In this New Year’s letter of 1862, Kezia Stradley Osborne wrote to her husband Roland C. Osborne describing problems at home and details involved in farming.January 1, 1862
1862 Beaverdam New year’s day
A New Years gift, My Dear. Well what shall it be. I would love to give you a new years kiss this bright morning, but I won’t so I will write you the very best letter that I can and send you my best wishes that this new year may be the happiest one of your life or least happier than the one just past May its closing day find you in your own quiet home surrounded by your dearest friends. May you be an orderly member of Christ’s Church and an honorable citizen of an Independent Southern Confederacy May happiness dwell in your house and peace in reign in your Country. If it is the will of God that you remain here, if it is not May your happy Spirit be at rest in our Father’s House, where there are many Mansions; in the New year’s prayer of your absent Wife. After waiting longer than I ever have had to do before for a letter from you I received two last night. I found that you have been disappointed too. I suppose there has been something wrong about the mails. And right here I promise you that I will always do the very best I can about writing. You must remember that I can’t always send to the Office at the right time. But be sure that I will not neglect to write on account of any thing being the matter. For if I can’t write myself I will get some one else to do it. You ask me to help you fix a plan to get a [crop started; substitute ?] I think it very important for it to be done and if I was stout again like I used to be and was back in our house and could get good hands to work and the ground to work and the tools to work with and some clever girl to stay with me I would try to have thing ready for you. You know I always told you that I could beat you farming any how but you see there are a good many ands and ifs in the way. I can not walk yet and I am afraid I will not walk this winter. Dr. Neil now [?] thinks I can not walk in c [?] 12 months but I hope to get well sooner than that. I think your Father has rented nearly all his land and your farming tools are scattered to the four winds. Uncle Joseph is not ready to leave the house yet and you know that I could not do any good unless I could get to myself you know your Father would not care for any thing I could say. I still hope that you will get off to see to these things your self and I will then do what ever your interest requires if it is in my power to do so you had better believe I would love to be trying to make something for the children I got a letter from Sis Line [?] last night they are well and have sent you some butter cakes and apples. I hope you have got them. I will write to them about your pants. Addie promised to have them done by Christmas. I have a poor chance to work but I will do any thing I can for you. Fine [?] says she wants me to take the baby back and Mattie [?] says if Fine [?] wants a baby she may have one of her own for she can’t share this big fat baby you [?] [she has had ?] so much trouble with him he is quite well this morning you ask me what a certain Lady means by signing her name so loving. I reckon she means what she says. If she does marry she will give a certain C.R. a most awful waking up. I think he has been dreaming this long time. By the way have you written C.R. [C.B. ?] if you have not I wish you would. I know it would go against your feelings to do so but you know we must forgive if we hope to be forgiven and he has been very kind to me since you left. I would not care if he knowed some things I hate to see him made a fool of but I guess he will find out some day. I am so glad that you have got to house keeping. Do up you [?] it any better than you did last winter, or would you as soon be back on the hill with the same old housekeeper. We would have a nice piece of furniture now I mean a cradle. Jo [?] is at home yet his health is very delicate. I am afraid he can’t stand the winter. His Col. don’t take one bit of care of his men. They give him a dreadful mean name they have been ordered to Kentucky but the men have been starved and dragged about until they are unable to go. Don’t be afraid of writing too much just wait till I grumble [?] I am much obliged to Billy Banham [Bonham ?] for his Kind wishes. I have often thought of him, that he would Be kind to you if you were sick. I have to hear how Any of the boys are doing you see I have filled up my Paper this time. I have just kissed Rufus for Papa he Is so sweet [?] I do want you to come and see him and kiss.
