuning, 1952 have appendiculate claws in both male and female. However, the new species can not be combined with any of these genera because of the presence of a lateral elytral carina, a truncated elytral apex, and distinctly different male genitalia. Meanwhile, some members currently placed in the genus Glenea also have appendiculate claws in both sexes, such as G. lineatocollis Thomson, 1860 and G. tenuilineata Thomson, 1879. However, the new species differs from them not only by morphological characters such as elytral shape, colour and haired pattern, but also by the female genitalia with spermathecal gland originating from a distinctly sclerotised ringed plate. The new species might indicate a closer relationship with the two Glenea spp. treated below, which have simple claws, and female genitalia with spermathecal gland originating from a distinctly sclerotised ringed plate. As the taxonomic complexity of the genus Glenea remains unresolved, we temporarily place the new species within the genus Glenea sensu lato, and do not propose a new generic taxon here.Published as part of Hiremath, Sangamesh R. & Lin, Mei-Ying, 2021, Description of two new species of Glenea Newman, 1842 from southern India and reinstatement of Glenea vestalis Heller, 1934 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Saperdini), pp. 205-245 in Journal of Natural History 55 (3 - 4) on pages 208-217, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1900442, http://zenodo.org/record/547373
An experimental and theoretical study of molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 2-methylphenyl boronic acid by density functional theory calculations
No full textGlenea pseudoalbosignatipennis Hiremath & Lin 2021, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Glenea pseudoalbosignatipennis</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figures 26–33, 43)</p> <p> <i>Type material</i></p> <p> HOLOTYPE: ♀, with labels as follows: (1) India, Karnataka, Shimoga Dist., Agumbe Ghat, 2000 ft., V.2001 (CCH). (2) HOLOTYPE/ <i>Glenea pseudoalbosignatipennis</i> sp. nov. /des. Hiremath & Lin, 2020 (red label). Paratypes (4 specimens, with a white locality label as given below, besides a second pink label: ‘ PARATYPE / <i>Glenea pseudoalbosignatipennis</i> sp. nov. /des. Hiremath & Lin, 2020’): 3♂, India: Kerala: Kozhikode/ Chappanthottam: Melukavu Panchayat / 11.70055556 N, 75.81833333 E / 09. December 2018/S. R. Hiremath Coll./Ex. <i>Syzygium jambos</i>; 1♂, with label as follows: India: Karnataka / Kudremukha Peak / 13.13361111 N, 75.28416667 E / 13. May 2011, 1195 m/K.D. Prathapan & K. Shameem Coll. <b>Note</b>: the paratypes were lost in a fire accident between acceptance and publication of this manuscript. However, all specimens were thoroughly studied, and relevant measurements and all necessary illustrations including that of the male genitalia are provided.</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p>Male (n = 4) (Figure 26 (a–d)). Body length measured from vertex to elytral apex 10.74–11.52 mm; humeral width 3.66–3.96 mm.</p> <p>General body colour brick reddish brown, head and pronotum darker than elytra, faintly covered with fine, minute, recumbent, yellowish grey hairs, denser on elytra, legs and ventral side of body.</p> <p> <b>Head</b> with frons, vertex, postclypeus, labrum, base of mandibles brick reddish brown; anteclypeus yellowish brown with marginal angles ornamented with yellow spot; eyes, apical half of mandibles black; labial and maxillary palpi yellowish brown. Frons with lateral sides ornamented with thickly haired, creamy yellow, longitudinal band at base of antennal tubercles, continued between upper eye lobes, traversing vertex as slightly narrowed longitudinal bands; frons between lateral bands moderately adpressed with creamy yellow hairs. Posterior sides of eye lobes ornamented with narrow bands of similar hairs, which continue onto genae as wide, pubescent banding, anteriorly merging with lateral bands of frons on their inner side. Base of anteclypeus ornamented with creamy yellow, transverse, thickly haired band, interspersed on lateral sides with three pairs of elongate, suberect, dark brown setae arising from respective punctures. Labrum adorned on lateral sides with two pairs of punctures, each giving rise to paired, conjoint, elongate, suberect, dark brown setae (however, in one specimen these setae are asymmetrical with right side bearing one extra seta arising separately on outer side). Inner margins of eye lobes, frons, vertex and genae interspersed with randomly distributed, dark brown, suberect setae arising from respective punctures. Head slightly narrower than pronotum, moderately covered with deep punctures; frons weakly convex in lateral view, medially impressed with fine, dark brown sulcus, running from postclypeus to vertex; antennal tubercles weakly produced, divergent, widely separated at base, area between antennal tubercles flat, anteriorly inclined; eyes finely faceted, distinctly emarginated; upper eye lobes connected to lower eye lobes by 6–7 rows of ommatidia; lower eye lobes oval, 2.13–2.38 times as long as genae.