384 research outputs found
The need to consider recreational vessels in risk assessments of vessel strikes to humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)
No full textAutomatic Identification Systems (AIS) data have been beneficial in understanding spatio-temporal patterns in marine traffic to inform assessments of vessel-strike risk to large whales. However, AIS does not represent all vessel classes, particularly recreational vessels that are not legally required to use AIS. Growing evidence suggests that recreational vessels do collide with large whales, and so risk assessments relying on AIS data can underestimate the threat and misguide conservation efforts. To address this, we conducted surveys of recreational vessel and humpback whale sightings to build density surface models and estimate relative vessel-strike risk by spatial co-occurrence in an urbanized embayment, Moreton Bay, Australia. We demonstrate that 93% of recreational vessels sighted in Moreton Bay did not use AIS and that vessel strike risk varies spatially according to vessel class (recreational vs. commercial). These results highlight the importance of including recreational vessels into vessel strike risk assessments to provide a more holistic view of vessel strike.Full Tex
The actors of Rural Growth in Isère : canton de Villard-de-Lans, XIX C.-XXI C.
No full textTerritoire supposé « sans histoire », le canton de Villard-de-Lans (Isère), fait partie des points aveugles de l’historiographie. Situé en montagne, donc supposé enclavé, il semble en marge du développement rural tel que le modèle anglais le conçoit. L’approche longitudinale sur deux siècles, et en particulier au cours de la période vers 1830-vers 1930, montre que cet espace est un cas pertinent de construction commune entre des acteurs de nature diverse, situés à des échelles différentes et qui forment un système traversé par des complémentarités et des rivalités. Pour démontrer ceci, l’approche prosopographique questionne la notion de développement rural. Celui-ci, en premier lieu, n’est pas déterminé par les étapes de l’âge industriel. Les Quatre montagnes sont dès la première moitié du 19e siècle un espace intégré aux transformations globales et plusieurs indices révèlent des circulations régulières avec Grenoble, le chef-lieu du département. Si les notables jouent un rôle important, de nombreuses autres familles tissent des liens avec les sociétés et les activités de la plaine. De la recherche des moyens pour demeurer au village au développement qui s’exprime dans un cadre collectif, et qui prend notamment forme dans les conseils municipaux, les familles sont des acteurs décisifs du développement rural. Celui-ci s’appuie, en deuxième lieu, sur l’essor précoce de l’élevage bovin mais également sur le commerce du bois. Progressivement, les bois du délit s’effacent devant l’arbre autour duquel les acteurs se réconcilient. La politique bovine constitue un angle privilégié car elle concerne le plus grand nombre d’individus à l’échelle locale et elle est un cadre pour des jeux d’échelles. L’élaboration d’une construction commune entre les cultivateurs et les acteurs dépêchés par l’Etat, notamment à l’occasion de la reconnaissance par l’Etat de la race bovine de Villard-de-Lans (1864), puis lors de la création d’un concours spécial départemental (1893-1914) met au jour les logiques communes mais également rivales entre les uns et les autres. La notion de spécialisation s’efface devant une orientation renforcée et la pluriactivité reste vivace. Elle démontre la volonté de faire feu de tout bois. Dans le même temps, une filière se construit à travers la station d’élevage (1875) et une segmentation des activités liées à l’élevage. La recherche du développement rural s’exprime, pour finir, à travers la construction d’un système touristique entre le dernier quart du 19e siècle et l’entre-deux-guerres. Celui-ci est, à nouveau, une élaboration commune entre des acteurs qui cherchent à promouvoir cette nouvelle branche industrielle et des sociétés locales qui se servent de leurs atouts (un milieu serti de reliefs élevés mais avec une amélioration de l’accessibilité, l’essor du commerce et de belles forêts) pour investir cette opportunité. La comparaison avec l’élevage évite de parler de spécialisation car plusieurs activités font la renommée du canton de Villard-de-Lans au début du 20e siècle ; elles proposent donc une autre possibilité de développement qui ne soit ni industrielle ni fondée sur une monoactivité et qui ne s’appuie que sur quelques individus. Ainsi, la dimension communautaire reste prégnante, le rapport entre la ville et l’espace rural n’est pas seulement hiérarchisé et les combinaisons des activités permettent de passer, pour une partie des habitants, du maintien à l’essor. La période du dernier quart du 19e siècle à l’entre-deux-guerres est féconde et elle suggère une relecture des évolutions de la seconde moitié du 20e siècle jusqu’à nos jours.The Villard-de-Lans canton may be deeemed a historiographic “point aveugle”. As a mountainous area, supposedly isolated, it does seem alien to the English model of rural growth.However a diachronic study over two centuries, concentrating upon 1830 to 1930, illustrates the interplay of a variety of actors. A prosopographic method will challenge the very concept of rural growth.To begin with, rural growth is undetermined by the successive steps of the industrial revolution. Ever since the beginning of the XIX C., the “Quatre Montagnes” are involved with the main transformations ; many signs point to regular exchanges with Grenoble, the “chef-lieu” of Isère. Assuredly, the upper classes play an important role but many other families are linked with various types of activities on the plain. Sometimes, they will find the means to stay at home, sometimes they will favour collective growth, thanks for instance to the municipal council. These are major actors of rural growth.Secondly, growth here depends on the early boom of bovine-breeding (“élevage”) as well as on the timber trade.We have concentrated upon the policy of cattle-breeding for it involves the largest number of