46 research outputs found
Corrections of certain translations from Turkish: Ignacy Pietraszewski’s A New Translation of Turkish History Writers – between a review and a rendering
No full textSubject to analysis in this article is the genre status of Ignacy Pietraszewski’s works commenting upon Collectanea by Józef Sękowski. The former work by Pietraszewski is a press edition of Sprostowania niektórych tłumaczeń z tureckiego [Corrections of Some Translations from Turkish] (1845), while the latter is an expanded, book edition of Corrections…, entitled Nowy przekład dziejopisów tureckich [A New Translation of Turkish History Writers] (1846). A research question asked in the article is to what extent Pietraszewski’s comments on Sękowski oeuvre is a case of translation or a case of translation criticism. Drawing upon the stylistic features of both works by Pietraszewski, their evaluative and judgmental lexis and their dialogical nature, the author decided that these works are critical reviews of Sękowski’s Collectanea. The reviews display an ostesibly marked polemical aspect. They contain evaluation of the target text and they mark a breach of the text-type canon by incorporating a didactic component
A prototype of a large tunable Fabry–Pérot interferometer for solar spectroscopy
No full textLarge Fabry-Pérot Interferometers (FPIs) are used in a variety of astronomical instrumentation, including spectro-polarimeters for 4 m class solar telescopes. In this work we comprehensively characterize the cavity of a prototype 150 mm FPI, sporting a novel, fully symmetric design. Of particular interest, we define a new method to properly assess the gravity effects on the interferometer's cavity when the system is used in either the vertical or horizontal configuration, both typical of solar observations. We show that the symmetric design very effectively limits the combined effects of pre-load and gravity forces to only a few nm over a 120 mm diameter illuminated surface, with gravity contributing ~2 nm peak-to-valley (~0.3 nm rms) in either configuration. We confirm a variation of the tilt between the plates of the interferometer during the spectral scan, which can be mitigated with appropriate corrections to the spacing commands. Finally, we show that the dynamical response of the new system fully satisfies typical operational scenarios. We conclude that large, fully symmetric FPIs can be safely used within solar instrumentation in both, horizontal and vertical position, with the latter better suited to limiting the overall volume occupied by such an instrument
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No full textMicroeconomic fundamentals of the aggregate production function with constant returns to scale
No full textProblem agregacji odniesiony do produkcji jest bardzo ważny dla współczesnej makroekonomii głównego nurtu ze względu na powszechne wykorzystywanie koncepcji agregatowej funkcji produkcji (AFP) tak w modelach teoretycznych, jak i w badaniach empirycznych. Celem artykułu jest teoretyczna rekonstrukcja mikroekonomicznych założeń leżących u podstaw AFP o stałych przychodach względem skali. Artykuł ma głównie charakter krytyczno-przeglądowy, systematyzuje rozproszone w różnych pracach ustalenia oraz uzupełnia je wynikami własnymi. Wyjaśniono związek koncepcji AFP z koncepcją równowagi ogólnej w gospodarce. Pokazano, że logicznie spójny obraz działalności produkcyjnej na poziomie pojedynczych firm w warunkach konkurencji doskonałej, w ramach którego da się skonstruować AFP o stałych przychodach względem skali, możliwy jest przy założeniu, że firmy funkcjonują na poziomie minimum swoich U-kształtnych krzywych kosztów przeciętnych, osiągając zerowe zyski czyste. Uogólniając rozważania na gospodarkę wielosektorową, rozpatrzono problemy, jakie dla kwestii istnienia AFP stwarza konieczność agregowania produkcji różnych dóbr.In the paper the aggregation problem regarding production functions is considered. This issue is of fundamental importance for the mainstream of contemporary macroeconomics due to the common usage of the aggregate production function (APF) both in theoretical models and empirical research. The aim of the paper is theoretical reconstruction of microeconomic assumptions underlying the APF with constant returns to scale (linearly homogenous). The paper is mainly the critical review that systematises the results scattered in the literaturę and supplements them with the results of the author. Following the literature, the relationship between the concept of the APF and general equilibrium in the economy was explained. It was shown that consistent view of economic activity on the level of individual firms operating in perfectly competitive one-sector economy, which enables to construct the APF with constant returns to scale, is possible under the assumption that firms reaches the minimum of its U-shaped average cost curves, achieving zero subnormal profits. Generalizing considerations about the existence of the APF over multi-sector economy, new problems raised by the need to aggregate different products were considered