</p> <p> <b>Antennae</b> surpass elytral apex at base of antennomere IX, 1.32–1.34 times as long as body. Antennomeres I–IX reddish brown, antennomeres I–III shiny, antennomeres IV–IX matt in appearance, antennomeres X and XI dark brown, matt in appearance. Antennomeres I–VI fringed beneath with elongate, dark brown, suberect setae, shorter on antennomeres V and VI. Base of scape towards outer side on dorsum, ventro-apical side of antennomeres VII and VIII bearing a single, dark brown, elongate, suberect seta. Integument of antenna covered with fine, yellowish grey, recumbent, faint hairs on scape, pedicel, base and ventral side of antennomeres III; remaining antennomeres adorned with dark brown recumbent setae, interspersed with a few randomly distributed minute, yellowish grey suberect setae. Scape cylindrical, weakly and gradually narrowed towards base; base of scape emarginated on inner side. Antennomere XI gradually and weakly thickened towards obtusely pointed apex. Ratio of lengths of antennomeres: 1.00: 0.22–- 0.24: 1.24–1.26: 1.00: 1.04: 1.04: 1.04: 0.91–0.92: 0.91–0.92: 0.80–0.83: 1.04.</p> <p> <b>Prothorax</b> dark brown, interspersed with randomly distributed red brown to dark brown suberect setae. Pronotal disc medially ornamented with a distinctly narrow, creamy yellow (creamy white in preserved specimens), longitudinal band, interrupted postmedially and reappears as oval, haired spot near basal margin; sublateral and lower lateral sides ornamented on each side with a broad, thickly haired, creamy yellow (creamy white in preserved specimens) longitudinal band, inner margins obliquely bisinuate, outer margins nearly straight; central area of these bands ornamented on each side with a pre-medial, irregularly oval, dark brown spot, remaining area interspersed with six dark brown, remotely and randomly distributed, elongate, suberect setae arising from dark-spotted base. Pronotum 1.13–1.26 times wider than long, 0.56–- 0.60 times as long as humeral width, apical margin slightly broader than basal margin; lateral sides slightly swollen at middle and weakly constricted just behind middle; pronotal disc densely covered with coarse, deep punctures; centro-notal area distinctly convex, postmedially continued as a short ridge, longitudinally impressed with a fine, dark brown sulcus; apical margin transversely straight, basal margin distinctly convex at middle.</p> <p> <b>Scutellum</b> short, tongue-shaped, apical half thickly covered with creamy white, adpressed hairs; rounded apically.</p> <p> <b>Elytra</b> reddish brown in general, postmedial disc darker than premedial disc, basal third interspersed with several dark brown, elongate, suberect setae; sparsely fringed with a few similar setae at apex. Elytral disc on each side, ornamented with one epipleural, three premedial, one medial and one postmedial, thickly haired spots; elytral epipleura ornamented with a small, creamy white, oval spot at base; premedian spots creamy white, disposed broadly in triangular fashion: first spot circular, situated at basal third, second spot smaller than previous, circular, obliquely placed, just behind basal third in close proximity to sub-lateral carina, third spot oblong, largest of premedial spots, placed behind basal third along sutural margin, and close to middle; medial spot largest, creamy yellow (creamy white in preserved specimen), irregularly oval, situated between sutural and sub-lateral margins, apical margin of this spot convex at middle, basal margin distinctly notched at middle; postmedian spot circular, creamy white, situated at apical fourth, subequal to premedian, sutural spot. Elytra elongate, about 0.68–0.69 times as long as body, 3.33–3.59 times as long as pronotum, 2.00–2.02 times as long as humeral width, wider at base, gradually narrowed towards apex; apex generally emarginated (Figures 26 (a) and 43(a)) (slightly truncate in one specimen), sutural angle dentate, marginal angle stretched into acute spine. Humeral prominence distinctly and angularly produced (Figure 43 (b)). Elytra with premedial disc covered with coarse punctures, punctures on postmedial disc gradually turning finer and sparsely distributed. Elytral disc impressed with two longitudinal rows of coarse punctures, gradually becoming finer towards apex between sublateral and lateral margin. Sublateral margin impressed with two longitudinal carinae: one begins at base of humeral prominence, other begins just below humeral prominence; carinae parallel to each other before merging with one another at apical fourth, continued as short carina, terminating along acute spine at marginal angle of elytral apex. Elytra in lateral view, weakly convex at base and apical fourth, flat at middle, slightly sloped pre-apically.</p> <p> <b>Legs</b> yellowish brown, except reddish brown tarsal claws. Outer and inner margins of fore-tibiae sparsely fringed with a few yellowish brown, suberect setae. Inner margins of mid and hind tibiae fringed with medium sized, suberect setae same colour as previous. Tarsi interspersed with a few dark brown, recumbent setae at their apex. Tarsal claws divaricate.