454 research outputs found
Tooth development, genetics, and evolution - papers honoring the 80 year career of Percy M. Butler
No full textPercy M. Butler led a remarkable life – in the process surviving two world wars, publishing over 100 scholarly papers on a wide array of topics, becoming an accomplished artist, and living to the age of 102. Percy’s publishing career began in 1935 and has yet to end with co-authored papers still in the works two years after his death in 2015. Early in 2016 we began to contact colleagues to gauge their interest in contributing original research papers to a volume that would cover many aspects of Percy’s work as well as to honor him for a long and distinguished career. The response was overwhelming and immediate so we decided to move forward with this project. A great many of the authors involved in this project had interactions with Percy over the years, many having worked very closely with him. All were influenced by his seminal work in dental development and by the breadth of his knowledge and interest
FIGURE 15 in Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania)
No full textFIGURE 15. Right distal humerus of extant Miniopterus schreibersi (NHMUK 19.7.7.2417) compared with fossil Miniopterus cf. M. schreibersi (NMT.011A/Bat) in A, anterior, B, posterior, C, medial, and D, lateral views.Published as part of Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie & Simmons, Nancy B., 2015, Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania), pp. 1-35 in American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846) on page 25, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, http://zenodo.org/record/459831
Tooth development, genetics, and evolution - papers honoring the 80 year career of Percy M. Butler
No full textThis record is for a(n) postprint of an article published by Taylor & Francis, Inc in Historical Biology on 2017-12-05; the version of record is available at https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017.1342339.Percy M. Butler led a remarkable life – in the process surviving two world wars, publishing over 100 scholarly papers on a wide array of topics, becoming an accomplished artist, and living to the age of 102. Percy’s publishing career began in 1935 and has yet to end with co-authored papers still in the works two years after his death in 2015. Early in 2016 we began to contact colleagues to gauge their interest in contributing original research papers to a volume that would cover many aspects of Percy’s work as well as to honor him for a long and distinguished career. The response was overwhelming and immediate so we decided to move forward with this project. A great many of the authors involved in this project had interactions with Percy over the years, many having worked very closely with him. All were influenced by his seminal work in dental development and by the breadth of his knowledge and interestspostprin
Major Butler, 28th Regiment
No full textMajor Percy Archer Butler, full-length portrait, dressed in uniform, seated, holding a sword, with conical tents in the background.Title transcribed from verso.Restricted access: Materials extremely fragile; Served by appointment only.Purchase; Frances M. Fenton; 1944.Forms part of: Roger Fenton Crimean War photograph collection
The Godwinian psychology of hope and its legacy in the work of Percy Shelley and Mary Shelley
No full textThis thesis examines the work of William Godwin in terms of a conjunction between secular Enlightenment optimism and the psychology of Christian hope. This conjunction produced his particular inflection of human perfectibility, where the idea of liberal improvement in society becomes a semi-fictional narrative of faith. This political philosophy is developed alongside a Dissenting literary theory that
understands literature as discussion, locating the means of improvement in the written text's influence over the mind of the reader. Godwin's interest in altering the mindset
of his readership as a means of political improvement sees him emphasise the idea of hope in his novels, seeking to sustain the progressive project through literature in the
face of the rise of anti-Jacobinism and Malthusian political economy in the late 1790s.
Percy Shelley defined his literary project as an attempt to revive liberal hope in the wake of the `failure' of the French Revolution, a definition initiated by his reading of
Godwin. His reaction against Wordsworthian conservatism is framed in the terms of Godwinian psychology. Percy Shelley's theories on the poet as `legislator' emerge
from his encounter with Godwin's ideas on reader-response as the vehicle of improvement. However, there is also a reaction against Godwinian hope, which sees Percy Shelley explore a countervailing anti-humanist disappointment.
A key theme of Mary Shelley's novels is the persistence of Godwinian hope. She discusses Godwinian ideas on benevolence and the absence of innate disposition to
crime as a means of reviving the progressive project. While Mary Shelley explores the collapse of liberal optimism, she makes a paradoxical attempt to sustain Godwinian hope through a disappointed lament for its demise.