Osborne Civil War letters
Annotated versions prepared by George Frizzel
The removal of iron from the <0.45µm fraction of Tamar River water on addition of both calcium chloride solution and sea water was studied using a continuous autoanalytical system. The addition of increasing concentrations of either calcium ions or sea water caused increased iron removal, but at all of the concentrations studied a fraction of iron was found to remain within the <0.45µm fraction (termed the residualor unreactive fraction). Storage time was shown to have a marked effect on the residual concentration. Kinetic analysis of the experimental results showed that when a residual fraction was taken into account, the data could be described by either a first or second order kinetic model. The first order model gave an approximately linear increase in rate constant with increasing concentrations of calcium ions or sea water, ranging from 1.02 x 10-3 to 6.14 x 10-3 s-1 for the addition of calcium ions and from 3.97 x 10-3 to 6.95 x 10-3 s-1 for the addition of seawater. The second order rate constant also showed an increase with increasing calcium concentration, from 3.95 x 10-5 to 3.02 x 10-4 l mol-1 s-1 . When the first and second order profiles were studied and the fit of the model to the experimental residual values was considered, the first order was shown to be a better descriptor ofthe observed removal of microcolloidal iron. A comparative study was made of iron removal under different conditions of simulated estuarine mixing, following the procedures of Fox & Wofsy (Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1983, vol 47 p211), Mayer (Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1982, vol 46 p2527), Hunter & Leonard (Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1988, vol 52 pi 123) - all using 'discrete sampling during mixing and Duffy (PhD Thesis, University of Southampton) - using continuous sampling with more rapid mixing. Variations among the 'discrete' methods are small relative to those between them and the method of Duffy (1985) e.g. 65 % for the 'continuous' method as compared with 36%, at a salinity of 5, and the first order rate constant was seen to be about an order of magnitude greater for the 'continuous' method e.g. 3.97 x 10-3 s-1 as compared with 1.97 x 10-4 s-1, at a salinity of 5. Further experiments looking specifically at the effect of stirring rate on a 'discrete' sampling method concurred with these observations. In experiments carried out at a salinity of 8, the iron removal increased from 44% to 55% and the first order rate constant increased from 2.96 x 10-3 to 3.58 x 10-3 s-1 as a result of a relative increase in stirring rate from 1 to 5. The fact that the first order rate constant for iron removal varied with the energy of the system, even in the least energetic system studied, and that under all conditions the first order model provided the best descriptor of the observed process, showed that the mechanism of microcolloidal aggregation under all these conditions could not be accounted for by Brownian Motion. Shear must therefore be a significant factor and it was concluded that none of the systems studied could afford a test of kinetic order under conditions where Brownian Motion dominantly accounts for particle collisions. The experiments, however, are still of relevance to environmental conditions, since estuarine mixing is greatly influenced by turbulence due to tidal energy and wind stress. Phosphate behaviour was studied concurrently with that of iron and both the percentage removal and kinetic rate constants showed comparable dependence on calcium ion / sea water concentration, although the percentage phosphate removal was consistently lower than that observed for iron. Kinetic rate constants ranged from 0.0019 to 0.0179 s-1 for the first order model and 0.29 x 10-4 to 5.3 x 10-4 1 mol-1 s-1 for second order. When the removal profiles were studied and the fit of the first and second order models to the experimental residual values was considered, the first order model was again shown to be a better descriptor of the observed removal. Phosphate behaviour remained essentially unaffected by changes in experimental methodologies or stirring rate. The factor which most affected iron (stirring) had no major systematic effect on phosphate and therefore it must be concluded that the results indicate a co-removal of phosphate during iron colloid aggregation rather than removal of a common colloidal population containing both constituents
Background: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal (GI) disorders worldwide. Defined as a disorder of gut-brain interaction, its pathophysiology is still not completely clear. Consequently, current treatments primarily target symptoms rather than addressing the cause of the condition. The gut microbiome is increasingly acknowledged as central to IBS pathophysiology and, thus, may have therapeutic potential. Several national treatment guidelines recommend increasing physical activity for IBS management. Aims: this review summarises the evidence about the relationship between physical activity, IBS symptoms, and the gut microbiome, investigating the hypothesis that physical activity's therapeutic effects on IBS may be explained via modulation of the gut microbiome. Results: this review revealed that routine exercise was associated with a 15%–66% reduction in symptom severity and up to 41% enhanced QoL in IBS participants, and modulates the gut microbiome in healthy controls. Discussion: This review generates the hypothesis that routine physical activity may favorably alter gut microbiome composition in IBS to improve IBS symptomology. While a plausible hypothesis, research needs to confirm whether gut microbiome modulation is involved in physical activity associated IBS symptom relief. Conclusion: furthermore, the establishment of the most effective mode, duration, and intensity of physical activity for each sex and IBS-subtype is needed, with patient input during this process crucial to successfully translate science into practice.</p
This thesis is about a forest hunter-gatherer people, the Mbendjele Yaka Pygmies of northern Congo-Brazzaville. The thesis is based on field research carried out between 1994 and 2001.
I begin by examining certain key terms used in the thesis and by situating my research within the existing literature. Research methodologies are presented and the fieldwork experience described. I provide an overview of the historical, political and economic context of the research including an outline assessment of the main historical reconstructions of regional history.
Conservationist and loggers' models of the forest are juxtaposed with Mbendjele ways of representing landscape and the forest environment. I discuss the significance of the forest in Mbendjele social experience and its role as the ideal environment for social life. I examine the way the Mbendjele classify animals and the cosmological significance of hunting and killing. This theme is continued with a presentation of ekila, a complex set of practices and beliefs that regulate the interactions of people with animals and express a complex relationship between human fertility and the correct handling of prey animals.
