35 research outputs found
The Complex Way to Laser Diode Spectra: Example of an External Cavity Laser With Strong Optical Feedback
No full textAn external cavity laser with strong grating-filtered feedback to an antireflection-coated facet is studied with a time-domain integral equation for the electric field, which reproduces the modes of the oscillation condition as steady-state solutions. For each mode, the stability and spectral behavior is determined by analysis of the location of side modes in the complex frequency plane. The complex frequency diagrams are shown to be a useful tool to determine the self-stabilization effect of mode coupling and its dependence on laser parameters and external cavity design. The model is used to simulate the large signal time evolution after start from unstable mode
TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE-MEDIATED ENANTIOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF TRANS BETA-LACTONES
No full textPharmacologically interesting trans beta-lactones 11 and 16 were synthesized using a titanium tetrachloride-mediated enantioselective aldol reaction as the key synthetic step (see Scheme 2)
Prospects for high accuracy time dissemination and synchronization using coded radar pulses from a low-earth orbiting spacecraft
No full textThe radar (an acronym for radio detection and ranging) is an instrument developed just before the WW-II to precisely measure the position of an object (target) in space. This is done by emitting a narrow pulse of electromagnetic energy in the RF spectrum, receiving the return echo and measuring the time of flight in the two-way path from the emitter to the target. The propagation delay provides a measure of the range to the target, which is not in itself sufficient to uniquely locate the position of the same in space. However, if a directional antenna is used, the direction of the echo can be assessed by the antenna pointing angles. In this way the position of the target can be uniquely determined in space. How well this can be done is a function of the resolution of the measurements performed (range and direction, i.e.: angles); in turn, the resolution will dictate the time and frequency requirements of the reference oscillator
Age groups and sex adjusted survival by estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) according to a) Cockcroft and Gault equation (C-G); b) Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula; (c) MAYO Clinic quadratic equation (MAYO); d) Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula; e) Berlin Initiative Study 1 (BIS-1).
No full text<p>Age groups and sex adjusted survival by estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) according to a) Cockcroft and Gault equation (C-G); b) Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula; (c) MAYO Clinic quadratic equation (MAYO); d) Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula; e) Berlin Initiative Study 1 (BIS-1).</p
Mean eGFR stratified by age according to Cockcroft and Gault (C-G), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), MAYO Clinic quadratic (MAYO), Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), and Berlin Initiative Study 1 (BIS-1) equations.
No full text<p>Mean eGFR stratified by age according to Cockcroft and Gault (C-G), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), MAYO Clinic quadratic (MAYO), Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), and Berlin Initiative Study 1 (BIS-1) equations.</p
Mortality Prediction in the Oldest Old with Five Different Equations to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate: The Health and Anemia Population-based Study.
No full textBACKGROUND:Kidney function declines considerably with age, but little is known about its clinical significance in the oldest-old. OBJECTIVES:To study the association between reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated according to five equations with mortality in the oldest-old. DESIGN:Prospective population-based study. SETTING:Municipality of Biella, Piedmont, Italy. PARTICIPANTS:700 subjects aged 85 and older participating in the "Health and Anemia" Study in 2007-2008. MEASUREMENTS:GFR was estimated using five creatinine-based equations: the Cockcroft-Gault (C-G), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), MAYO Clinic, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Berlin Initiative Study-1 (BIS-1). Survival analysis was used to study mortality in subjects with reduced eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) compared to subjects with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). RESULTS:Prevalence of reduced GFR was 90.7% with the C-G, 48.1% with MDRD, 23.3% with MAYO, 53.6% with CKD-EPI and 84.4% with BIS-1. After adjustment for confounders, two-year mortality was significantly increased in subjects with reduced eGFR using BIS-1 and C-G equations (adjusted HRs: 2.88 and 3.30, respectively). Five-year mortality was significantly increased in subjects with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) using MAYO, CKD-EPI and, in a graduated fashion in reduced eGFR categories, MDRD. After 5 years, oldest old with an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) showed a significantly higher risk of death whichever equation was used (adjusted HRs between 2.04 and 2.70). CONCLUSION:In the oldest old, prevalence of reduced eGFR varies noticeably depending on the equation used. In this population, risk of mortality was significantly higher for reduced GFR estimated with the BIS-1 and C-G equations over the short term. Though after five years the MDRD appeared on the whole a more consistent predictor, differences in mortality prediction among equations over the long term were less apparent. Noteworthy, subjects with a severely reduced GFR were consistently at higher risk of death regardless of the equation used to estimate GFR
Distribution of estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) according to Cockcroft and Gault equation (C-G); Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula; MAYO Clinic quadratic equation (MAYO); Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula; Berlin Initiative Study 1 (BIS-1).
