1,066 research outputs found
Annotated bibliography addressing the international pedigrees and flows of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: Information document submitted by the System-wide Genetic Resources Programme of the CGIAR to the Eighth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 8) and the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on Access and Benefit-sharing
No full textThis bibliography was developed by Christine Frison, consultant, and Michael Halewood of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). IPGRI thanks the following individuals for their contributions: Cary Fowler, Jane Toll, Jan Engels, Toby Hodgkin, Samy Gaiji, Coosje Hoogendoorn, Robert Lewis-Lettington, Olivier Hanotte, Adam Drucker, Workneh Ayalew, Jean Hanson, Ruaraidh Sackville Hamilton, Mike Jackson, Graham McLaren, Melinda Smale, Reem Hajjar, Hari D. Upadhyaya, C.L.L. Gowda, Douglas Gollin, Thomas Carter, Ricardo Cardellino, Kent Nnadozie, Clive Stannard, Irene Hoffman, Sirkka Immonen, Jonathan Robinson, Roland von Bothmer, Kameswara Rao, Shawn Sullivan, Masa Iwanaga and Ilse Kohler-Rollefson. For more information about this bibliography and or suggestions for additional entries, contact Michael Halewood, Policy Research and Support Unit, IPGRI, at mailto:[email protected]
Application and development of fieldbus : executive summary
No full textConfusion over fieldbus technology by manufacturers and customers alike is due to a number of
factors. The goal of a single global fieldbus standard, the subsequent development of European
standards, the recognition of a number of emerging de facto standards and the continued
international standardisation of fieldbus technology is still perplexing potential fieldbus users. The
initial low supply and demand for suitable devices and compatible controller interfaces, the high
cost of control systems and inertia caused by resistance to change have all contributed to the slow
adoption of fieldbus technology by industry. The variable quality of fieldbus documentation has not
assisted the acceptance of this new technology.
An overview of industrial control systems, fieldbus technology, present and future trends is given.
The quantifiable benefits of fieldbus are identified in the assessment of fieldbus applications and
guidance on the appropriate criteria for the evaluation and selection of fieldbus are presented. End
users can use this and network planning to establish the viability, suitability and benefits of various
control system architectures and configurations prior to implementation.
The enhancements to a network configuration tool are shown to aid control system programming
and the provision of comprehensive diagnostics. A guide to fieldbus documentation enables
manufacturers to produce clear, consistent fieldbus documentation. The safety-related features for
a machine safety fieldbus are also determined for an existing network technology.
Demonstrators have been produced to show the novel use of fieldbus technology in different areas.
Transitory connections are utilised to reduce complexity and increase functionality. A machine
safety fieldbus is evaluated in the first installation of a fully networked control application.
Interoperability of devices from many different manufacturers and the benefits of fieldbus are
proven.
Experience gained during the membership of the British Standards Institution AMT/7 Committee
identified the impact of standards and legislation on fieldbus implementation and highlighted the
flawed use of standards to promote fieldbus technology. The Committee prepared a Guide to the
evaluation of fieldbus specifications, a forthcoming publication by the BSI.