I continue the analysis of Mbendjele collective representations with a presentation of the activity of massana. The link between children's play and adult rituals implicit in the use of this term is analysed. I then build on this understanding to present an analysis of aspects of two ritual associations, Ejengi and Ngoku, central to men's and women's power in society.
The thesis is brought to a close by moving beyond the forest to examine Mbendjele relations with and conceptualisations of outsiders and property rights. New technological developments and financial incentives are increasingly transforming the Mbendjele forest into faunal and floral assets for distribution to international organizations
F&D. 15149 (Publisher number). Cover title.; Pl. no.: F&D 15149.; "Sung ... by Miss Ella Shields".; Includes special verse written for Miss Ella Shields.; Also available online http://nla.gov.au/nla.mus-an5445349; MUS: N, MUS/019 ; A, MUS/E/87/1448 ; N/A, - ; B, GE 129982 ; C, GE 130301 ; D, MUS/E89/118.; B copy measures 31 cm.; C copy measures 32 cm
The Highland Clearances have featured in many historical
analyses over the past thirty years and have particularly attracted
the attention of socio-economic historians interested in the study
of agricultural changes, their causes and multi-faceted impact on
the Highland region and society. Yet it seems that the
increasingly refined knowledge that the period now enjoys has
hardly percolated down to the popular interpretation given of the
events.
The present study concerns itself with the popular
representations of the Highland Clearances which, to a large
extent, are consensual and are revealing of the collective
attitudes towards the period, especially in the crofting districts.
The first part concentrates on the historiographical background of
the period since the nineteenth century, so as to establish the
fund of knowledge gradually accumulated on the times, the
standpoints adopted by the various historical currents and the
evolution in historical methods and perspective. To convey the
collective perception on the Clearances, three areas are selected:
twentieth-century Scottish fiction, political writings and the
museum world. Through the individual analysis of each, the themes,
elements and viewpoints which have been given priority, will
emerge.
The popular representation of the Clearances yields as much
information on the way people see their past as on current
attitudes and concerns since it is, more often than not, recycled
to fit a particular reading. It is also, because of its
consistency and its recurrence, a mark of the significance of the
period in the collective memory and sense of identity of the
inhabitants of the crofting districts
On December 1, 2004 President Emeritus Dale Corson was inducted as the second member of the new Hall of Fame being created by the Cornell Center for Materials Research in Clark Hall. Carson, who joins the founding Director Robert L. Sproull in the Hall of Fame, was instrumental in the creation of the Center. Also present for this event were President Lehman and Presidents Emeriti Hunter Rawlings and Frank Rhodes. The video includes speeches by President Lehman and Vice-Provost for Research Robert C. Richardson, whose Nobel Prize work in low-temperature physics was done in the Center. Professor Neil Ash croft, former Center Director, was moderator for the ceremony.1_if2f3wzv1_0pqi4akg1_3c8a8fk
Historic Webster is a newsletter of the Webster Historical Society, Inc., created at the Society’s founding in 1974. The publication helped to serve the Society's mission of collecting and preserving the history of Webster, North Carolina. Webster, established in 1851, was the original county seat for Jackson County.'VOLUME I NUMBER 3
Cook6ook Will Be
Ready 9n o lie :Jall
A cookbook containing mouthwatering local recipes,
pen and ink drawings of Webster, and "Growing Up
in Webster" sketches will be on sale in the fall.
Tho rocipe book1 which is being compiled by Florence
and Joe Parker Rhinehart , will have a hard
cover with a color picture of Webster as the dust
jacket. Joe Parker estimates that it will have approximately
200 pages, The book will be printed
in brown ink on off white paper, and will have a brown
cloth cover with a sketch of the former Jackson County
courthouse,
Original sketches of people and places in Webster
will be featured at the beginning of each of the II
divisions of the book, as well a throughout the 250
odd recipes.
A short history of the town accompanied by a
sketch of the courthouse will begin the book, Then,
in addition to the delicious recipes, the cookbook will
feature character sketches of some of the donating
cooks and several "growing Up in Webster" stories
written by Webster women of different generations,
Mildred Cowan, Mary Morris and other women who
grew up in Webster will be contributing their accounts ~
The book will conclude with a feature menu for
Christmas dinner with recipes, accompanied by a
story about Old Webster at Christmastime,
The recipes in the book were collected from cooks
in the area by Joe's mother, Kate Rhinehart, Florence
Rhinehart will draw the pen and ink sketches.
