4,316 research outputs found
Sertularella tronconica Galea 2016
No full textSertularella tronconica Galea, 2016 Figs 10F, 14 C–E Sertularella tronconica Galea, 2016: 38, figs 9Q–T, 10D. Material examined PACIFIC OCEAN • a 1.8 cm high colony with two (likely male) gonothecae, with almost only the perisarc left; off New Caledonia, stn CP4687; 22°29′ S, 167°30′ E; 256–268 m; 14 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK-2015-419 • a 1.7 cm high colony bearing an immature female gonotheca; off New Caledonia, stn DW4743; 22°52′ S, 167°34′ E; 380- 340 m; 23 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN- IK-2015-426 • a 1.5 cm high colony with two female gonothecae; off New Caledonia, stn DW4744; 22°55′ S, 167°37′ E; 310– 290 m; 23 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg., MHNG-INVE- 120848 • a 1.5 cm high colony bearing one male gonotheca; off New Caledonia, stn DW4678; 22°51′ S, 167°34′ E; 308– 303 m; 13 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK-2015-464. Remarks In material MNHN-IK-2015-426, the perisarc of the colony may be wavy to wrinkled in places, and the corrugations of the hydrothecae are more conspicuous, encompassing also their abaxial wall. The hydrothecae in sample MNHN-IK-2015-419 display seven internal projections of the perisarc: four latero-adaxial, of which the two adaxial-most are the most prominent, one large abaxial, and two smaller latero-abaxial (Fig. 14D). Its gonothecae are believed to be male, owing their shape and size (ca 1680 µm long and 505 µm wide, only one measured), compared to those from the holotype (see Galea 2016); they are given off laterally from the middle of the internode on side opposite to hydrotheca but, soon after, they are shifted on to the anterior/posterior side of the colony; club-shaped, with slightly undulated walls, aperture distal, rounded, small (ca 100 µm wide), borne on rather short and narrow neck region. Distribution New Caledonia, Norfolk Ridge (Galea 2016).Published as part of Galea, Horia R. & Schuchert, Peter, 2019, Some thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from off New Caledonia collected during KANACONO and KANADEEP expeditions of the French Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos Program, pp. 1-70 in European Journal of Taxonomy 562 on page 41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.562, http://zenodo.org/record/347430
Halecium fjordlandicum Galea 2007
No full textHalecium fjordlandicum Galea, 2007 (pl. 3 C, fig. 3 A–F) Halecium fjordlandicum Galea, 2007: 56, fig. 13 A–D, pl. 2 C–I. Material examined. Stn. CMZ — 13.vii. 2010, S01 (40 m): several stems, up to 4.3 cm high, on worm tube, most of them bearing male gonothecae (MHNG-INVE- 79615); S0 2 (20 m): several stems and fragments, up to 4.0 cm high, epizoic on gorgonian, most of them bearing female gonothecae (MHNG-INVE- 79613); 18.vii. 2010, S06 (30–50 m): several male and female stems on a fragment of dead gorgonian (MHNG-INVE- 79614). Stn. YBU — 20.vi. 2010, S04 (20 m): several stems, up to 4.5 cm high, on dead gorgonian, richly bearing female gonothecae; S06 (20 m): several stems, up to ca. 7 cm high, richly bearing female gonothecae, epizoic on dead gorgonian (MHNG-INVE- 79612); 12.vii. 2010, S04 (45 m): two sterile, badly-preserved, 5 cm high stems, with no coenosarc left; 26.iv. 2011, S03 (20 m): four stems, 5.5–8.2 cm high, all bearing male gonothecae; S08 (20 m): a small (0.7 cm high), sterile colony epizoic on stem of unidentifiable hydroid. Remarks. The largest colonies are polysiphonic. Stems are occasionally and rather irregularly branched, with up to 3 rd order branching. Cladia exhibit a tendency to a pinnate arrangement (pl. 3 C). The present material is mostly fertile and allows both male and female gonothecae to be described. Individual stems are monoecious. In sample S06 from Stn. CMZ, male and female stems co-occur on the same fragment of dead gorgonian, but the latter is heavily overgrown by additional epizoic fauna, making it impossible to ascertain whether the colonies of both sexes arise from the same stolon. Gonothecae of both sexes are given off from below the first hydrophores, more rarely from the secondary ones. Male gonothecae are club-shaped and borne on short, annular pedicels; they are 1060–1315 µm long and 200–230 µm wide in middle region; lumen of gonotheca is almost completely filled with developing mass of spermatocytes. Female gonothecae are kidney-shaped, 1165–1280 µm long, 410–450 µm wide in middle region, slightly compressed laterally, "dorsal" side broadly rounded, "frontal" side provided with twin hydrothecae in middle region, from which spring two normally-developed hydranths. Below the level of twin hydrothecae, the gonotheca is conical and tapers gradually, ending in a short, annular pedicel; above, the gonotheca is narrower frontally but significantly widens dorsally, as seen in fig. 3 C. Twin hydrothecae face upwards and resemble the number 8 when seen from above; there is no transverse wall separating thecal pairs except for a rather prominent, frontal perisarcal carina, which plunges for some distance into the lumen of gonotheca (fig. 3 D). These hydrothecae are 20–25 µm deep and 120–130 µm wide at aperture (measurements taken in lateral view). There are 5– 8 eggs per gonotheca, occurring in a chain following the curve of the gonothecal wall; eggs are spherical and 220–230 µm in diameter. The whole mass of eggs is surrounded by a sac-shaped, thin membrane. This membrane is especially apparent in spent gonothecae, in which the imprint of the chain of eggs is retained. Extremities of this membrane are fixed following a line of desmocytes to the anterior and posterior walls of the bipartite hydrotheca. Distribution in Chile. Present knowledge indicates that the species is probably endemic to the Northen Patagonian zone, and occurs from the Reloncaví Sound (present study) to Magdalena Island (Galea et al. 2009). PLATE 3. A, B: Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904 —colonies in situ. C: Halecium fjordlandicum Galea, 2007 —typical shape of a colony. D: Sertularella antarctica Hartlaub, 1901 —four stems showing their characteristic mode of branching. E: Sertularella curvitheca sp. nov. —colony in situ. F: Sertularella ? implexa (Allman, 1888) —two colonies. Scale bars: 1 cm (C, D, F).Published as part of Galea, Horia R. & Schories, Dirk, 2012, Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from Central Chile and the Strait of Magellan, pp. 19-67 in Zootaxa 3296 on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28088
Hincksella neocaledonica Galea 2015, sp. nov.