</p> <p> <b>Sternites</b> with pro-, meso- and metasternum reddish brown. Mesepisternum ornamented on each side with a medium sized, creamy white, oval spot. Lateral sides of metasternum ornamented on each side with a large, wide, creamy yellow (creamy white in preserved specimens) haired band; sternal space between lateral bands broadly triangular, densely adpressed with golden yellow hairs; posterior margin of metasternum, on either side of discrimen, ornamented with small, transverse oval, creamy white spots. Metepisternum on anterior half ornamented with a creamy white, oval, haired spot, smaller than that on mesepisternum; posterior half ornamented with a longitudinal haired band, wider anteriorly and narrowed posteriorly. Outer face of metacoxa with a transverse, creamy white haired band.</p> <p> <b>Abdomen</b> with ventrites reddish brown. Ventrites I–IV ornamented on each side with a pair of haired bands side by side; inner band on ventrite I transverse, largest among all remaining bands; bands on ventrite IV sometimes fused with each other. Sternite VII ornamented on each side with two haired spots, obliquely placed one behind the other, posterior spot larger than anterior; Sternite VII convex pre-apically, 0.25 times as long as total length of abdomen, and 1.67–1.71 times as long as preceding segment; apical margin distinctly notched at middle.</p> <p> <b>Male genitalia</b> (Figures 27–29). Tergite VIII (Figure 27) U-shaped, with its apical margin broadly obtusely angulate; lateral sides fringed with a few small- to medium-sized, red brown setae at middle, fringed with elongate, red brown, curved setae up to apical margin; apical margin at its middle densely fringed with medium sized, light brown setae; median disc randomly covered with small, red brown, recumbent setae, arising from oval to irregularly raised structures, interspersed with circular bodies. Sternite VIII boat shaped, red-brown; basal margin ornamented on either side of middle with transversely arranged minute, light coloured spinules, sometimes interspersed with a few suberect setae, lateral sides covered with a few suberect setae; apical margin on either side of middle covered with several irregularly dispersed elongate, red brown, suberect setae, interspersed with several minute spinules in a small patch. Spiculum gastrale Y-shaped, 1.81 times as long as spiculum relictum; median arm shorter than lateral arms, separated up to preapical area, abridged medio-longitudinally by flat membrane; apex curved leftward. Spiculum relictum straight or sometimes curved near its middle. Tegmen (Figure 28 (a–c)) 2.65 mm long; in lateral view (Figure 28 (c)), distinctly concave near middle and straight on either side. Basal piece present, distal margin curved, postmedial disc impressed with a transversely curved ridge; entire surface covered with minute, angulate spinules, denser premedially. Roof present. Ringed part converging, constricted near widest portion; manubrium broadly V-shaped with arms distinctly sinuate, basal end surmounted by a short dorso-ventrally flattened areolated membrane (Figure 28 (a)). Lateral lobes (Figure 28 (b)) elongate, cylindrical, 0.33 times as long as tegmen; basal margin obliquely straight; inner and outer margins straight up to apex, apex obliquely rounded; base of inner margins slightly produced behind as thick, curved, widened rod; integument light coloured at apex, lateral margins bearing a few, small, suberect setae, impressed with two elongate setae near apical fourth, apex interspersed with a few randomly distributed, distinctly elongate setae; disc of lateral lobes randomly covered with several medium sized setae except basal margin; basal margin impressed with similar setae arranged transversely. Median lobe (Figure 29 (a–b)) subequal to tegmen, curved in lateral view (Figure 29 (a)); basal struts begin near pre-apical area; ventral plate (Figure 29 (b)) with apical margins appears grooved, preapical area on either side of middle randomly covered with a few minute punctures.</p> <p> <b>Endophallus</b> (Figures 30–32) excluding APH 2.29 times as long as median lobe. BPH 0.57 times as long as median lobe, cylindrical at apical three-fourths, basal fourth distinctly spherical; membrane transversely plicate, densely covered with semi-circular spicules. MPH with MT distinctly short, 0.21 times as long as median lobe, 0.39 times as long as CT; ventral membrane with anterior and posterior half bulged, middle portion depressed; anterior half of ventral membrane transversely plicate, covered with circular spicules. MT bears two pairs of sclerotic plates (Figure 31 (a–c)): anterior pair present adpressed to dorsal membrane at its middle, broadly rectangular, widest at middle, proximal end slightly narrowed; posterior pair placed post-medially, suspended towards ventral membrane, irregular, conical with surface wavy. CT distinctly elongate, subequal to BPH, uniformly cylindrical, with distal end bearing a weakly developed medio-dorsal swelling on ventral membrane; membrane of CT at basal third covered with minute, angulate spicules, remaining surface up to pre-apical area randomly and densely covered with minute circular spicules, lateral sides remotely interspersed with larger, hollow, circular spicules, ventral side with a medio-longitudinal patch of densely distributed angulate spicules; apical area on dorsal side covered with medium-sized, angulate spicules, along with a few larger, hollow, circular spicules on lateral side. PB vessel-shaped, 0.41 times as long as median lobe, with anterior half cylindrical, posterior half distinctly spherical; cylindrical portion with anterior third weakly reticulate, randomly covered with large, hollow, circular spicules, densely and compactly covered with setae like adpressed spicules, becoming fine and short towards bulged portion, lateral side interspersed with a few large, hollow, circular spicules; bulged portion densely and uniformly covered with minute, irregular to semi-circular spicules. RS (Figure 32 (a–b)) as long as CT, 0.55 times as long as median lobe, curved and indistinctly twisted in lateral view, composed of three rods – two lateral and one median; lateral rods abridged at pre-apical area, proximal ends weakly spatulate with transversely corrugated integument, distal ends obtusely pointed; median rod distinctly narrow, with apex giving rise to ED. ED single.