The price of the book has not yet been determined,
but it is estimated at 5orless,Ifyouwanttoreservecopies,pleasesendanotetotheHistoricalSocietystatinghowmanycopiesyouwouldlike,Thiswillaidusindetermininghowmanycopestoprint.TheRhinehartshopetohavethecookbookcompletedbyOctoberorNovember,TherecipebookisafundraisingprojectoftheWebsterHistoricalSociety,Inc,JoeParkerRhinehart,whogrewupinWebster,andhiswifeFlorence,whocomesfromGeorgetown,Kentucky,nowliveandteachschoolinBethesda,Maryland,TheyhaveworkedwiththehistoricpreservationandrestorationofMurfreesboro,N.C.wheretheyarerestoringahome..MustachesAndOldClothesAttentionmen!Don′tforgettoforgettoshavetmmediatelyprecedingJuly41Andwomen!Digoutthoseo.˜−timeyclothesormakenewoldclothesfortheFounh!TheFourthofJulypromisestoholdbigexcitementforWebster,AbigIndependenceDaycelebrationisbeingplannedbytheHistroicalSociety,whichwillbeheldonthegroundsoftheWebsterSchoolJuly1,5,and6,Everymanattendingtheeventmustwearamustacheorbeard,Everywomanmustcomeinahistoriccostumefromthe19thcentury,Violatorsofthis"law"willbefined5 or be placed in a makeshift
"jail" on the school grounds, .
other harpenings at the July event will include
board splitt'ng lessons, booths of all sorts, sales of
cookies and cakes, old fashioned bonnets, a varied
display of mountain cr afts, and of course entertainment.
If you have suggestions for additional activities at
the Independence Day fest, contact Paul and Linda
Cowan, co-chairmen of the Special Events. and Projects
Comm ;:tee,
Webster, North Carolina
EDD DOUGLAS DAVIS
olie :Jirst Sheriff
of ~ackson County
Edd Doug Davis, known as Doog Davis, became in
1853 the first sheriff of Jackson County, With the
exce~ti.on of the period he lived, while sheriff, in
the Jail at Webster, he spent his adult life on his
large farm located between Webster and Cullowhee
Today this area is called Rolling Green, '
Sher iff ~Alvi s and his wife Nancy Allen, daughter
of Nathan Allen of Webster, were the parents of
seve~ sons and two daughters" Mro Davis, who died
at h~s home August 25, 1911, is buried in the family
P!ot m Webster Cemetery along with his sife, two of
his sons, Nathan A, and Joe W, and other members
of later generations of llivises,
The copy of the JACKSON COUNTY JOURNAL
from which the article is reprinted, and the tin-type
picture of Mr , ~Alvis reproduced here ar e are owned
by Cather ine ~Alvis of Big Ridge, Catherine is a
granddaughter of Sheriff Doug ~Alvis,
The following article was taken from THE JACKSON
COUNTY JOURNAL dated January 29 1906 - Webster
N,C, - Mr, E, D, ~Alvis ' '
AUTOBIOGRAPHY
The author of this article was born in Buncombe
County <now Transylvania) Sept, 4, 1827, My father
lived where the late George C, Neil lived to the time
of his death, on what was then known as Lamb's Cr rek
which was a tributary of Fr ench Broad river, It~
head waters were near where llividson's river has
its source, with which it ran parallel, but being much
smaller, It was then known as Ben llividson's river
but of late years the "Ben" has been dropped,
Ther e has been a postoffice at this place for more
than seventy years" Davidson's River postmaster,
Ben .lli vidson, was my great-grandfather.
When I attended school the course embraced
reading, writing, and arithmetic, My teachers were
Turn to page four , , , •
~ ·'We6ster 9s ~ackson County's Hometown"
April 1974
A fetter
:Jrom the President
Dear Friends,
"A journey of a thousand miles begins with one
step" and that step in compiling and collecting the
history of Jackson County has resulted in 5,000 copies
each of three newsletters of the Webster Historic
Society; nearly 300 members and 4,000inmembershipfunds;countlessinterviews;donationsofitemstotheMuseumforJacksonCounty′shistory,AbigthanksisdueMarilynJodyandAliceHarrill.MarilyninitiatedtheproposalforandreceivedagrantthroughWesternCarolinaUniversityfromtheAppalachianConsortiumtopublishthenewsletter,establishamuseumandarchives,andproduceaslide−soundnarrativeprogram.AliceHarrillundertheCommunityInternshipprogramatWesternCarolinaUniversityreceivedfullacademiccreditforthewinterquarteraseditoroftheHistoricWebsternewsletter.SheandMarilynarelargelyresponsibleforspreadingaverycontagiousdiseasecalledenthusiasm.Theyhavespenthundredsofhoursontheroad,onthetelephone,inthenewspaperlayouto!tices,gatheringmaterialandputtingmanyJacksonCountyresidentstowork.Thegrantisspent;theWebsterprojectisonitsown,Thecommitteescontinuegatheringoralhistory,givingprogramsforcivicclubsandschoolsandperpetuatingtheideathatNOWisthetimetosetdownthehistoryofJacksonCounty−andwherebetterthanWebster,whichisJacksonCounty′shometown.OnJulylOththeHistoricalSocietywillpayll3,500 to the Jackson County Board of Education
for the old Webster Elementary School because an
an idea whose time has come can't help but succeed.