No full textHincksella neocaledonica sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 69FDB75D-8E59-4CFB-9387-35B0C1B1D65F Fig. 5 E–F; Table 3 Diagnosis Stems simple, monosiphonic, divided into rather long internodes, each bearing a hydrotheca; the latter alternate, long, tubular, facing out- and upward; rim often renovated; surface of hydrotheca densely and finely striated. Etymology Named for its area of occurrence, New Caledonia. Material examined Holotype NEW CALEDONIA: campaign Biocal, station DW46, 22°53’ S, 167°17’ E, 570–610 m, 30 Aug. 1985; 2.5 cm high, infertile stem devoid of hydrorhiza (IK-2012-10299). Description The 2.5 cm high stem fragment is devoid of its hydrorhiza and seems to have been broken off just above its origin from it. Monosiphonic throughout and unbranched; very basal part (ca. 2.5 mm long) ahydrothecate; remainder of stem divided into 21 moderately long, slender and geniculate internodes, by means of transverse nodes; perisarc of internodes smooth; a distally-placed hydrotheca per internode. Hydrothecae alternate, tubular, adnate for one-third of adcauline length, facing up- and outward, and oriented at an angle of c. 45° with internode; free adcauline wall nearly straight to imperceptibly convex; abcauline wall convex at inflexion point, then straight and parallel to its free adcauline counterpart; perisarc of hydrotheca finely and densely striated throughout; rim often renovated; aperture circular, perpendicular to long axis of hydrotheca. Gonotheca unknown. Large, parallel-walled macrobasic heteronemes (none seen discharged), with either straight or slightly curved axes and rounded ends, common in coenosarc. Remarks The alternate, long, tubular, non-operculate hydrothecae and the large nematocysts scattered in the coenosarc place this species, with little doubt, in the genus Hincksella Billard, 1918. It superficially resembles H. pusilla (Ritchie, 1910) (see Galea & Ferry 2015 for taxonomical considerations) through the shape of its internodes and hydrothecae. However, Ritchie’s species is comparatively smaller (Galea 2010: table 3) and the perisarc of its hydrothecae is smooth throughout.Published as part of Galea, Horia R., 2015, Two new genera and nine new species of hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from off New Caledonia, pp. 1-19 in European Journal of Taxonomy 135 on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.135, http://zenodo.org/record/378528
Towards a better understanding of the genus Sciurella Allman, 1883 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Plumulariidae): evidence from an integrative study
No full textFIGURE 12. Distribution of the stem nematothecae in Sciurella cylindrica (Kirchenpauer, 1876). A, B. Two portions of a stem, each showing a few successive internodes and their nematothecae. C–F. Close-ups of four cladial apophyses seen laterally, showing variation in the number of their associated nematothecae. All from sample MHNG-INVE-0137407. Scale bars: C–F = 200 µm; A, B = 500 µm.Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide & Di Camillo, Cristina G., 2021, Towards a better understanding of the genus Sciurella Allman, 1883 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Plumulariidae): evidence from an integrative study, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5040 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/553088
Halecium fjordlandicum Galea 2007
No full text<i>Halecium fjordlandicum</i> Galea, 2007 <p> Distribution in South America: polyp—Pacific Ocean, Chile, from 41.65°S to 43.38°S (Galea 2007 p. 56–58; Galea <i>et al.</i> 2009a p. 331, 2009b p. 2, 4; Galea & Schories 2012a p. 33).</p> <p> Habitat: polyp—from 15 to 50m depth, on worm tubes and gorgonians (Galea 2007 p. 56–58; Galea <i>et al.</i> 2009a p. 331; Galea & Schories 2012a p. 33).</p>Published as part of <i>OLIVEIRA, OTTO M. P., MIRANDA, THAÍS P., ARAUJO, ENILMA M., AYÓN, PATRICIA, CEDEÑO-POSSO, CRISTINA M., CEPEDA-MERCADO, AMANCAY A., CÓRDOVA, PABLO, CUNHA, AMANDA F., GENZANO, GABRIEL N., HADDAD, MARIA ANGÉLICA, MIANZAN, HERMES W., MIGOTTO, ALVARO E., MIRANDA, LUCÍLIA S., MORANDINI, ANDRÉ C., NAGATA, RENATO M., NASCIMENTO, KARINE B., JÚNIOR, MIODELI NOGUEIRA, PALMA, SERGIO, QUIÑONES, JAVIER, RODRIGUEZ, CAROLINA S., SCARABINO, FABRIZIO, SCHIARITI, AGUSTÍN, STAMPAR, SÉRGIO N., TRONOLONE, VALQUÍRIA B. & MARQUES, ANTONIO C., 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1)</i> on page 92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10068449">http://zenodo.org/record/10068449</a>
Symplectoscyphus fasciculatus Galea, 2016, nom. nov.
