5 research outputs found
Stereotypes upon abilities in domestic production and household behaviour
No full textThe collective model assumes that decisions taken inside the family are Pareto optimal. However, empirical studies cast doubts upon the efficiency assumption, especially on the production side of household decision making. In this paper, we present a model of household behavior including a stereotype about the ability of men and women in the production of domestic goods. At the beginning of couple formation, we assume that the distribution of abilities in domesticc of men and women is the same, but everybody believes that women are more able (the stereotype). One member of the couple is then chosen to make an investment in domestic production, which increases his/her productivity. Couples decide who will invest by maximizing the expected profit from domestic production, which depends on a signal and on the stereotype. Even though spouses aim at maximizing the household welfare, the resulting allocation is not Pareto efficient. This result leads to examine the role of public policies to restore the first best optimum, as well as equity.Stereotypes, household production, time allocation, household behavior, intra-household, decision-making.
Leading moms: Effect of gender on role conflicts, satisfaction and performance among parents in leadership positions
No full textAbstract:
Working parents are challenged with double work load and role conflicts. Similarly, leaders compared to non-leaders face high job demands, work load and stress. Additionally, in both scenarios - working parents and leaders - women face disadvantages due to gender roles. Thus, the question arises of what happens with satisfaction and performance when parents are not only working but also in leadership positions. The present research intends to investigate the impact of parents in leadership positions and their gender on their role conflicts, satisfaction and performance.
Short introduction:
Working as a parent can not only have the advantage of living both worlds but come with difficulties in terms of role conflicts (Greenhaus & Powell, 2006; Greenhaus et al., 2003, 2001). Such role conflicts can lead to stress, less well-being, and feelings of work overload (Bettac & Probst, 2021; Demerouti et al., 2013), as well as to negative organizational outcomes, such as less engegament and performance (Wayne et al., 2013; Nohe & Sonntag, 2014). For example, work family conlfict in terms of work-family role strain correlated negatively with quality of work life, quality of family life, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction (Duxbury & Higgins, 1991; Higgins et al., 1992; Thomas & Ganster, 1995). If parents do not only have their own work load but also a leadership responsibilities, this role conflict might get worse: In a study by Campbell et al. (2007), 88% of leaders reported that their leadership role increased their stress level based on lack of time and resources. Furthermore, leaders work more than the usual work hours as well as invest more time and physical resources into work than non-leaders (Sonnentag & Fritz, 2014). Having both a leadership role at work and at home may therefore lead to more role conflicts. Mainly women have trouble with managing both roles, as they are still seen as mainly responsible of the household, independently of their sexual orientation (Cudeville et al., 2020) and are the ones that go into parental leave as well as only work half-time more often, although most companies already want moms to come back earlier than used to (Jäger, 2017). Thus, it is no wonder that women experience much more role conflicts (Allen & Finkelstein, 2014). In addition, female leaders experience more difficulties than their male colleagues, as they are faced with leadership stereotypes (Moss-Racusin et al., 2012) and several role challenges and expectations (Eagly & Carli, 2008; Zheng et al., 2018).
References:
Allen, T. D. & Finkelstein, L. M. (2014). Work–family conflict among members of full-time dual earner couples: An examination of family life stage, gender, and age. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 376–384.
Bettac, E., L. & Probst, T. M. (2019). Work–family conflict, sleep, and health: A comparison of traditional and self-employed workers. International Journal of Manpower, 42(2), 240–259.
Campbell, M., Baltes, J., Martin, A., & Meddings, K. (2007). The stress of leadership. Center for Creative Leadership, 10(11), 3-15.
Cudeville, E., Gross, M. & Sofer, C. (2020). Measuring gender norms in domestic work: A comparison between homosexual and heterosexual couples. halshs-02468956
Demerouti, E., Shimazub, A., Bakkerc, A. B., Shimadab, K. & Kawakami, N. (2013). Work-self balance: A longitudinal study on the effects of job demands and resources on personal functioning in Japanese working parents. Work & Stress, 27(3), 223–243.
Duxbury, L. E., & Higgins, C. A. (1991). Gender differences in work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(1), 60-74.
Eagly, A. H. & Carli, L. L. (2008). Through the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Book Reviews.
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M. & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8
Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S. & Collins, K. M. (2001). Career involvement and family involvement as moderators of relationships between work-family conflict and withdrawal. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6 (2), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.2.91
Greenhaus, J. H. & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: a theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72–92.