The Projects presented have increased and developed the appropriate use of fieldbus technology
through novel application, technical enhancement, demonstration and knowledge dissemination
Regulating Patent Holders: Local Working Requirements and Compulsory Licences at International Law
No full textFor decades, industry lobbyists and governments have been mounting pressure on other countries to offer stronger protection for foreign owned intellectual property. This paper seeks to sow dissent among those who feel that the NAFTA and TRIPS agreements represent the triumph of strong intellectual property rights over domestic policy-making alternatives. Focusing on patent law, in particular, this article argues that there are a wide range of policy options open to patent granting countries which both circumscribe patent holder\u27s rights and comply with TRIPS and NAFTA. More specifically, the author argues that TRIPS and NAFTA signatories continue to enjoy relatively broad discretion to legislate compulsory licensing and mandatory local working conditions
The Role of the Lateral Soft Tissues in Controlling Anterior Translation And Internal Rotation of the Tibia, And An Investigation of Lateral Reconstructions Accompanying ACL Reconstruction
No full textIntroduction: There is considerable current interest in the role of the lateral soft tissue structures in the context of ACL deficiency (ACLD). Of course the topic is not new but a re-visitation, although with improved experimental techniques available. It was clear that there was a rush to create surgical techniques based on the ‘Anterolateral Ligament’ (ALL) but without investigative ‘due-diligence’ and without consideration that other structures may be important, or more important. Objectives: To study the anatomy and biomechanics of the lateral soft tissues relevant to the ACL and ACL reconstruction techniques investigating isometricity, structures’ contributions to resistance of anterior tibial translation (ATT), internal rotation (IR), and pivot shift (PS). Also we studied the impact of various reconstructions on restoration of kinematics and potential over-constraint and effects on articular surface compression load. Methods: Several studies were undertaken. In all healthy fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were used. Descriptive anatomy was described. Length changes of suture fixed at structure and reconstruction attachment points on the tibia and femur were measured with linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs). To investigate structures’ contribution to resist translation and torque a 6-degrees of freedom robot with a universal force-moment sensor was used in a classic ‘cutting study’. The robot replayed the same movement with sequential sectioning of structures recording the decrease in force / torque needed to reach the same movement limit. In this way the structure’s resistance to motion as a percentage of the total could be calculated. In other studies knees were mounted in a test rig where knee kinematics were recorded from 0° to 100° of flexion by use of an optical tracking system. Joint surface compression was measured with Tekscan pressure-sensitive film. Results: The Anterolateral Ligament exists attaching to the tibia mid-way between the LCL attachment to the fibula and Gerdy’s tubercle, and the femur proximal and posterior to the femoral LCL attachment1. However the most isometric structure is the ITB2 from Gerdy’s tubercle to its attachments to the distal lateral femur. The ACL is the primary restraint to resist ATT, but is only the primary restraint to IR / PS close to extension. The ITB, with its attachments to the lateral distal femur, is the most important restraint at all other angles, whilst the ALL / capsule contribute very little restraint to ATT / IR / PS at any angle3. ITB-based tenodeses taken deep to the LCL, irrespective of femoral attachment points, are more isometric1 and restore kinematics more closely to normal compared to an ALL reconstruction. Fixation of the tenodeses with the knee with 0° tibial rotation, and tension of 20 N resulted in no change in tibio-femoral / patello-femoral contact pressures. Fixation with significant external rotation or excess tension (40 N) did increase contact pressures and lead to over-constraint. Conclusion: Despite recent interest the ALL is not as important to the ITB with its femoral attachments in controlling IR / PS. ITB-based tenodeses taken deep to the LCL perform well unless over-tensioned or fixed with tibial ER in the lab. 1 The Anterolateral Ligament: Anatomy, length changes and association with the Segond fracture A. L. Dodds, C. Halewood, C. M. Gupte, A. Williams, and A. A. Amis. Bone Joint J 2014 96-B: 325-331 2 Length change patterns of the lateral extra-articular structures of the knee and related reconstructions. C.Kittl, C Halewood, J Stephen, Gupte C, A Weiler, A. Williams, A.A. Amis. AJSM 2015; 43(2): 354-62 3 The role of the anterolateral structures and the ACL in controlling laxity of the intact and ACL-deficient knee. C Kittl, H El-Daou, KK Athwal, CM Gupte, A Weiler, A Williams, AA Amis. AJSM 2016; 44: 345-354 </jats:sec
The Role of the Lateral Soft Tissues in Controlling Anterior Translation And Internal Rotation of the Tibia, and An Investigation of Lateral Reconstructions Accompanying ACL Reconstruction