No full textSymplectoscyphus fasciculatus nom. nov. Fig. 10 I–L Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus Vervoort, 1993: 259, figs 61, 62a–d [not S. johnstoni (Gray, 1843)]. non Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus – Vervoort & Watson 2003: 217, fig. 51f–l. Material examined Holotype MUSORSTOM 4: Stn. CP153, “several well developed, flabellate colonies 30× 50 mm, stems basally polysiphonic; many appressed gonothecae […]. One large colony 30× 40 mm is holotype (MNHN-Hy. 1117)” (Vervoort 1993). Additional material MUSORTSOM 4: Stn. CC 174, a 4.5 cm high, fertile (male) colony. Description Flaccid, flabellate, up to 4 cm high and 5 cm wide colonies arising from branched, rhizoid stolon. Stems strongly fascicled basally, thinning out gradually to monosiphonic distally; flexuous, usually regularly and alternately branched; occasionally with “irregular” branches resulting from considerable development of secondary stems from branches growing as long as the main stem itself, and resulting in multiple tangled stems, whose distalmost branches form multiple anastomoses between them and with neighboring stems. Division into internodes indistinct, even in monosiphonic parts, but equivalents of internodes long, geniculate, comprising a basal apophysis and its associated axillar hydrotheca, as well as two alternate hydrothecae above. Apophyses alternate. Side branches straight (until they rebranch again in pseudodichotomous manner), nodes indistinct, but each equivalent of internode bearing hydrothecae arranged alternately. Hydrothecae tubular, curving away from internode, adnate for nearly half their length. Free adaxial wall straight to slightly convex; abaxial wall straight basally, curving suddenly in its distal third. Hydrothecal aperture nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of internode; margin with three pointed cusps separated by rather deep embayments; adaxial cusp recurved; renovations common and numerous. No conspicuous submarginal, intrathecal cusps, except for an occasional abaxial thickening. Gonothecae given off from below hydrothecal bases, fitting tightly and neatly against internodes. Male and female similar in shape; sac-shaped, wall undulated and never ribbed; undulations more pronounced distally, fading off basally; aperture distal, borne on outwardly-projecting, trumpet-shaped terminal tube. Remarks The description provided above combines Vervoort’s (1993) account with personal observations of the material in hand. The latter apparently belongs to a “large tangled tuft of c. 30 mm high colonies on wormtubes” previously examined by Vervoort. Owing to the fasciculate habit of its stems and the gonothecae with undulated walls, the large material studied by Vervoort was assigned to a new subspecies, tropicus, of Symplectoscyphus johnstoni (Gray, 1843). In doing so, Vervoort distinguished it from its congeners with monosiphonic stems and transversely-ribbed gonothecae, viz. S. johnstoni johnstoni (Gray, 1843) and S. johnstoni subtropicus Ralph, 1961, the latter being additionally characterized by the presence of three submarginal, intrathecal cusps. As stated by Ralph (1961), S. johnstoni is a species with strictly monosiphonic stems, and its gonothecae are provided with “8 to14 evenly spaced transverse ridges”. Consequently, the subspecies tropicus could be confidently raised to species. However, when doing so, it becomes an invalid junior homonym of S. tropicus (Hartlaub, 1901). To avoid this situation, the junior homonym is replaced here with the binomen S. fasciculatus nom. nov., whose holotype remains the same for both the original and the new name of the single biological species (ICZN Art. 72.7). The measurements of S. fasciculatus nom. nov. are given by Vervoort (1993: 260, table 51). A restricted number of species belonging to this highly speciose genus are polysiphonic in habit: six congeners from the Antarctic [S. bellinghauseni Peña Cantero, 2012 (Peña Cantero 2012); S. cumberlandicus (Jäderholm, 1905) (Peña Cantero et al. 2002); S. frondosus Peña Cantero, 2010 (Peña Cantero 2010); S. hesperides Peña Cantero, 2012 (Peña Cantero 2012); S. liouvillei (Billard, 1914) (Peña Cantero et al. 2002); S. sofiae Peña Cantero et al., 2002 (Peña Cantero et al. 2002)], ten from the subantarctic [S. adpressus (Ritchie, 1911) (Ritchie 1911); S. amoenus Vervoort & Watson, 2003 (Vervoort & Watson 2003); S. arboriformis (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890) (Millard 1975); S. columnarius (Briggs, 1914) (Ralph 1961); S. divaricatus (Busk, 1852) (Ralph 1961); S. magellanicus (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890) (Galea & Schories 2012); S. patagonicus Galea & Schories, 2012 (Galea & Schories 2012); S. paulensis Stechow, 1923 (Watson 2003); S. procerus (Trebilcock, 1928) (Ralph 1961); S. subarticulatus (Coughtrey, 1875) (Millard 1977)], and two from the tropics, both assigned to S. tropicus Hartlaub, 1901 [sensu Clarke 1894 (as Sertularella variabilis) and sensu Billard 1925b]. Ecologically, S. fasciculatus nom. nov. occurs in a biogeographical area radically different from that of the majority of species listed above. Its gonothecae are different from those of the following species, which exhibit transverse ridges: S. aggreggatus (Jäderholm, 1917) (Peña Cantero et al. 2002), S. arboriformis (Millard 1975), S. columnarius (Ralph 1961), S. cumberlandicus (Jäderholm 1905), S. magellanicus (Galea & Schories 2012), S. patagonicus (Galea et al. 2014), S. procerus (Ralph 1961), S. sofiae (Peña Cantero et al. 2002), and S. subarticulatus (Ralph 1961). The gonothecae of S. frondosus (Peña Cantero 2010) and S. liouvillei (Peña Cantero et al. 2002) are exceedingly long and tubular, while those of S. amoenus (Vervoort & Watson 2003) and S. paulensis (Peña Cantero 2012) are ovoid and have smooth to slightly undulated walls, yet they are not adherent to their corresponding internodes, and their distal tubes are not eccentrically placed. The habit and shape of the gonothecae of S. fasciculatus nom. nov. come closest to those of S. adpressus. However, the latter is a more robust species, with pinnate appearance, and its hydrothecae are subopposite and highly immersed into their internodes (Ritchie 1911). Although not completely formed in the specimens of S. bellinghauseni studied by Peña Cantero (2012), the gonothecae seem “to be characterized by the presence of rings”. Similarly, the gonothecae of S. hesperides were incipient and apparently smooth (Peña Cantero 2012), but this species is distinguished through its hydrothecae that are adnate for one-third or less their adaxial length. Finally, the gonothecae of S. divaricatus are unknown yet, but this species possesses rather highly immersed hydrothecae (Ralph 1961). Geographical distribution New Caledonia (Vervoort 1993).Published as part of Galea, Horia R., 2016, Notes on some sertulariid hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the tropical western Pacific, with descriptions of nine new species, pp. 1-52 in European Journal of Taxonomy 218 on pages 41-45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.218, http://zenodo.org/record/384019
Halopteris schucherti Galea 2006
No full text<i>Halopteris schucherti</i> Galea, 2006b <p> Distribution in South America: polyp—Pacific Ocean, Chile, from 41.67°S to 49.18°S (Galea 2006b p. 63–68, 2007 p. 79–80; Galea <i>et al.</i> 2009a p. 348; Galea & Schories 2012a p. 23–24). Habitat: from 20 to 33m depth, on dead gorgonians and hydroids (Galea 2007 p. 79–80; Galea <i>et al.</i> 2009a p. 348).</p>Published as part of <i>OLIVEIRA, OTTO M. P., MIRANDA, THAÍS P., ARAUJO, ENILMA M., AYÓN, PATRICIA, CEDEÑO-POSSO, CRISTINA M., CEPEDA-MERCADO, AMANCAY A., CÓRDOVA, PABLO, CUNHA, AMANDA F., GENZANO, GABRIEL N., HADDAD, MARIA ANGÉLICA, MIANZAN, HERMES W., MIGOTTO, ALVARO E., MIRANDA, LUCÍLIA S., MORANDINI, ANDRÉ C., NAGATA, RENATO M., NASCIMENTO, KARINE B., JÚNIOR, MIODELI NOGUEIRA, PALMA, SERGIO, QUIÑONES, JAVIER, RODRIGUEZ, CAROLINA S., SCARABINO, FABRIZIO, SCHIARITI, AGUSTÍN, STAMPAR, SÉRGIO N., TRONOLONE, VALQUÍRIA B. & MARQUES, ANTONIO C., 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1)</i> on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10068449">http://zenodo.org/record/10068449</a>
Caledoniana microgona Galea 2015
No full textCaledoniana microgona Galea, 2015 Fig. 1C Caledoniana microgona Galea, 2015 a: 6, figs 1C, 2E–G. Material examined PACIFIC OCEAN • a 2.4 cm high colony fragment with 3 male gonothecae in middle part, with only the perisarc left; off New Caledonia, stn DW4672; 22°47′ S, 167°26′ E; 310– 290 m; 13 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK- 2015 -360 • originally a 1.8 cm high colony fragment bearing a 2.2 cm long side branch, the latter carrying 2 female gonothecae; off New Caledonia, stn DW4670; 22°58′ S, 167°24′ E; 680– 612 m; 12 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; a 0.8 cm long fragment of the main axis was cut off for DNA extraction, DNA 1348; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120782; barcode identifier MK 073080; MNHN-IK- 2015 -363. Remarks The hydrothecae are closer to one another in this species than in C. decussata and, as stated by Galea (2015 a), their adaxial wall is comparatively shorter, these two characters readily distinguishing them. Like the previous species, C. microgona also appears sexually dimorphic and forming monoecious colonies. Its specific name is obviously inappropriate, as the hydroid was originally described based on specimens provided with ‘small’, saccular gonothecae that were not recognized then as being male. The female gonothecae are similar to those described in C. decussata (see above), but are of comparatively larger proportions (ca 6890 µm long and 3715 µm wide, when seen laterally; one gonotheca measured). Distribution Only known from off New Caledonia (Galea 2015 a; present study). ? Solenoscyphus striatus Galea, 2015 Figs 2 A–B, 3A–K; Table 1 Solenoscyphus striatus Galea, 2015 a: 10, figs 3 C, 4E–G. Material examined PACIFIC OCEAN • two colonies, one of which is 10 × 8 cm and has a few female gonothecae, the other is 5.5× 4.5 cm and devoid of gonothecae, as well as a number of fragments resulting from the breakage of both; off New Caledonia, stn DW4700; 22°43′ S, 167°16′ E; 245–295 m; 16 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; three fragments from the largest colony were cut off for DNA extraction, DNA 1349; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120783; barcode identifier MK 073081; MNHN-IK- 2015 -364 • two colonies without gonothecae, 6.5 × 6.5 cm and 6.5 × 2.5 cm, respectively; off New Caledonia, stn DW 4758; 23°12′ S, 168°04′ E; 330 m; 26 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; two small fragments from the largest colony were removed for DNA extraction, DNA 1350; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120784; barcode identifier MK 073082; MNHN-IK- 2015 -366 • a colony without gonothecae, 5 × 5.5 cm; off New Caledonia, stn DW 4697; 22°48′ S, 167°15′ E; 465– 449 m; 16 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK- 2015 -367 • a 6.5 × 2.7 cm colony with several male gonothecae; off New Caledonia, stn DW 4705; 22°46′ S, 167°19′ E; 290–317 m; 17 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; two small fragments were cut off for DNA extraction, DNA 1351; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120785; MNHN-IK- 2015 -368 • two colonies, 8× 3.5 cm and 3.5× 3.5 cm, respectively, as well as a colony fragment 4.5× 4.5 cm, all without gonothecae; off New Caledonia, stn CP 4658; 22°42′ S, 167°13′ E; 303–315 m; 10 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK- 2015 -369 • a 6 cm high colony with two short basal side branches, without gonothecae; off New Caledonia, stn DW 4762; 23°16′ S, 168°06′ E; 810– 805 m; 26 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK- 2015 -370 • a colony without gonothecae, 3 × 3 cm; off New Caledonia, stn DW 4737; 22°45′ S, 167°42′ E; 387–456 m; 22 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; used as a whole for DNA extraction, DNA 1352; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120786; MNHN-IK- 2015 -371 • three colonies without gonothecae, 4× 1 cm, 2.2 × 1.8 cm, and 3× 2 cm; same collecting data as for preceding; MNHN-IK- 2015 -371 • a colony without gonothecae, 3.2× 0.8 cm, with two short side branches; off New Caledonia, stn DR 4773; 23°02′ S, 168°20′ E; 400– 230 m; 28 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK- 2015 -372 • a colony without gonothecae, 5.5× 4 cm, with only the perisarc left; off New Caledonia, stn DW 4770; 22°58′ S, 168°21′ E; 455–470 m; 28 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK- 2015 -373 • two colonies without gonothecae, 9.5× 8 cm and 9.5× 6 cm, respectively, as well as a few smaller fragments resulting from their breakage; off New Caledonia, stn DW 4768; 23°25′ S, 168°01′ E; 180–210 m; 27 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; a fragment from the smallest colony used for DNA extraction, DNA 1353; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120787; barcode identifier MK 073083; MNHN-IK- 2015 -374 • a colony without gonothecae, 5× 1.8 cm; off New Caledonia, stn DW 4678; 22°51′ S, 167°34′ E; 308– 303 m; 13 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK- 2015-465 • a 4.7× 4.5 cm colony (distinct morphotype) with a couple of fully formed female gonothecae, and a few others immature; off New Caledonia, stn DW 4682; 22°22′ S, 167°24′ E; 465–495 m; 14 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; a fragment was used for DNA extraction, DNA 1359; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120793; MNHN-IK-2015-380 • a 7.3 × 9.2 cm colony (distinct morphotype) with numerous male gonothecae, of which only a few are fully formed; off New Caledonia, stn DW4681; 22°23′ S, 167°23′ E; 490– 480 m; 14 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; a fragment was used for DNA extraction, DNA 1356; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120790; MNHN-IK-2015-377 • a colony, 6.2 × 5.5 cm, with distinct morphotype; off New Caledonia, stn DW4741; 22°52′ S, 167°41′ E; 210 m; 23 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; a fragment was used for DNA extraction, DNA 1357; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120791; barcode identifier MK 073086; MNHN-IK-2015-378 • two colonies without gonothecae, 5.5× 3 cm and 4.5× 3.4 cm, respectively; same collecting data as for preceding; MNHN- IK-2015-378 • a 3.8× 5.5 cm colony (distinct morphotype) with a few immature male gonothecae; off New Caledonia, stn DW4679; 22°49′ S, 167°33′ E; 245–249 m; 13 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; a fragment was used for DNA extraction, DNA1358; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120792; barcode identifier MK 073087; MNHN-IK-2015-379 • a colony without gonothecae, 2.4 × 1.9 cm (distinct morphotype); off New Caledonia, stn DW4685; 22°28′ S, 167°29′ E; 405– 404 m; 14 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK-2015-381. Remarks Colonies larger (up to 10 cm high and 8 cm wide) than those described originally by Galea (2015a) occur in the present collection, as exemplified by material MNHN-IK-2015-364. The hydrorhiza is a rooted mass of stolonal fibers firmly anchoring the colonies to their substrates. The colonies are flaccid, unable to support themselves when out of liquid; flabellate, with indistinct main stems, except for a short, proximal portion (ca 1 cm long) above the origin from hydrorhiza, then irregularly branching, forming up to 5 th order branchlets. Stem and main branches are strongly fascicled. The branches are almost straight, except proximally, where they curve upwards immediately after their origin. The largest colony is fertile and carries female gonothecae; they originate laterally from below the hydrothecal bases at sites conspicuously marked by comparatively thinner perisarc than in the rest of the colony, forming rounded, filmy