4,983 research outputs found
General Order No. 1, signed by U.S. Navy Commander in Chief Matthew C. Perry, dated December 21, 1852.
No full textMatthew C. Perry, the Commander in Chief of U.S. Naval Forces, stationed on the U.S.S. Frigate Mississippi at the time of this order, publishes General Order No. 1 stating that notes, journals, articles of communication and other items prepared by officers or persons will be endorsed and transmitted to the Commander in Chief and Navy Department to be used for government convenience. Signed at sea, December 21, 1852.https://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/littlejohnmss/1209/thumbnail.jp
Experiencing the armed struggle : the Soweto generation and after
No full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 354-369).This study explores the experiences of the rank-and-file soldiers of Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Azanian People's Liberation Anny. Extensive interviews by the author and other researchers reveal the voices of the soldiers themselves. The African National Congress and Pan African Congress archives at the University of the Western Cape and the University of Fort Hare supplement and verify these oral testimonies, as do some published sources. Most previously published materials about the armed struggle against apartheid have already focused on diplomacy, strategy and tactics, operations, leadership, and human rights abuses to the neglect of the soldiers' actual experiences. This study complements these with significant new oral history materials from the Soweto generation of soldiers and their successors. When dealing with MK, many authors have documented issues of the camp structure in Angola, and operations inside South Africa, so much of this detail is only addressed briefly, leaving space to explore the soldiers' experiences. In the case of APLA, very little has been written on its history, and more detail is provided on these subjects. This study therefore deals with the soldiers' politicisation and motivation for joining the armed struggle, their experiences in leaving South Africa and training in exile, the crises in exile which limited their effectiveness for a time, their return to fight in South Africa, and their difficulties in the "new" South Africa. These materials reveal that vast problems remain facing these veterans of the struggle against apartheid, and that they have the potential, if properly supported and employed, to contribute substantially to the development of present day South Africa. Conversely, if their neglect continues, they also have the potential to bring vast harm to the country. Further use of the investigative tools of oral history, especially if extended to the former soldiers' vernacular languages, is necessary to augment the history of South Africa, and these soldiers' contributions
Why is unemployment low in the former Soviet Union? : enterprises restructuring and the structure of compensation
No full textThe authors explain why in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) - especially Russia - unemployment has remained low and employment in state and privatized firms has remained high, while at the same time the informal or unofficial economy has grown swiftly. They trace this development to a combination of factors, including the control regime of state and privatized firms, the nature of worker compensation, and privatized firms, and the nature of subsidies or financial supports that firms continue to receive. Firms have remained the primary site for social protection. Subsidies for social benefits have effectively been a subsidy to employment and have promoted the workers'continuing attachment to these firms. Partly because the subsidies still flow and partly because of the firms'internal control structure, firms have held back on shedding labor. Firms typically work at low capacity. Instead of laying workers off, they significantly cut hours and wages, sometimes through wage arrears. The share of worker compensation that is nonmonetary had grown during the transition, and is significant. So workers search for additional sources of income, either moonlight or get involved in the informal economy. Why has this happened? Privatization has so far failed to keep firms from behaving as if they have important social responsibilities. Managers may have more discretion in decisionmaking, but seem tobe reluctant to fire workers. This reluctance reflects various pressures, including insider coalitions and pressure from local and federal governments to limit the flow to unemployment. One factor may be the need to keep workers cooperative and possibly repel outsider interest. And in the FSU, many firms continue to operate under soft budget constraints, so they are under less pressure to reduce employment levels than firms in Eastern and Central Europe. The authors show that under certain conditions if the subsidy to insider-dominated firms disappears, those firms will scale down employment and the provision of benefits. In a firm with two divisions - one that produces and one that provides benefits - the dominant (producing ) division will tend to close down the benefits-providing division if the firm assumes a simple majority decision rule.Economic Theory&Research,Municipal Financial Management,Decentralization,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management
Masonic-Appreciation of Stanley as Grand Commander
No full textChapman gave these speech at the reception honoring his son, C. Stanley Chapman, in the office of Grand Commander at the Masonic Temple in Fullerton
Restructuring and taxation in transition economies
No full textOne challenge in transition economies has been to avoid being caught between overrapid restructuring (harmful to the private sector) and gradual change (can undermine robust private sector emergence). Empirical evidence suggests thatin most of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, insiders, by exerting decision making control, have materially affected the restructuring rate. Still, shocks to firms have generally led to sharp rises in unemployment. Unemployment benefits, initially generous, combined with lost payroll taxes substantially increased fiscal costs. In the former Soviet Union, both restructuring and unemployment have remained limited and firm subsidies remained high. The private sector expanded, but chiefly in the gray (untaxed) part of the economy. The authors examine the implications of various restructuring speeds, explicitly introducing probabilities of closure and restructuring. They find that when the probability of closure is small, unemployment will peak at a lower level than when the probability of closure is high, although the transition speed will be much slower. They also find that widespread private sector tax avoidance can stimulate that sector's growth and result in a speedier transition. Thus, while a private sector low tax burden can drive unemployment up rapidly by increasing the state sector closure probability, it can also help speed up the transition by provoking a quicker private sector response. The authors show that while the state sector restructuring speed is sensitive to the tax burden, (dependent on unemployment and the ability to tax the private sector) it is also true that the private sectors growth depends on the tax burden it faces. In particular, capturing the private sector in the tax net early in the transition can lead to collapse and hence to the failure of restructuring.Trade Finance and Investment,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Economic Theory&Research,Public Health Promotion,Environmental Economics&Policies,National Governance,Youth and Governance,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies
[Salvation Army Commander Hogg]
No full textPhotograph of Salvation Army Commander Hogg in his uniform
Bogdan Khmelnitsky as commander
No full textАвтор розглядає Богдана Хмельницького як полководця, його військовий талант в ході Визвольної війни українського народу середини 17 ст.The author examines Bohdan Khmelnytsky as commander, his military talent during the Liberation war of the Ukrainian people of the mid 17 century
Candidate Card for Department Commander
No full textA candidate card for Alex. L. Patrick for position of Department Commander
Royal Religious Authority: Morocco’s "Commander of the Faithful"
No full textKing Mohammed VI of Morocco has cultivated the country’s image as a bastion of moderate Islam and of himself as a strategic partner, but to what extent does his international reputation correspond to public opinion in Morocco? In this paper, the author evaluates the domestic standing of the king and other religious figures as part of a larger Baker Institute study (https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/new-guardians-religion-islam-and-authority-middle-east/) on religious authority in the Middle East
The commander ethos in Samuel Twardowski's heroic creation
No full textIn this paper the author shows a few personifications the commander in Samuel Twardowski’s heroic creation. He chooses only theses situations, which the poet presents his principal hero only in the very important situation for the republic’s history. The author showed headman election, hetmans death, why he acts as the hetman to his death, the commander as orator, the hetman as negotiator and the commander on the battlefield.
The author described few important military situations, in the knight’s live seventeenth century commanders, for instance: Stanisław Żółkiewski, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, Jeremi Wiśniowiecki etc., when they spoke to his knight, when they fought and sometimes died.
In the commanders’ ethos was of importance, in the Twardowski’s creation and in all old Polish culture, that he combined elements of senator, diplomat, orator, headman and knights
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