local actors as well as being the scene of a scale-game. The recognition by the State of the Villard-de-Lans breed (1864) followed by the creation of a “Concours départemental spécial” (1893-1914) enable to discover the interplay, sometimes antagonistic, of farmers and State agents. Pluriactivity remain strong despite the launching of a new industry (breeding facility (1875)) and a segmentation of its various departments.Finally, rural growth delivers itself through the expansion of tourism between 1875 and the interwar period. Here also a common construction is detailed between the active promoters of a new industry and the local societies determined to make the most of this opportunity via enhanced access, commercial development and their beautiful woodland. The category of specialization is irrelevant for many activities, apart from “élevage”, caracterize the “canton” at the start of the XXth C. : growth here is neither industrial nor mono-occupational nor dependent upon a small number of individuals. The community is decisive. There is more than a mere hierarchy between town and country - thanks to the multiplicity of occupations, a section of the population can go from preservation to growth. The rich period from 1875 to the interwar years invites to a reassessment of the contemporary evolution from 1950 to the present
High prevalence and incidence of human papillomavirus in a cohort of healthy young African female subjects.
No full textOBJECTIVES: We measured the prevalence and incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in young female subjects recruited for a safety and immunogenicity trial of the bivalent HPV-16/18 vaccine in Tanzania. METHODS: Healthy HIV negative female subjects aged 10-25 years were enrolled and randomised (2:1) to receive HPV-16/18 vaccine or placebo (Al(OH)3 control). At enrolment, if sexually active, genital specimens were collected for HPV DNA, other reproductive tract infections and cervical cytology. Subjects were followed to 12 months when HPV testing was repeated. RESULTS: In total 334 participants were enrolled; 221 and 113 in vaccine and control arms, respectively. At enrolment, 74% of 142 sexually active subjects had HPV infection of whom 69% had >1 genotype. Prevalent infections were HPV-45 (16%), HPV-53 (14%), HPV-16 (13%) and HPV-58 (13%). Only age was associated with prevalent HPV infection at enrolment. Among 23 girls who reported age at first sex as 1 year younger than their current age, 15 (65.2%) had HPV infection. Of 187 genotype-specific infections at enrolment, 51 (27%) were present at 12 months. Overall, 67% of 97 sexually active participants with results at enrolment and 12 months had a new HPV genotype at follow-up. Among HPV uninfected female subjects at enrolment, the incidence of any HPV infection was 76 per 100 person-years. CONCLUSIONS: Among young women in Tanzania, HPV is highly prevalent and acquired soon after sexual debut. Early HPV vaccination is highly recommended in this population
Financial situation of people living with HIV in Europe.
No full textThe objective was to investigate the financial situation of people living with HIV in Europe. Two surveys using an anonymous questionnaire were organized in Europe among people living with HIV, the first in 1996-97 and the second in 1998-99. One thousand one hundred and sixty-one people from the 1996-97 survey and 899 from the 1998-99 survey were included. Four hundred and fifty-seven (42%) of the 1996-97 participants reported that their income had decreased since HIV diagnosis. The latter participants reported significantly more often difficulties in paying for housing (27% vs 20%), food (18% vs 12%) and transport (17% vs 12%) compared to 1998-99 participants. In multiple regression analysis, severity of HIV disease, not being on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), younger age, lower education level and living in the South of Europe were associated with having financial difficulties. We concluded that since the introduction of HAART, the financial situation of persons living with HIV in Europe has improved, but a relatively large percentage of them still have financial difficulties
Marburg hemorrhagic fever associated with multiple genetic lineages of virus.
No full textBACKGROUND: An outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever was first observed in a gold-mining village in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in October 1998. METHODS: We investigated the outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever most intensively in May and October 1999. Sporadic cases and short chains of human-to-human transmission continued to occur until September 2000. Suspected cases were identified on the basis of a case definition; cases were confirmed by the detection of virus antigen and nucleic acid in blood, cell culture, antibody responses, and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 154 cases (48 laboratory-confirmed and 106 suspected) were identified (case fatality rate, 83 percent); 52 percent of cases were in young male miners. Only 27 percent of these men reported having had contact with other affected persons, whereas 67 percent of patients who were not miners reported such contact (P<0.001). Most of the affected miners (94 percent) worked in an underground mine. Cessation of the outbreak coincided with flooding of the mine. Epidemiologic evidence of multiple introductions of infection into the population was substantiated by the detection of at least nine genetically distinct lineages of virus in circulation during the outbreak. CONCLUSIONS: Marburg hemorrhagic fever can have a very high case fatality rate. Since multiple genetic variants of virus were identified, ongoing introduction of virus into the population helped perpetuate this outbreak. The findings imply that reservoir hosts of Marburg virus inhabit caves, mines, or similar habitats
Documentation of clinical data and its transference from Ebola and Marburg wards: health care workers' experiences and preferences
No full textReproductive health for refugees by refugees in Guinea II: sexually transmitted infections.