No full textIntroduction: There is considerable current interest in the role of the lateral soft tissue structures in the context of ACL deficiency (ACLD). Of course the topic is not new but a re-visitation, although with improved experimental techniques available. It was clear that there was a rush to create surgical techniques based on the ‘Anterolateral Ligament’ (ALL) but without investigative ‘due-diligence’ and without consideration that other structures may be important, or more important. Objectives: To study the anatomy and biomechanics of the lateral soft tissues relevant to the ACL and ACL reconstruction techniques investigating isometricity, structures’ contributions to resistance of anterior tibial translation (ATT), internal rotation (IR), and pivot shift (PS). Also we studied the impact of various reconstructions on restoration of kinematics and potential over-constraint and effects on articular surface compression load. Methods: Several studies were undertaken. In all healthy fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were used. Descriptive anatomy was described. Length changes of suture fixed at structure and reconstruction attachment points on the tibia and femur were measured with linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs). To investigate structures’ contribution to resist translation and torque a 6-degrees of freedom robot with a universal force-moment sensor was used in a classic ‘cutting study’. The robot replayed the same movement with sequential sectioning of structures recording the decrease in force / torque needed to reach the same movement limit. In this way the structure’s resistance to motion as a percentage of the total could be calculated. In other studies knees were mounted in a test rig where knee kinematics were recorded from 0° to 100° of flexion by use of an optical tracking system. Joint surface compression was measured with Tekscan pressure-sensitive film. Results: The Anterolateral Ligament exists attaching to the tibia mid-way between the LCL attachment to the fibula and Gerdy’s tubercle, and the femur proximal and posterior to the femoral LCL attachment1. However the most isometric structure is the ITB2 from Gerdy’s tubercle to its attachments to the distal lateral femur. The ACL is the primary restraint to resist ATT, but is only the primary restraint to IR / PS close to extension. The ITB, with its attachments to the lateral distal femur, is the most important restraint at all other angles, whilst the ALL / capsule contribute very little restraint to ATT / IR / PS at any angle3. ITB-based tenodeses taken deep to the LCL, irrespective of femoral attachment points, are more isometric1 and restore kinematics more closely to normal compared to an ALL reconstruction. Fixation of the tenodeses with the knee with 0° tibial rotation, and tension of 20 N resulted in no change in tibio-femoral / patello-femoral contact pressures. Fixation with significant external rotation or excess tension (40 N) did increase contact pressures and lead to over-constraint. Conclusion: Despite recent interest the ALL is not as important to the ITB with its femoral attachments in controlling IR / PS. ITB-based tenodeses taken deep to the LCL perform well unless over-tensioned or fixed with tibial ER in the lab. The Anterolateral Ligament: Anatomy, length changes and association with the Segond fracture A. L. Dodds, C. Halewood, C. M. Gupte, A. Williams, and A. A. Amis. Bone Joint J 2014 96-B: 325-331 Length change patterns of the lateral extra-articular structures of the knee and related reconstructions. C.Kittl, C Halewood, J Stephen, Gupte C, A Weiler, A. Williams, A.A. Amis. AJSM 2015; 43(2): 354-62 The role of the anterolateral structures and the ACL in controlling laxity of the intact and ACL-deficient knee. C Kittl, H El-Daou, KK Athwal, CM Gupte, A Weiler, A Williams, AA Amis. AJSM 2016; 44: 345-354 </jats:sec
Protecting neutrality at sea in a global age, 1815-1914
No full textWhen it comes to maritime warfare, the ‘long’ nineteenth century had a distinct character. Bookended by the global Napoleonic wars that concluded in 1815 and the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, this century witnessed exceptional levels of global change, not least in the expansion of industrial empires and the extensive use of the world’s seas and oceans as highways of commerce, migration, investment and ideas. Historians estimate that more than 100 million people migrated across the planet between 1815 and 1914. 1 Many did so by moving across the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The invention and development of steamships sped up the movement of these peoples as much as it mobilized the sinews of global industrial capitalism. The laying of trans-oceanic telegraph cables, which by the turn of the century traversed the planet, also globalized communications. The nineteenth century, then, was an age in which the seas played a pivotal role. Perhaps surprisingly, it was also a century in which not a lot of formal naval warfare occurred. Rather, the relationship between the naval powers and the seas seemed to be less about asserting military dominance over the world’s salty waters (even if in practice and by dint of its sheer size, the British Royal Navy dwarfed all others and did just that)2 and more about opening up the highways of trade and exchange that crossed on and under the open seas
Clinically relevant biomechanics of the knee capsule and ligaments
No full textThe paper describes the concepts of primary and secondary restraints to knee joint stability and explains systematically how the tibia is stabilised against translational forces and rotational torques in different directions and axes, and how those vary across the arc of flexion–extension. It also shows how the menisci act to stabilise the knee, in addition to load carrying across the joint. It compares the properties of the natural stabilising structures with the strength and stiffness of autogenous tissue grafts and relates those strengths to the strength of graft fixation devices. A good understanding of the biomechanical behaviour of these various structures in the knee will help the surgeon in the assessment and treatment of single and multi-ligament injuries