The school will become the Jackson County Museum
of Living History. The fund-raising committee needs
your help with the Webster idea. If you know wher e
money is a·.11ilable - from individuals, corporations
foundations, etc. - tell us - we'll contact theU.:'
Many grants have already been applied for from foundations
and other sour ces such as the Bicentennial
Commission in N.C. and the America the Beautiful
Fund,
We are hopeful that the County budget for the
1974-75 fiscal year will include a generous donation
toward the effort to preserve Jackson County's History,
But for many of these potential grants we need
non-federal matching funds, '
Th.e next newsletter will be sent only to the membership
of the Webster Historical Society, If you
have not joined but are "infected by the contagious
~n?'usiasm" as the honorable Hamilton Hayes wrote,
JOm. no:v, Send 5,00andcontinuereceivingthispublication,ThensendagenerousdonationtowardthepurchaseoftheWebsterschool,wherewecanhousethehistoryofJacksonCountyandenhancethefutureofthismountainworldwecallhomeThankingyouinadvance′Cordially,BettyPriceBecomeaCharterMemberYoucanhelptomakeHistoricWebsterarealitybyjoiningtheWebsterHistoricalSocietybeforeJulyI,1974,andbecomingachartermember,Theclassesofmembershipandduesforeachareasfollows:Active<residentofWesternN.C.):5.00 yearly
Associate (outside Western N.C.): 5.00yearlyContributing:10.00 yearly
Supporting: 20,00yearlySustaining:30.00 yearly
Life: 100.00Allcontributionsareincometaxdeductible.Page2HISTORICWEBSTERApril1974TheTownofWebster:Then⋅AndNowForonehundreddollarsthetownsiteofwhatlaterbecameWebster,thecountyseatofJackson,wasboughtinApril,1853,The⋅indenturesweremadebythecountywithNathanAllenwholivedontheeighteenacretractdesired.Aboutfiveyearslater,anacttoincorporatethetownofWebsterwaspassedbytheGeneralAssembly,BelowisafacsimileofthisactasitappearsintheSessionLawsof1858−1859,SECTIONI.BeitenactedbytheGeneralAssemblyoftheStateofNorthCarolina,anditisherebyenactedbytheauthorityofthesame,thatthetownofWebsterinthecountyofJackson,beandthesameisherebyincorporatedbythenameandstyleofthe"TownofWebster,"andshallbesubjecttoalltheprovisionscontainedintheonehundredandeleventhchapteroftheRevisedCode,SEC.2,Beitfurtherenacted,thatthecorporatelimitsofsaidtownshallbeasfollows,viz:Beg−,inningatthemouthofLove′smillcreek,thenceupsaidcreektoLove′smill,thencenorthonehalfmiletoastake,thencewesttoTuckasegeeriver,thenceupthemeandersofsaidrivertothebeginningpoint.SEC.3.Beitfurtherenacted,thatthisactshallbeinforcefromandafteritsratification.(Ratifiedthe16thdayofFebruary,1859,)Fromtheoriginalsquaremilecorporatelimits,theboundaries,overtheyears,weresomewhatchanged.TheninMarch1913,theGeneralAssemblyadoptedanacttoamendthecorporatelimitsoftheTownofWebster.Itisasfollows:"SectionI.ThatsectiontwoofchaptersixofthePrivateLawsoftheExtraSessionof1908beandthesameisherebyrepealed,andthereshallbeinsertedinlieutherofthefollowing:"Beginningat⋅themouthofMingus′MillCreelatthesoutheastcornerofJamesDillard′sfarmandrunswithhisbeastlinetoJ.W.Lavis′eastline,thecornerofthecountyhomefarm;thencewiththecountyhomefarmandtheJ.W.Lavis′linetothebendoftheroadatasmallbranchnearthetownofWebsterandbetweenthetownofWebsterandthetownofSylva,thenceupsaidbranchtoabridgeontheSherrillandGribblelands;thencea⋅northwestcoursetotheforksoftheroadbelowTylerBuchanan′shousethencewiththewagonroadtoLUnFrizzellandLaurenceBuchanan′sroadtothepointoftheridgebelowLaurenceBuchanan′sbarn;thencetoF.H.Leatherwood′sbacklinetoA.W.Lavis′line′thencewithA.w.Lavis′backlinetotheTuckasegeeRiver;thenceupthesaidriverwithitsmeanderstothe⋅beginning."Section2.ThattheorderoftheBoardofCommissionersofthetownofWebster,madeandenteredatameetingheldinthetownofWebsterthe23rddayofMarch,1912,establishedtheaboveboundaryastothecorporatelimitsofthesaidtownofWebster,1tobeheld,andheldonthefirstSaturdayinMay,1912,withinsaidboundary,thetaxlevymadeinpursuanceofsaidelection,andallotheractsdoneandcommittedbythesaidBoardofCommissionersinpursuancethereof,beandthesameareherebydeclaredtobelegalandvalid."Section3.Thatthisactshallbeinforcefromandafteritsratification."aratifiedMarch5,1913.