No full textBACKGROUND: Providing reproductive and sexual health services is an important and challenging aspect of caring for displaced populations, and preventive and curative sexual health services may play a role in reducing HIV transmission in complex emergencies. From 1995, the non-governmental "Reproductive Health Group" (RHG) worked amongst refugees displaced by conflicts in Sierra Leone and Liberia (1989-2004). RHG recruited refugee nurses and midwives to provide reproductive and sexual health services for refugees in the Forest Region of Guinea, and trained refugee women as lay health workers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 1999 to assess sexual health needs, knowledge and practices among refugees, and the potential impact of RHG's work. METHODS: Trained interviewers administered a questionnaire on self-reported STI symptoms, and sexual health knowledge, attitudes and practices to 445 men and 444 women selected through multistage stratified cluster sampling. Chi-squared tests were used where appropriate. Multivariable logistic regression with robust standard errors (to adjust for the cluster sampling design) was used to assess if factors such as source of information about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was associated with better knowledge. RESULTS: 30% of women and 24% of men reported at least one episode of genital discharge and/or genital ulceration within the past 12 months. Only 25% correctly named all key symptoms of STIs in both sexes. Inappropriate beliefs (e.g. that swallowing tablets before sex, avoiding public toilets, and/or washing their genitals after sex protected against STIs) were prevalent. Respondents citing RHG facilitators as their information source were more likely to respond correctly about STIs; RHG facilitators were more frequently cited than non-healthcare information sources in men who correctly named the key STI symptoms (odds ratio (OR) = 5.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-13.9), and in men and women who correctly identified effective STI protection methods (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.5-5.8 and OR = 4.6, 95% CI 1.6-13.2 respectively). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed a high prevalence of STI symptoms, and gaps in sexual health knowledge in this displaced population. Learning about STIs from RHG health facilitators was associated with better knowledge. RHG's model could be considered in other complex emergency settings
Strengthening the research to policy and practice interface: exploring strategies used by research organisations working on sexual and reproductive health and HIV/AIDS.
No full textThis commentary introduces the HARPS supplement on getting research into policy and practice in sexual and reproductive health (SRH). The papers in this supplement have been produced by the Sexual Health and HIV Evidence into Practice (SHHEP) collaboration of international research, practitioner and advocacy organizations based in research programmes funded by the UK Department for International Development.The commentary describes the increasing interest from research and communication practitioners, policy makers and funders in expanding the impact of research on policy and practice. It notes the need for contextually embedded understanding of ways to engage multiple stakeholders in the politicized, sensitive and often contested arenas of sexual and reproductive health. The commentary then introduces the papers under their respective themes: (1) The theory and practice of research engagement (two global papers); (2) Applying policy analysis to explore the role of research evidence in SRH and HIV/AIDS policy (two papers with examples from Ghana, Malawi, Uganda and Zambia); (3) Strategies and methodologies for engagement (five papers on Kenya, South Africa, Ghana, Tanzania and Swaziland respectively); (4) Advocacy and engagement to influence attitudes on controversial elements of sexual health (two papers, Bangladesh and global); and (5) Institutional approaches to inter-sectoral engagement for action and strengthening research communications (two papers, Ghana and global).The papers illustrate the many forms research impact can take in the field of sexual and reproductive health. This includes discursive changes through carving out legitimate spaces for public debate; content changes such as contributing to changing laws and practices, procedural changes such as influencing how data on SRH are collected, and behavioural changes through partnerships with civil society actors such as advocacy groups and journalists.The contributions to this supplement provide a body of critical analysis of communication and engagement strategies across the spectrum of SRH and HIV/AIDS research through the testing of different models for the research-to-policy interface. They provide new insights on how researchers and communication specialists can respond to changing policy climates to create windows of opportunity for influence
Extending the "social": anthropological contributions to the study of viral haemorrhagic fevers.
No full textAnthropology and the One-Health Agenda for VHF Emerging Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) offer a frontier for a “One-Health ” research agenda; the joined-up, or collaborative, effort of multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment (e.g.
Enfant conçu. Homicide par imprudence. Confusion entre deux patientes. Négligence ?
No full textInternational audience(Crim. 30 juin 1999, Juris-Data n° 002903 ; D. 1999.710, note D. Vigneau ; D. 2000.Somm.27, obs. Mayaud ; JCP 2000.II.10231, note G. Favré ; Rev. gén. dr. méd. 2/1999.5, obs. C. Daver
- …