Dreaming of drams: Authenticity in Scottish whisky tourism as an expression of unresolved Habermasian rationalities
No full textIn this paper, the production of whisky tourism at both independently owned and corporately owned distilleries in Scotland is explored by focusing on four examples (Arran, Glengoyne, Glenturret and Bruichladdich). In particular, claims of authenticity and Scottishness of Scottish whiskies through commercial materials, case studies, website-forum discussions and 'independent' writing about such whisky are analysed. It is argued that the globalisation and commodification of whisky and whisky tourism, and the communicative backlash to these trends typified by the search for authenticity, is representative of a Habermasian struggle between two irreconcilable rationalities. This paper will demonstrate that the meaning and purpose of leisure can be understood through such explorations of the tension between the instrumentality of commodification and the freedom of individuals to locate their own leisure lives in the lifeworld that remains. © 2011 Taylor & Francis
Union Effects On Managerial and Employee Perceptions of Employee Relations in Britain
No full textThis paper uses matched employer-employee data from the 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS98) to estimate influences on managerial and employee perceptions of the employee relations climate. Both the strength and direction of union effects differ according to the nature of the union and employer responses to it. Employee and employer perceptions of climate differ according to the strength of the union, bargaining arrangements adopted, and managerial attitudes to union membership. Employees' perceptions of climate are also strongly associated with employees' perceptions of union effectiveness.Trades unions, industrial relations climate, employee relations, matched employer-employee data
Different carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules proxy compounds select distinct bacterioplankton for oxidation of dissolved organic matter in the mesopelagic Sargasso Sea
No full text© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Liu, S., Parsons, R., Opalk, K., Baetge, N., Giovannoni, S., Bolanos, L. M., Kujawinski, E. B., Longnecker, K., Lu, Y., Halewood, E., & Carlson, C. A. Different carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules proxy compounds select distinct bacterioplankton for oxidation of dissolved organic matter in the mesopelagic Sargasso Sea. Limnology and Oceanography, (2020), doi:10.1002/lno.11405.Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) varies in its recalcitrance to rapid microbial degradation. DOM of varying recalcitrance can be exported from the ocean surface to depth by subduction or convective mixing and oxidized over months to decades in deeper seawater. Carboxyl‐rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM) are characterized as a major component of recalcitrant DOM throughout the oceanic water column. The oxidation of CRAM‐like compounds may depend on specific bacterioplankton lineages with oxidative enzymes capable of catabolizing complex molecular structures like long‐chain aliphatics, cyclic alkanes, and carboxylic acids. To investigate the interaction between bacteria and CRAM‐like compounds, we conducted microbial remineralization experiments using several compounds rich in carboxyl groups and/or alicyclic rings, including deoxycholate, humic acid, lignin, and benzoic acid, as proxies for CRAM. Mesopelagic seawater (200 m) from the northwest Sargasso Sea was used as media and inoculum and incubated over 28 d. All amendments demonstrated significant DOC removal (2–11 μmol C L−1) compared to controls. Bacterioplankton abundance increased significantly in the deoxycholate and benzoic acid treatments relative to controls, with fast‐growing Spongiibacteracea, Euryarcheaota, and slow‐growing SAR11 enriched in the deoxycholate treatment and fast‐growing Alteromonas, Euryarcheaota, and Thaumarcheaota enriched in the benzoic acid treatment. In contrast, bacterioplankton grew slower in the lignin and humic acid treatments, with oligotrophic SAR202 becoming significantly enriched in the lignin treatment. Our results indicate that the character of the CRAM proxy compounds resulted in distinct bacterioplankton removal rates of DOM and affected specific lineages of bacterioplankton capable of responding.We thank Z. Landry for the inspiring idea of SAR202 catabolism of CRAM. We thank the University of California, Santa Barbara Marine Science Institute Analytical Laboratory for analyzing inorganic nutrient samples. We thank C. Johnson for her help in FISH sample processing and BATS group in supporting our project. We thank N. K. Rubin‐Saika and R. Padula for their help with amino acid sample preparation. We thank Z. Liu, J. Xue, K. Lu, and Y. Shen for their help with amino acid protocol development and validation. We thank B. Stephens for his help on microscopic image analysis. We thank M. Dasenko and the staff of the CGRB at Oregon State University for amplicon library preparation and DNA sequencing. We are grateful for the help provided by the officers and crews of the R/V Atlantic Explorer. Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) provides us tremendous support in terms of facilities and lab space. We thank Bermuda government for its allowance of our water sampling and sample export (export permit number SP160904, issued 07 October 2016 under the Fisheries Act, 1972). This project was supported by Simons Foundation International's BIOS‐SCOPE program
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