</p> <p> <b>Female</b> (n = 1) (Figure 26 (e)). Body length 15.10 mm, humeral width 5.20 mm. Similar to male in general appearance with the following differences: antennae shorter compared with males; pronotum with inner margins of sublateral bands distinctly bisinuate in apical half, obliquely straight in basal half; elytra with first spot largest among premedial spots disposed in triangular fashion; third spot circular to oval, subsutural in position, slightly subequal to second spot; sternite VII medially impressed with a dark brown longitudinal sulcus.</p> <p> <i>Remarks</i></p> <p>RS closely embedded in APH, concealed inside PB of endophallus (Figure 30). Attempts to inflate the APH were futile and resulted in tearing off the endophallus at PB. Hence, APH was not examined. The female description is based on the measurements and image provided by Carolus Holzschuh, which was photographed by Bruno Brudermann (Austria).</p> <p> <i>Differential diagnosis</i></p> <p> The new species is similar to <i>G. albosignatipennis</i> Breuning, 1950 and <i>G. signaticollis</i> Gahan, 1889. However, it differs from <i>G. albosignatipennis</i> by the following characters: general body colour brick reddish brown (vs reddish brown in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); lower eye lobes of male 2.13–2.38 times as long as genae (vs lower eye lobes of male 5 times as long as genae in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); pronotum wider than long (vs pronotum as long as wide in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); scutellum tongue-shaped (vs scutellum pentagonal in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); humeral prominence (Figure 43 (b)) comparatively distinctly protruding (vs humeral prominence (Figure 44 (b)) comparatively less protruding in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); lateral and median bands on pronotum not united ante-basally (vs lateral and median bands united with each other ante-basally in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); median longitudinal band discontinuous (vs median longitudinal band continuous in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); inner margins of lateral bands obliquely sinuate (vs inner margins of lateral bands straight in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); base of elytral epipleura with a creamy white, oval, haired spot (vs elytral epipleural spot absent in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); premedian disc of elytron with three haired spots, among them one spot is located along sutural margin (vs pre-median disc of elytron with only two haired spots and sutural spot absent in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); post-median disc of elytron with a circular, pre-apical haired spot (vs post-median disc of elytron with a curved, pre-apical haired spot in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); elytral apex (43a), on each side, generally emarginated in the new species (elytral apex (44a), on each side, obliquely truncated in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); mesepisternum ornamented on each side with an oval spot (vs mesepisternum entirely covered with a large, haired spot in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); lateral sides of abdominal ventrites I–IV ornamented with two spots on each side, arranged side by side (vs abdominal ventrite II with two spots on each side, arranged side by side, and ventrites I, III and IV with a single transverse band on each side in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); sternite VII with two spots on each side, arranged one behind the other (vs abdominal sternite VII with a single, post-median spot on each side in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>).</p> <p> The new species can be differentiated from <i>G. signaticollis</i> by the following characters: general body colour brick reddish brown (vs reddish brown or sometimes general colour of head, pronotum and underside of the body except sternite VII black in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); lower eye lobes of male 2.13–2.38 times as long as genae (vs lower eye lobes of male 3 times as long as genae in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); pronotum of male wider than long (vs pronotum of male as long as wide in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); scutellum tongue-shaped (vs scutellum semicircular in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); humeral prominence (Figure 43 (b)) comparatively distinctly protruding (vs humeral prominence (Figure 45 (b)) comparatively less protruding in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); lateral and median bands on pronotum not united ante-basally (vs lateral and median bands united with each other ante-basally in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); median longitudinal band on pronotal disc discontinuous (vs median longitudinal band on pronotal disc continuous or reduced to anterior and posterior spots or broadly divided into halves in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); inner margins of lateral bands of pronotum obliquely sinuate (vs inner margins of lateral bands of pronotum straight or slightly sinuate or indented at middle in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); central area of lateral bands on pronotum ornamented on each side with irregularly oval, dark brown, premedial spot (vs central area of lateral bands on pronotum without dark brown spot in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); elytra attenuated towards apex (vs elytra subparallel in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); elytral apex (43a), on each side, generally emarginated (elytral apex (45a), on each side, distinctly truncated in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); premedian disc of elytron with three haired spots, where third spot is located along sutural margin (vs premedian disc of elytron with three haired spots but third spot is located in the middle of the disc between the sutural and sublateral margins in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); postmedian disc of elytron with a circular, preapical haired spot, located at middle of disc between sutural and sublateral margins (vs postmedian disc of elytron bears a circular, preapical haired spot, located along sublateral margin in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); apical ma
Mechanisms for hemodynamic instability related to renal replacement therapy: a narrative review
No full text
Improvement in Machining Rate with Mixed Electrolyte in ECDM Process
No full textAbstractElectro Chemical Discharge Machining is one of the hybrid non-conventional machining process and it has wide scope for making intricate shapes in non-conducting materials. The mechanism of material removal in ECDM is thermal spark erosion (EDM) and chemical etching (ECM). Most of the researchers have used different base electrolytes – NaOH, KOH, NaCl etc for machining in ECDM process. In this paper an attempt has been made to machine a semi conducting engineering material with a mixed electrolyte of NaOH and KOH. Results have shown the improvement in machining rate in terms of material removal rate with mixed electrolyte
The validity of left ventricular mass as a surrogate end point for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality outcomes in people With CKD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textBackground Left ventricular mass (LVM) is a widely used surrogate end point in randomized trials involving people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) because treatment-induced LVM reductions are assumed to lower cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of LVM as a surrogate end point for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in CKD. Study Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Setting & Population Participants with any stages of CKD. Selection Criteria for Studies Randomized controlled trials with 3 or more months’ follow-up that reported LVM data. Intervention Any pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic intervention. Outcomes The surrogate outcome of interest was LVM change from baseline to last measurement, and clinical outcomes of interest were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) of LVM change and relative risk for mortality were estimated using pairwise random-effects meta-analysis. Correlations between surrogate and clinical outcomes were summarized across all interventions combined using bivariate random-effects Bayesian models, and 95% credible intervals were computed. Results 73 trials (6,732 participants) covering 25 intervention classes were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, risk of bias was uncertain or high. Only 3 interventions reduced LVM: erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (9 trials; SMD, −0.13; 95% CI, −0.23 to −0.03), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (13 trials; SMD, −0.28; 95% CI, −0.45 to −0.12), and isosorbide mononitrate (2 trials; SMD, −0.43; 95% CI, −0.72 to −0.14). All interventions had uncertain effects on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There were weak and imprecise associations between the effects of interventions on LVM change and all-cause (32 trials; 5,044 participants; correlation coefficient, 0.28; 95% credible interval, −0.13 to 0.59) and cardiovascular mortality (13 trials; 2,327 participants; correlation coefficient, 0.30; 95% credible interval, −0.54 to 0.76). Limitations Limited long-term data, suboptimal quality of included studies. Conclusions There was no clear and consistent association between intervention-induced LVM change and mortality. Evidence for LVM as a valid surrogate end point in CKD is currently lacking
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