patches. The gonotheca is bilaterally symmetrical; broadly piriform, gradually tapering in its lower half into an indistinct pedicel; upper half globular, provided with a number of hollow spines arranged into two whorls (4–5 in the upper one, 8–9 in the lower one); one side of the gonotheca (that facing its corresponding hydrotheca) is provided with a pair of quadrangular crests forming two closelyset ‘lips’, leaving a slit-like passage for a few, large oocytes (badly preserved in present material); the spines, occasionally with truncated tips, have their bases prolonged downwards over the gonothecal wall as broad, prominent, rounded ridges, those from the lower whorl reaching almost the gonothecal base. The colonies are monoecious and there is a notable sexual dimorphism of the gonothecae. Indeed, material MNHN-IK-2015-368 bears male gonothecae. Similarly to the females, they arise laterally from below the hydrothecal bases, and are bilaterally symmetrical; broadly amphora-shaped, base appressed to its corresponding hydrotheca and tapering abruptly into indistinct pedicel, perisarc finely and denselystriated basally; slightly flattened laterally, distally a short neck region bearing apically a small, rounded aperture; neck inclined to one side. Opercula are well discernible in many hydrothecae from sample MNHN-IK-2015-370. Terminal stolonization may occasionally occur, as exemplified by samples MNHN-IK-2015-371 and -374; in addition, a tendril may be continued distally by a short sequence of thecate internodes. Multiple, closelyset renovations of the hydrothecal margin occur in MNHN-IK-2015-372. A peculiar morphotype of this species (Figs 2B, 32F–K) occurs in several samples, viz. MNHN- IK-2015-377 to MNHN-IK-2015-381. Its main distinguishing features rely in its more compact appearance of the colonies (compare Fig. 2B and 2A, respectively), the hydrothecae closer to one another (compare Fig. 3F and 3A), adnate for about half their length to their corresponding internodes. In material MNHN-IK-2015-380, the female gonothecae are provided with a number of hollow, distally truncated, occasionally twin spines arranged into two whorls. As stated earlier by Galea (2015a), this species does not resemble either S. candelabrum Galea, 2015 (type species of the genus) or S. decidualis Galea, 2015, especially in colony form, although all possess rounded, filmy, deciduous hydrothecal opercula. Unlike S. striatus, the last two species form regularlypinnate colonies, their perisarc is entirely smooth, and there is no conspicuous raised collar of thickened perisarc just below their hydrothecal aperture. In addition, the cladia of S. candelabrum are spirally twisted proximally, and its hydrothecae possess a conspicuous pattern of internal perisarcal thickenings. Gonothecae are only known in S. striatus, and the females – notably – resemble those of some species of Staurotheca, e.g., S. echinocarpa (Allman, 1888) (Peña Cantero & Vervoort 2003), suggesting that the present species belongs to the family Staurothecidae. Similar female gonothecae were also described in Giganthotheca raukumarai Vervoort & Watson, 2003 (Vervoort & Watson 2003: figs 27B–C, 28B), suggesting that this species could be confidently removed from the Sertulariidae and reasonably assigned to the Staurothecidae, as noted above for G. maxima. In addition, the gonothecae illustrated by these authors (Vervoort & Watson 2003: fig. 29B, D) are undoubtedly male, and come morphologically close to those of S. striatus. However, the relationships between G. raukumarai and S. striatus are far from fully understood, and only a molecular evidence is expected to clarify the case. As it will be shown in the ‘Molecular study’ section at the end of this report, S. decidualis does not cluster with either S. striatus or S. subtilis sp. nov. (for description, see below), suggesting that they are not congeneric. Given the morphological peculiarities of S. candelabrum, it could be justifiably assumed that it forms a so-far monotypic genus, while S. decidualis, on one hand, and both S. striatus and S. subtilis sp. nov., on the other hand, could well belong to two undescribed genera. For this reason, when combining the genus Solenoscyphus to one of these three species, it is preceded by a question mark, pending additional data to clarify their taxonomic statuses. For additional comments, see the ‘Molecular study’ section. Distribution Only known from off New Caledonia (Galea 2015a; present study). ? Solenoscyphus subtilis Galea, sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B6AF627E-5000-401E-A02D-F5301FECB368 Figs 2C, 3 L–M; Table 1 Diagnosis Colonies flabellate, arising from root-like hydrorhiza. Stems lightly fascicled, irregularly branched several times; division into internodes indistinct. Hydrothecae alternate, rather distant; long, tubular, adnate for ¼ their length, with an apical raised collar of distinctly thickened perisarc. Whole colony covered by finely and densely-striated perisarc. Gonothecae unknown. Etymology From the Latin ‘ subtīlis ’, meaning ‘slender’, to describe the shape of its hydrothecae. Material examined Holotype PACIFIC OCEAN • a colony without gonothecae, 4.1× 2.3 cm; off New Caledonia, stn DW4759; 23°12′ S, 168°03′ E; 317–343 m; 26 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; a fragment was