Higgins, C. A., Duxbury, L. E., & Irving, R. H. (1992). Work-family conflict in the dual-career family. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 51, 51-75.
Jäger, H. (2017). Mütter in Führungspositionen - eine österreichische Ausnahmeerscheinung. In: J., Spiegl, (Hrsg.), Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und familiären Sorgepflichten (S. 65–79). Springer Gabler.
Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dvidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J. & Handelsman, J. (2012). Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 109(41), 16474-16479.
Nohe, C. & Sonntag, K. (2014). Work–family conflict, social support, and turnover intentions: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(1), 1-12.
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2014). Recovery from job stress: Thestressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1).
Thomas, L. T, & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(1), 6-15.
Wayne, J. H., Casper, W. J., Matthews, R. A. & Allen, T. D. (2013). Family-supportive organization perceptions and organizational commitment: The mediating role of work–family conflict and enrichment and partner attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(4), 606-622.
Zheng, W., Surgevil, O., & Kark, R. (2018). Dancing on the razor’s edge: How top-level women leaders manage the paradoxical tensions between agency and communion. Sex Roles, 79(11), 633–650
Differences between financial systems in Europe : consequences for EMU
No full textMajor differences between national financial systems might make a common monetary policy difficult. As within Europe, Germany and the United Kingdom differ most with respect to their financial systems, the present paper addresses its topic under the assumption that the United Kingdom is already a part of EMU. Employing a comprehensive concept of a financial system, the author shows that there are indeed profound differences between the national financial systems of Germany and the United Kingdom. But he argues that these differences are not likely to create great problems for a common monetary policy. In the context of the present paper, one important difference between the two financial systems refers to the structure of the respective financial sector and, as a consequence, to the strength with which a given monetary policy impulse set by the central bank is passed on to the financial sector. The other important difference refers to the typical relationship between the banks and the business sector in each country which determines to what extent the financial sectors and especially the banks pass on pressure exerted on them by a monetary policy authority to their clients in their national business sector. In Germany, the central bank has a stronger influence on the financial sector than in England, while, for systemic reasons, German banks tend to soften monetary policy pressures on their customers more than British banks do. As far as the transmission of a restrictive monetary policy of the ECB to the real economy is concerned, these two differences tend to offset each other. This is good news for the advocates of a monetary union as it eases the task of the ECB when it comes to determining the strength of its monetary policy measures
Immunovirological status in people with perinatal and adult-acquired HIV-1 infection: a multi-cohort analysis from FranceResearch in context
No full textSummary: Background: No study has compared the virological and immunological status of young people with perinatally-acquired HIV infection (P-HIV) with that of people with HIV adulthood (A-HIV) having a similar duration of infection. Methods: 5 French cohorts of P-HIV and A-HIV patients with a known date of HIV-infection and receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART), were used to compare the following proportions of: virological failure (VF) defined as plasma HIV RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL, CD4 cell percentages and CD4:CD8 ratios, at the time of the most recent visit since 2012. The analysis was stratified on time since infection, and multivariate models were adjusted for demographics and treatment history. Findings: 310 P-HIV were compared to 1515 A-HIV (median current ages 20.9 [IQR:14.4–25.5] and 45.9 [IQR:37.9–53.5] respectively). VF at the time of the most recent evaluation was significantly higher among P-HIV (22.6%, 69/306) than A-HIV (3.3%, 50/1514); p ≤ 0.0001. The risk of VF was particularly high among the youngest children (2–5 years), adolescents (13–17 years) and young adults (18–24 years), compared to A-HIV with a similar duration of infection: adjusted Odds-Ratio (aOR) 7.0 [95% CI: 1.7; 30.0], 11.4 [4.2; 31.2] and 3.3 [1.0; 10.8] respectively. The level of CD4 cell percentages did not differ between P-HIV and A-HIV. P-HIV aged 6–12 and 13–17 were more likely than A-HIV to have a CD4:CD8 ratio ≥ 1: 84.1% vs. 58.8% (aOR = 3.5 [1.5; 8.3]), and 60.9% vs. 54.7% (aOR = 1.9 [0.9; 4.2]) respectively. Interpretation: P-HIV were at a higher risk of VF than A-HIV with a similar duration of infection, even after adjusting for treatment history, whereas they were not at a higher risk of immunological impairment. Exposure to viral replication among young patients living with HIV since birth or a very early age, probably because of lower adherence, could have an impact on health, raising major concerns about the selection of resistance mutations and the risk of HIV transmission. Funding: Inserm - ANRS MIE