Behavioural outcomes of housing for domestic dog puppies (Canis lupus familiaris)
No full textDomestic dogs experience a sensitive period for learning during early life and conditions during this time can have important consequences in the adult. We investigated the effects of kennel environment during early life, comparing the temperaments of puppies reared in indoor kennels, located in the breeder’s house, with those reared in outdoor kennels, located outside the breeder’s house and with limited human contact. The study was conducted on 264 puppies from 44 litters belonging to 21 breeds. Of these, 160 puppies were reared in indoor kennels (70 female and 90 male puppies, 27 litters) and 104 in outdoor kennels (52 female and 52 male, 17 litters). We conducted PAT (Puppy Aptitude Testing) tests to measure puppy temperament at an age of seven or eight weeks. Using a gamma GLMM fitted using Bayesian inference, we showed a statistically important effect of kennelling on posterior mean PAT scores. Puppies kennelled outdoors scored higher on PAT testing, irrespective of sex or age, and after accommodating for dependency in the data due to litter identity. Puppies raised outdoors showed an elevated tendency for submissive behaviour, a greater risk of aggression through fear, and a lowered capacity for coping with novel conditions. These findings have direct implications for dog breeders and illustrates that enrichment of the environment of dam and puppies can mitigate the risk of behavioural problems in adult dogs
Price of survival. Memories of my family 1812–1989
No full textThe author recounts the history of her own family through the individual vicissitudes of its members throughout the last two hundred years. It was a noble family, settled in the so-called eastern borderlands of the former Commonwealth of Poland, now belonging to Belarus and Ukraine. She begins from her great-great grandparents, Monika and Wincent Pietraszewski, who farmed in their landed estate of Hincewicze in the district of Baranowicze (now in Belarus). The next chapters of this history are closely connected with the tragic aftermath of the Polish uprisings, which during 19th century affected thousands of Polish families, primarily those living in the Russian partition. Her ancestors were deported to the Caucasus, then settled in Stavropol (now Russian Federation) and Kharkiv (now Ukraine). Furthermore, they spent some years in St. Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo, living through the bloody times of the Bolshevik Revolution. Finally, in 1922, the author’s parents found themselves in Krakow, where they remained until the end of their days. In writing the paper, the author made ample use of the large body of family documents as well as of the oral relations heard directly from her parents and relatives
The content of our cooperation, not the color of our skin: an alliance detection system regulates categorization by coalition and race, but not sex.
No full textHumans in all societies form and participate in cooperative alliances. To successfully navigate an alliance-laced world, the human mind needs to detect new coalitions and alliances as they emerge, and predict which of many potential alliance categories are currently organizing an interaction. We propose that evolution has equipped the mind with cognitive machinery that is specialized for performing these functions: an alliance detection system. In this view, racial categories do not exist because skin color is perceptually salient; they are constructed and regulated by the alliance system in environments where race predicts social alliances and divisions. Early tests using adversarial alliances showed that the mind spontaneously detects which individuals are cooperating against a common enemy, implicitly assigning people to rival alliance categories based on patterns of cooperation and competition. But is social antagonism necessary to trigger the categorization of people by alliance--that is, do we cognitively link A and B into an alliance category only because they are jointly in conflict with C and D? We report new studies demonstrating that peaceful cooperation can trigger the detection of new coalitional alliances and make race fade in relevance. Alliances did not need to be marked by team colors or other perceptually salient cues. When race did not predict the ongoing alliance structure, behavioral cues about cooperative activities up-regulated categorization by coalition and down-regulated categorization by race, sometimes eliminating it. Alliance cues that sensitively regulated categorization by coalition and race had no effect on categorization by sex, eliminating many alternative explanations for the results. The results support the hypothesis that categorizing people by their race is a reversible product of a cognitive system specialized for detecting alliance categories and regulating their use. Common enemies are not necessary to erase important social boundaries; peaceful cooperation can have the same effect
Solar Confocal Interferometers for Sub-Picometer-Resolution Spectral Filters