(ThisboundaryinformationhasbecomeavailablethroughresearcheffortsofJ.D.McRorie,)TheseboundariesarestillfollowedasWebster′scorporatelimits.TheHistoricWebsterbannerheadwasdesignedanddrawnbyKarenMoscowitz,asophomoreartstudentatWesternCarolinaUniversity.StudentsinProfessorRayMenze′stwo−dimensionaldrawingclassestookthenewsletterbannerheadas⋅aclassproject,usingasanemblemahousemarkerwithalittleboyonahorseatthewell,designedbyMrs,MarthaTaylorofLayton,Ohio.Mrs,Taylormadeasketchoftheboyatthewell,whichwascutoutofmetalbyherfatherandmountedonwood.AccordingtomanyWebsterresidents,thiswellverymuchresembledtheoneinthecenterofWebsterUsingMrs•.Taylor:shousemarkerasa.guide,•M1ssMoscow1tzdes1gnedthewinningbannerhead.MembersoftheHistoricalSocietyExecutiveCommitteechoseKaren′sworkoutofapproximately30entries.Karen,whocomesfromLeona,NewJerseyhasbeenawardedfivedollarsbytheHistoricalSoietyforherefforts.AfterthecountyseatwasremovedtoSylvain1913,Websterbecameaquietresidentialcommunitywithonlyaschool,apostoffice,twosmallgrocerystores,andtwochurches,Therewasnofunctioningmunicipalgovernment.⋅In1954,agroupofWebstercitizensrealizedthatthetown,withanactivemunicipalboard,couldprovidethetownspeoplewithwaterandotherfacilities.ThisgroupaskedstateSenatorLUvidHall,Jr.,thenresidinginWebster,tointroduceintothelegislatureabillreactivatingthetown′scharter.Thisbillwouldalsoprovidefortheappointmentofmunicipalofficialswhowouldserveuntiltheirsuccessorswereelectedandqualified.TheactwasdulyratifiedApril4,1955.(SessionLaws,Chapter423,1955).⋅ErnestPenland,Sr.wasappointedmayorofWebster,andJoeRhinehart,D,DougLavis,GoldmanMonteith,LewisCannon,andClaudeCowanwereappointedcommissioners.InMarch,1957,theActof1955wasamendedtoextendtheofficesofthemunicipalofficialsto1968.Theamendmentalsoprovidedforsuccessorstothoseofficialstobeelectedeverytwoyearsatthestate′sregularelectionperiod,(Chapter60,SessionLaws,1957).AtthedeathofErnestPenland,Sr.,DougLavisbecamemayorandMargiePenlandtookhisplaceAT0NALascommissioner.LavisservedasmayoruntilhewassucceededbyRoyBakerin1966.Becauseofachangeinthestate′selectionlaws,municipalelectionsarenowheldin"off−year"periods,Webster′smostrecentwasNovember,1973,AtthattimeRoyBakerwaschosenmayorandClaudeCowan,LouiseLavis,GoldmanMonteith,MargiePenland,andJoeRhinehart,commissioners.Allwereincumbents.IreneQueenremainedtownclerk,ThepopulationofthetownofWebsterwas166atthelastcount.Approximately104oftheseareeligibletovoteinmunicipalaffairs.NotaxesareleviedandnosalariesarepaidinWebster.Streetlightshavebeenprovidedforsomeyearsandthewatersystemhasrecentlybeenvastlyimproved.Theschool,throughconsolidation,hasbeenremovedandthestoresdisappearedseveralyearsago,Butthepostoffice,recentlymadethirdclass,hasremained.ItandtheMethodistandtheBaptistChurchesarethefocalpointsofcommunitylife,However,inthepastfewmonths,athirdlocaleforinterestinWebsterandbeyondhasmaterialized.TheemptyWebsterElementarySchoolbuildinghasbecometheheadquarters(permanently,aspireitsfounders)oftheWebsterHistoricalSociety,Inc.Thereonoccasion,things−reatJy⋅f0RES⋅..,•.ss•lPostmasterFor34YearsEUGENIAMOOREALLISONbyEsabelAllisonCarltonWhenIwaseightyearsoldandmymotherwasthirty−five,therewasagreatdealofdiscussionatourhousebetweenmymother<Mrs,EugeniaMooreAllison)andmygrandfather,UlnielKillianMoore,abouttheupcomingcivilserviceexaminationinWaynesville,aprerequisiteforthoseaspiringtosecurethe.appointmentaspostmasteratWebster,N,C,Theydec1dedthatsheshouldconferwithmyUncleAndy(AndrewBascombAllison)regardingthismatter.Soasusual,IwastrailingalongwithherwhenshwalkeddowntotheAndyAllisonhome(presentlyownedbytheJ.W.Simpsons)wherethematterwasthoroughlydiscussedandagreedupon,andIpromisedtohelpherifshegottheappointment.MotherwentbybuggytoSylvaandfromtherebytraintoWaynesvillewhereshevisitedinthehomeofcousinMamieGreenwood,sisterofcousinWalterE,Mooreandthewifeofamedicaldoctor,Motherstayedtherewhileshewastotaketheexamination.MygrandfatherkeptRuth,Ulnandme,andgreatwasourdisappointmentwhencousinMamiecalledtoWalterMoorehome(whichhadtheonlytelephoneinWebsteratthattime)tosaythatduetoanextensivebuggyridesightseeingintheWaynesvillearea,mymotherhadmissedthetrainandwouldbethereanextranight.ThiswasherlongesttimeawayfromherlittlebroodsincemyfatherdiedwhenIwassixmonthsold,Anyway,therewasgreatrejoicingwhenshereturnedhomeandevenmoresowhenweheardthatshehadpassedtheexaminationwiththehighestgrade,outdoingmeninthegroup,Hertimeinschool(includingAshevilleFemaleCollegewhileshelivedinthehomeofherbrother,JudgeFredMoore)plushernaturalabilityhadpaidoffandshestartedmakingaliving(1.00 a day to begin with) for her little family,
During the thirty-four years that mother was postmaster
the Post Office was in three locations: first,
in a little building where Mr. Baker's shop and apartment
are now located; next in the old Masonic build·
ing between our place and the home of Mrs, Nancy
Ensley Potts; then back to the Baker Upholstery Shop
location; and last to the little building in the corner
of her yard across the lane from the Monteith home.
Because of the necessity of having the office convieniently
close to our home, the location changed as we
moved, The family moved from our old home (built
by Dr. C.Z. Candler's father at about the time of
the civil war) to Uncle Andy's house , then to the
Aunt Hicks Wilson house <now owned by the Potts)
later to the old jail <Mrs, Margie Penland's place)
which was the principal's home when my sister ,
Mrs. Ruth Allison Morris, was principal of Webster
High School, and finally to mother 's new home, built
after the old Candler house was torn down , on the
same lot which she had owned since my father's
dea.th,
When my mother was postmaster she loved her
work (though it did get aggravating at times she said)
and it enable her to make a living in her own yard
for the most part. She could keep an eye on Ruth,
Uln and me as we grew up, and grandpa too when
he was sick, while she looked after the post office
which was the social, as well as news center for the
community. Sometimes when we all gathered to watch
little Oscar Coward buck dance in the post office
vestibule things would get too noisy and we would
all be sent outside so my mother could do her work,
She wrote and read letters and orders for a few of
the patrons who could neither r ead nor write, and in
emergencies would open up the post offic e at night
and on holidays to better ser ve the community, Service,
honesty, integrity and independence wer e virtues of
great value to her, as they had been to her Godfearing
pioneering ancestors,
During the thirty-four years that my mother
was postmaster she was assisted to some extent
by the following : George Self, grandpa Moor e, my
sister Ruth, Mrs, Margie Penland, Mrs, Evelyn McKee,
Mr. Dan Cowan. When I became old enough I was
officially made assistant, or r eplacement, so I could
substitute occasionally when she was sick or away,
Dear to all of our hearts was the mail carrier, Arthur
Allman, who was always kind, cheerful, accomodating
and generous with rides to and fr om Sylva in his
truck for all of us.
HISTORIC WEJ~STER April 1974 Page 3
The Webster "Mail Box"
Some people have called the Webster Post Office
the "Mail Box" and frequently someone laughingly
remarks that it is surely the smallest post office
in the United States, They seem disappointed when we
tell them there are other smaller. We enjoy our
rather unique building, However, the size of the
building does not designate the size of the Post Office
housed therein.