used for DNA extraction, DNA1360; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120794; barcode identifier MK 073088; MNHN- IK-2015-382. Paratype PACIFIC OCEAN • a colony without gonothecae 3.8 × 0.8 cm; off New Caledonia, stn DW4759; 23°12′ S, 168°03′ E; 317–343 m; 26 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK-2015-487. Additional material PACIFIC OCEAN • two colonies without gonothecae, 3× 0.5 cm and 3.3 × 0.8 cm, respectively; off New Caledonia, stn DW4759; 23°12′ S, 168°03′ E; 317–343 m; 26 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN- IK-2015-488 • originally a 2.3 cm high colony without gonothecae; off New Caledonia, stn DW4760; 23°15′ S, 168°03′ E; 319– 304 m; 26 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; a 0.7 cm long distal fragment was cut off for DNA extraction, DNA1361; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120795; barcode identifier MK 073089; MNHN-IK-2015-383. Description Colonies flabellate, up to 4.1 cm high and 2.3 cm wide, arising from root-like hydrorhiza firmly anchoring the colony to its substrate. Main stem indistinct, except for its basal 1–3 mm above origin from hydrorhiza, then branching irregularly and forming up to 2 nd order branchlets; lightly fascicled basally, grading to monosiphonic distally; division into internodes indistinct; stem and branches with similar structure: each equivalent of internode moderately-long, slightly geniculate, bearing a hydrotheca distally; 1 st internode of a side branch comparatively longer than subsequent ones; branches given off nearly perpendicularly to axis of higher order branches, but rapidly pointing upwards at geniculation introduced by 1 st hydrotheca. Hydrothecae alternate, in two parallel, coplanar rows; exceedingly long, cylindrical, adnate for ca ¼ their length to the corresponding internodes; free adaxial and abaxial walls parallel and straight; adnate adaxial wall curved, ending in basal perisarc plug; there is no complete base for the hydrotheca, but only a short lamellar projection of the perisarc on abaxial side; a conspicuous raised collar of thickened perisarc immediately below the rounded aperture; opercula not observed. Perisarc straw colored to lightly dark in older parts, finely and densely-striated throughout the colony. Gonothecae unknown. Remarks The present species comes close to S. striatus through the appearance of its colonies and their hydrothecae with striated walls and thickened apertures. Evidence from molecular data confirms the fact that they are, indeed, congeneric (see ‘Molecular study’ section below). As a specific difference, S. subtilis sp. nov. has comparatively slenderer (hence its specific name) and less adnate hydrothecae (compare Fig. 3M and 3B). Distribution Only known from off New Caledonia (present study). ? Solenoscyphus decidualis Galea, 2015 Solenoscyphus decidualis Galea, 2015a: 9, figs 3B, 4C–D. Material examined PACIFIC OCEAN • a 5.7 cm high colony and the 1.1 cm long tip of a second colony, both without gonothecae; off New Caledonia, stn DW4715; 22°50′ S, 167°27′ E; 424 m; 18 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; one cladium from the largest colony was used for DNA extraction, DNA1354; voucher MHNG- INVE- 120788; barcode identifier MK 073084; MNHN-IK-2015-375 • a colony without gonothecae, 6.8 cm high; off New Caledonia, stn CP4676; 22°51′ S, 167°30′ E, 383 m; 13 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; a basal cladium was cut off and used for DNA extraction, DNA1355; voucher MHNG-INVE- 120789; barcode identifier MK 073085; MNHN-IK-2015-376. Remarks The present material, forming pinnate colonies with lightly fascicled stems and long, tubular, weakly adnate hydrothecae, is in full agreement with the holotype described earlier by Galea (2015a). The perisarc of the colony (including that of the hydrothecae) is uniformly smooth, and the hydrothecal rim is thickened distally for only a very short distance (ca 40 µm) just below the aperture. Despite forming regularly-pinnate colonies provided with tubular hydrothecae possessing rounded, deciduous opercula, the present species and S. candelabrum may prove to not be congeneric. The available 16S sequences place this species clearly outside the clades of Solenoscyphus and Staurothecidae (Fig. 20 and ‘Molecular study’ section), but without any supported relationships to other taxa. This makes it likely that this species does not belong to the genus Solenoscyphus. However, the available 16S data do not resolve sufficiently well the family relationships, and additional markers are needed for this purpose. Therefore, and also because no diagnostic traits are evident, we decided to leave it in the genus Solenoscyphus until a more detailed study allows firmer conclusions. Distribution Only known from off New Caledonia (Galea 2015a; present study). Genus Tasmanaria Watson & Vervoort, 2001Published as part of Galea, Horia R. & Schuchert, Peter, 2019, Some thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from off New Caledonia collected during KANACONO and KANADEEP expeditions of the French Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos Program, pp. 1-70 in European Journal of Taxonomy 562 on pages 4-11, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.562, http://zenodo.org/record/347430
Corhiza patula Galea 2020, sp. nov.