No full textThe confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer allows sub-picometer spectral resolution of Fraunhofer line profiles. Such high spectral resolution is needed to keep pace with the higher spatial resolution of the new set of large-aperture solar telescopes. The line-of-sight spatial resolution derived for line profile inversions would then track the improvements of the transverse spatial scale provided by the larger apertures. The confocal interferometer's unique properties allow a simultaneous increase in both etendue and spectral power. Methods: We have constructed and tested two confocal interferometers. Conclusions: In this paper we compare the confocal interferometer with other spectral imaging filters, provide initial design parameters, show construction details for two designs, and report on the laboratory test results for these interferometers, and propose a multiple etalon system for future testing of these units and to obtain sub-picometer spectral resolution information on the photosphere in both the visible and near-infrared
The influence of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol on maximal lipid core burden indexing thin cap fibrous atheroma lesions as assessed by near infrared spectroscopy
No full textBACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that higher plasma concentrations of several lipid molecules are associated with higher lipid core burden index (LCBI) near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imaging. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an association between plasma lipids depends on plaque morphology (thin cap fibrous atheroma [TCFA] vs. non-TFCA) as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy–intravascular ultrasound (NIRS-IVUS). METHODS: Sixty-four patients retrospectively enrolled were diagnosed with stable coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndrome who underwent NIRS-IVUS imaging. Before percutaneous coronary intervention, blood samples were collected for measurement of serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). Patients were divided into two groups based on maxLCBI4mm and IVUS imaging. Those with maxLCBI4mm ≥ 323 were included into TCFA group (n = 35) while others were assigned to the non-TCFA group (n = 29). RESULTS: Thin cap fibrous atheroma lesions were significantly longer than the non-TCFA lesions (25.66 ± 9.56 vs. 17.03 ± 9.22, p = 0.001). TCFA characterizes greater plaque burden (78.4 [70.9, 82.2] vs. 72.70 [64.77, 76,05]; p = 0.021) and plaque volume (176.1 [110.75, 247.5] vs. 68.1 [55.58, 143.35]; p = 0.000) as compared to non-TCFA. In TCFA suspected lesions, there was no correlation between max-LCBI4mm and LDL levels (r = 0.105, p = 0.549) nor TC levels (r = –0.035, p = 0.844) but a negative correlation was found between HDL-C and maxLCBI4mm (r = –0.453, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that there was no correlation between plasma LDL-C, TC and TG level and the amount of lipids in coronary plaque assessed by NIRS in both TCFA and non-TCFA groups. Only HDL-C correlated with maxLCBI4mm in TCFA lesions
Solar Confocal interferometers for Sub-Picometer-Resolution Spectral Filters
No full textThe confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer allows sub-picometer spectral resolution of Fraunhofer line profiles. Such high spectral resolution is needed to keep pace with the higher spatial resolution of the new set of large-aperture solar telescopes. The line-of-sight spatial resolution derived for line profile inversions would then track the improvements of the transverse spatial scale provided by the larger apertures. In particular, profile inversion allows improved velocity and magnetic field gradients to be determined independent of multiple line analysis using different energy levels and ions. The confocal interferometer's unique properties allow a simultaneous increase in both etendue and spectral power. The higher throughput for the interferometer provides significant decrease in the aperture, which is important in spaceflight considerations. We have constructed and tested two confocal interferometers. A slow-response thermal-controlled interferometer provides a stable system for laboratory investigation, while a piezoelectric interferometer provides a rapid response for solar observations. In this paper we provide design parameters, show construction details, and report on the laboratory test for these interferometers. The field of view versus aperture for confocal interferometers is compared with other types of spectral imaging filters. We propose a multiple etalon system for observing with these units using existing planar interferometers as pre-filters. The radiometry for these tests established that high spectral resolution profiles can be obtained with imaging confocal interferometers. These sub-picometer spectral data of the photosphere in both the visible and near-infrared can provide important height variation information. However, at the diffraction-limited spatial resolution of the telescope, the spectral data is photon starved due to the decreased spectral passband