The Webster Post Office is the oldest office in Jackson
County, It was established as Scott's Creek
(Haywood County) April 5, 1828. Jackson County
had not been established at that time, The Haywood
County and Macon County line was at that time the
Tuckaseigee River at Webster, The first postmaster
was Ulniel Brisson, appointed April 5, 1828, He
was succeeded by Samuel B, -Bragg December 17,
1828, The office was later discontinued for a brief
time and reestablished May 24, 1832 as Scott's Creek.
At that time William Thomas was installed as
postmaster serving till January 27, 1843, Thomas
was succeded by Allan Fisher.
When Mr. Fisher took the office he had a store
in Lovesfield, said to have been located near the
intersection of what is now highway 107 and ll6,
Presumable the post office was operated in his store,
The name of the post office was changed to Webster
on November 28, 1857 while Mr, Fisher was still
postmaster, He ser ved the office for 22 years which
was the longest time any postmaster served until
Mr s, Eugenia M. Allison was the postmaster in later
years. The second court held in Jackson County
was held also in this store. A great-grandson of his,
Mr. Allen Bergin Fisher, Sr .. , now lives in Addie
Community, Route I, Sylva, N, C.
On September 21, 1865 a Mr. George w. Stake
became postmaster and served until April 15, 1873,
Postmaster Cannon was the father of the late Lewis
Cannon of Webster . He was the grandfather of James
~ann?n of Cannon Brothers Gas and Oil Company
m Dillsboro and other descendents of Dillsboro and
the state of Washington,
Succeeding Mr, Cannon was Martin H. Lovelady
who ser ved thre
Numerous algorithms have been developed to retrieve chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentrations (mg m−3) from Earth observation (EO) data collected over optically complex waters. Retrieval accuracy is highly variable and often unsatisfactory where Chla co-occurs with other optically active constituents. Furthermore, the applicability and limitations of retrieval algorithms across different optical complex systems in space and time are often not considered. In the first instance, this paper provides an extensive performance assessment for 48 Chla retrieval algorithms of varying architectural design. The algorithms are tested in their original parametrisations and are then retuned using in-situ remote sensing reflectance (Rrs(λ), sr−1) data (n = 2807) collected from 185 global inland and coastal aquatic systems encompassing 13 different optical water types (OWTs). The paper then demonstrates retrieval performance across the full dataset of observations and within individual OWTs to determine the most effective model(s) of those tested for retrieving Chla in waters with varying optical properties. The results revealed significant variability in retrieval performance when comparing model outputs to in-situ measured Chla for the full in-situ dataset in its entirety and within the 13 distinct OWTs. Importantly, retuning an algorithm to optimise its parameterisation for each individual OWT (i.e. one algorithm, multiple parameterisations) is found to improve the retrieval of Chla overall compared to simply calibrating the same algorithm using the complete in-situ dataset (i.e. one algorithm, one parameterisation). This resulted in a 25% improvement in retrieval accuracy based on relative percentage difference errors for the best performing Chla algorithm. Improved performance is further achieved by allowing model type and specific parameterisation to vary across OWTs (i.e. multiple algorithms, multiple parameterisations). This adaptive framework for the dynamic selection of in-water algorithms is shown to provide overall improvement in Chla retrieval across a continuum of bio-geo-optical conditions. The final dynamic ensemble algorithm produces estimates of (log10-transformed) Chla with a correlation coefficient of 0.89 and a mean absolute error of 0.18 mg m−3. The OWT framework presented in this study demonstrates a unified approach by bringing together an ensemble of algorithms for the monitoring of inland waters at a global scale from space
The publication of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA, 2005) has generated widespread scientific debate regarding the importance of linkages between ecosystems and human well-being. An ecosystem services approach has presented many challenges during its early stages of development; fundamentally the ability to classify and value an ecosystem and its services. By its complex nature, ecosystem service research requires an interdisciplinary approach.The thesis focuses on the role of geomorphology as a means to providing a framework for delivering ecosystem services in lowland rivers. The framework introduces a reach-scale analysis of how geomorphological functions (GF) help provide a platform for bio-physical interactions that deliver multiple ecosystem services in lowland rivers. The analysis will assess the influence of geomorphological functions (GF) in providing ecosystem services.Understanding the links between „ecosystem services? and the functioning of ecosystems to human welfare is critical for a wide range of decision-making contexts (Fisher et al., 2008). River restoration provides a useful and practical technique for placing monetary costs to the functions that characterise geomorphologically diverse rivers, whilst allowing for a spatial understanding on how physical characteristics impact the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. Case studies help reveal other direct and indirect benefits associated with riverine environments
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