No full textCorhiza patula Galea sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FDCDC082-2435-4268-8808-C5B7D74D7BEB Figs 11C, 14 A–D; Table 6 Diagnosis Stem composed of many loosely-aggregated tubes arising from root-like hydrorhiza; individual cladia arising distally, in all directions, from some of the component tubes; proximal parts of cladia with a row of frontal, bithalamic nematothecae; distal node oblique, followed by a regular succession of alternating hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes delimited by a heteromerous segmentation; ahydrothecate internodes short, with a frontal nematotheca proximally; hydrothecate internodes equally short, with a very deep, cylindrical hydrotheca with strongly flared margin, and its 3 associated nematothecae: one mesial, and a pair of lateral; mesial nematotheca with wall of upper chamber lowered adaxially; lateral nematothecae borne on short apophyses, upper chamber globular, with deeply emarginated wall on adaxial side. Gonothecae unknown. Etymology From Latin ‘ pātŭlus, -a, -um ’, meaning ‘provided with a wide aperture’, to illustrate the shape of its hydrothecae. Material examined Holotype PACIFIC OCEAN • 1 sterile colony, ca 5 cm high; off New Caledonia, stn DW4746; 22°59′ S, 167°43′ E; 508– 494 m; 23 Aug. 2016; KANACONO leg.; MNHN-IK-2015-602. Description Colony upright, ca 5 cm high, arising from dense, root-like hydrorhiza, composed of numerous branching, anastomosing tubes that converge, then loosely aggregate above substrate to form ca 3 cm high, fascicled stem; all tubes have equivalent roles; division into internodes absent; perisarc thick, smooth to slightly wrinkled. Some of component tubes of stem modified distally to become cladia; these detach from stem at acute angle, pointing upwards, in all directions around it. Cladia up to 2 cm long, composed of free, ahydrothecate proximal part with smooth perisarc, occasionally with either signs of breakage followed by subsequent regeneration, or divided by transverse nodes into succession of internodes of varied length, distally bearing row of nematothecae; last internode with oblique node distally; remainder of cladium heteromerously segmented into hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes by means of alternating transverse and oblique nodes; most often, transverse node only slightly indicated, especially dorsally; oblique nodes generally well-marked, though here and there they may be totally absent. Hydrothecate internodes short, with proximally oblique and distally transverse nodes, a hydrotheca and its three associated nematothecae: one mesial and pair of laterals; hydrotheca thin-walled, deep, tubular, half adnate, flaring distinctly at aperture; mesial nematotheca not reaching hydrothecal base, upper chamber with rim lowered on adaxial side; lateral nematothecae borne on short apophyses, whole structure far from reaching hydrothecal margin; upper chamber globular, with rim distinctly scooped on adaxial side. Ahydrothecate internodes with proximal node transverse and distal node oblique, of nearly same length as their hydrothecate counterparts; proximally frontal, conical nematotheca with rim of upper chamber lowered on adaxial side. Gonothecae absent. . Remarks Corhiza patula Galea sp. nov. is unique among its congeners through the distinctive shape and size of its hydrothecae. Only the hydrothecae of C. megatheca, if this species proves congeneric, approach their morphology, but they are slightly smaller and not distinctly flared at rim. Unlike in the new species, it has been shown above that the cladia of C. megatheca are given off exclusively from a single tube of the fascicled stem. The third species occurring in the study area, C. pauciarmata Ansín Agís et al., 2009 (see below), has comparatively shorter hydrothecae (compare Fig. 14A and 14E). Other congeners are immediately distinguished from C. patula Galea sp. nov. through the following features: 1) the hydrothecae of C. bellicosa Millard, 1962 are adnate for most of their length (Millard 1962); 2) two pairs of lateral nematothecae occur in C. pannosa Millard, 1962 (original account), C. scotiae (Ritchie, 1907) (Vervoort & Watson 2003), C. sociabilis Millard, 1980 (original account) and C. splendens Vervoort & Watson, 2003 (original account); 3) an axillar nematotheca is found behind the hydrothecae of C. complexa (Nutting, 1905) (Schuchert 1997). Distribution Known only from off New Caledonia (present study).Published as part of Galea, Horia R. & Maggioni, Davide, 2020, Plumularioid hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from off New Caledonia collected during KANACONO and KANADEEP expeditions of the French Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos Program, pp. 1-58 in European Journal of Taxonomy 708 on pages 31-34, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.708, http://zenodo.org/record/401106
Halopteris enersis Galea 2006
No full text<i>Halopteris enersis</i> Galea, 2006b <p>Remarks: the gonothecae remain undescribed (Galea, 2007).</p> <p> Distribution in South America: polyp—Pacific Ocean, Chile, at 48.48°S in Farquhar Channel, at 48.60°S in Adalbert Channel (Galea 2006b p. 58–62, 2007 p. 79; Galea <i>et al.</i> 2009a p. 347). Habitat: polyp—from 32 to 33m depth, on hydroids and dead gorgonians (Galea 2006b p. 58–62, 2007 p. 79; Galea <i>et al.</i> 2009a p. 347).</p>Published as part of <i>OLIVEIRA, OTTO M. P., MIRANDA, THAÍS P., ARAUJO, ENILMA M., AYÓN, PATRICIA, CEDEÑO-POSSO, CRISTINA M., CEPEDA-MERCADO, AMANCAY A., CÓRDOVA, PABLO, CUNHA, AMANDA F., GENZANO, GABRIEL N., HADDAD, MARIA ANGÉLICA, MIANZAN, HERMES W., MIGOTTO, ALVARO E., MIRANDA, LUCÍLIA S., MORANDINI, ANDRÉ C., NAGATA, RENATO M., NASCIMENTO, KARINE B., JÚNIOR, MIODELI NOGUEIRA, PALMA, SERGIO, QUIÑONES, JAVIER, RODRIGUEZ, CAROLINA S., SCARABINO, FABRIZIO, SCHIARITI, AGUSTÍN, STAMPAR, SÉRGIO N., TRONOLONE, VALQUÍRIA B. & MARQUES, ANTONIO C., 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1)</i> on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10068449">http://zenodo.org/record/10068449</a>
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