No full text<p>Distribution of estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) according to Cockcroft and Gault equation (C-G); Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula; MAYO Clinic quadratic equation (MAYO); Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula; Berlin Initiative Study 1 (BIS-1).</p
El feminismo de Estado y los debates políticos: la formación ocupacional en España (1983-1998)
No full textEste artículo estudia los organismos de igualdad (también llamados instituciones feministas) establecidoscon el propósito explícito de contri buir a la mejora del estatus de las mu j e res. La preg u ntacentral de este trabajo es: ¿desempeñan estos organismos un papel destacado en el proceso detoma de decisiones políticas y, más concre t a m e n t e, en los deb ates anteri o res a las decisiones mási m p o rtantes re l at ivas a un asunto dado? La actuación de la principal institución de este tipo en elEstado central en España, el Instituto de la Mujer, respecto a la fo rmación ocupacional desde losaños ochenta se ha elegido como caso de estudio. Su análisis revela que dicho organismo ap e n a se j e rció ninguna influencia en las discusiones que pre c e d i e ron a las medidas más destacadas en estam at e ria. Las ra zones que explican esta falta de influencia son, e n t re otra s : las características delá rea de política pública de fo rmación ocupacional; la re l at iva debilidad del Instituto de la Mujerpor comparación con otras instituciones; y el tipo de Estado de bienestar que existe en España.<br /
Achievement of treatment goals with canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials
No full textOBJECTIVE: To evaluate attainment of diabetes-related treatment goals with canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were pooled from four 26-week, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 studies of patients with T2DM (N = 2313). Goal attainment with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg versus placebo was evaluated in the overall population, and in subgroups based on age and sex, at baseline and Week 26. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01081834, NCT01106677, NCT01106625, NCT01106690. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of patients achieving hemoglobin A1C (A1C) < 7.0% and ≤ 6.5%, systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 140 and < 130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 90 and < 80 mmHg, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) < 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ≥ 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L), and the composite endpoint of A1C < 7.0%, BP < 130/80 mmHg, and LDL-C <100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L) at baseline and Week 26, and proportion with body weight reduction ≥ 5% at Week 26. RESULTS: At baseline, similar proportions of patients met diabetes-related treatment goals across groups. At Week 26, a greater proportion of patients achieved A1C, SBP, DBP, and HDL-C goals with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg compared with placebo. More patients achieved body weight reduction of ≥ 5% with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg versus placebo at Week 26. Fewer patients had LDL-C < 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L) at Week 26 with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg versus placebo. Canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg also provided better attainment of the composite endpoint of A1C <7.0%, BP < 130/80 mmHg, and LDL-C < 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L) compared with placebo. Attainment of diabetes-related treatment goals was generally similar regardless of age and sex. Key limitations of this analysis include the selection of specific treatment targets that may not be reflective of all patient experiences, the non-prespecified, post hoc nature of the analysis, and the short duration of studies included in the pooled population. CONCLUSION: Canagliflozin was associated with better attainment of diabetes-related treatment goals compared with placebo, and was generally well tolerated at 26 weeks.sponsorship: The authors thank all investigators, study teams, and patients for participating in these studies. Editorial support was provided by Alaina DeToma, PhD, of MedErgy, and was funded by Janssen Global Services, LLC. (Janssen Global Services, LLC.)status: Publishe