The thesis contends that the work of these authors constituted a coherent debate on the liberal Enlightenment, forming an important presence in British literary culture
from 1793 up to the verge of the first Reform Bill in 1832
Myzopoda africana Gunnell & Butler & Greenwood & Simmons 2015, new species
No full text<p> † <i>Myzopoda africana</i>, new species</p> Figures 2, 3 <p> <i>Myzopoda</i> sp., Butler, 1978: 65; Gunnell, 2010: 586.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE: NMT.010/Bat, complete left humerus (see table 1 for measurements).</p> <p> ETYMOLOGY: The species name is given for the African continent, since the new species represents the only known occurrence of the genus <i>Myzopoda</i> on continental Africa; extant species are restricted to Madagascar.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Tanzania: Arusha Province, Olduvai Gorge, Bed I, FLK NI, Layer 123.</p> <p> DIAGNOSIS: Differs from living <i>Myzopoda schliemanni</i> and <i>M. aurita</i> in having a larger humerus (mean dimensions 21% larger) that is more robust and has a relatively longer deltopectoral crest, a more rounded humeral head, a more robust lesser tubercle, a more distinct and elongate lateral capitular tail, a more distinct and laterally compressed capitulum, and a relatively broader epitrochlea with a more distally extended epitrochlear process.</p> <p>REFERRED SPECIMENS: NMT.008/Bat, left proximal humerus from Olduvai Bed I, FLK NI, layer 123; NMT.009/Bat, right distal humerus, Olduvai Bed 1, FLK NI, layer 4 (collected 1960).</p> <p> DESCRIPTION: Three humeri from Olduvai can be assigned to <i>Myzopoda</i> based on the presence of the following combination of characters: round, bulbous capitulum, extended capitular tail with flaring lip, a broad epicondyle with two distinct processes, and a humeral head placed distal to the trochiter (greater tubercle). The proximal humerus (fig. 2) of <i>M. africana</i> has a semi-rounded, distolaterally slightly flattened head. The proximal extent of the head does not extend as far proximally as the trochiter and is even slightly below the proximal extent of the lesser tubercle. The deltopectoral crest is elevated anteriorly, is relatively long and curving, and has a sharply defined anterior margin with a slight overhanging lip developed medially. Distally (figs. 2, 3), the humerus of <i>M. africana</i> has a rounded and slightly laterally compressed capitulum that is robust and not offset from the long axis of the humeral shaft. The lateral capitular tail is as broad as the trochlear surface. The trochlear groove is distinct but not deeply invaginated and with a sharply defined trochlear lip. The medial epicondyle is robust with a relatively elongate process that extends distally beyond the trochlear ridge and is developed as two rounded surfaces aligned anteroposteriorly. There is a small but distinct groove on the lateral surface of the epicondyle.</p> <p> Other fossil material of <i>Myzopoda</i> is unknown from both Africa and Madagascar, although more ancient myzopodids referred to another genus have been described from Egypt (Gunnell et al., 2014).</p>Published as part of <i>Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie & Simmons, Nancy B., 2015, Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania), pp. 1-35 in American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846)</i> on pages 3-7, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4598312">http://zenodo.org/record/4598312</a>
A more comprehensive and commanding delineation: Mary Shelley's narrative strategy in Frankenstein
No full textThis thesis argues that the first edition of Frankenstein challenges conventional reading by employing what Simpson in Irony and Authority in Romantic Poetry calls Romantic irony, where the absence of a stable 'metacomment' precludes an authoritative reading. The novel hints at such readings but prevents them. The insights offered by Tropp's Mary Shelley's Monster, Baldick's In Frankenstein's Shadow, Poovey's The Proper Lady and the woman writer and Swingle's, 'Frankenstein's Monster and its Relatives: Problems of Knowledge in English Romanticism' are considered, but none recognises the full implications of the instability deriving from multiple first- person narratives. Clemit's The Godwinian Navel acknowledges the novel's indeterminacy, but reads a specific ideological purpose in it. Paradise Last provides a language to describe the relationship between the monster and Frankenstein, but proves too unstable to fix identity or establish moral value. Similarly, Necessity ultimately fails to provide a stable explanation in terms of cause and effect. The status of nature shifts between foreground and background, never allowing final definition. These uncertainties destabilise knowledge which is compromised by its provisional nature: no authoritative reading is possible, yet the novel has narrative coherence. The reader is encouraged to try to develop a reading the structure prevents. The radical nature of the first edition is highlighted by comparison with the 1831 edition, which removes much of the ambivalence and gives the novel a clearer morality. The novel challenges conventional methods of deriving authority by disturbing the reader's orthodox orientation in the world around him' (Simpson) in order to afford 'a point of view to the imagination for the delineation of human passions more comprehensive and commanding than any which the ordinary relations of existing events can yield' (Mary Shelley)
Stevekenia Percy, 2017, gen. nov.
No full textGenus Stevekenia gen. nov. Type species: Stevekenia nothocestri sp. nov., by present designation. Adult colour and structure. General body colour light to mid-brown with yellow-green on abdomen. Fore wing broadest in the middle, membrane clear or slightly yellow and hyaline, lacking surface spinules, with or without distinct areas of pigmentation; veins with trifurcation of veins R, M and Cu1, brown, often with darker spots at marginal termination; long setae on ventral fore wing margin and interior veins; a single cluster of marginal radular spines present in cells cu1, m1, either centrally positioned or offset towards posterior of cells, and either one or two marginal clusters in cell m2; vein Rs short, cells cu1 and m2 large; fore wing apices bluntly acute (Fig. 1A,C–D,H– I,L). Hind wing short (Fig. 1B,J). Long setae present on head and thorax (Fig. 1E). Head without genal processes; vertex extremely short (width ≥ 4x length), extending anteriorly into two small projections overhanging the medial ocellus (Fig. 2A–B,I); due to the short vertex, the head appears somewhat dorso-ventrally flattened (Fig. 2D); lateral ocelli on small tubercles; medial epicranial suture distinct; small extensions at posterior rim of the eyes form small lateral projections (Fig. 2A,I). Antennae extremely long (length> 4x head width); antennal segments 10, with apical region of segments 3–8 often slightly darker; either a single or multiple rhinaria apically on segments 4, 6, and a single rhinarium apically on segments 8, 9; rhinaria either simple or surrounded by a small disk (Fig. 2E,F); terminal segment with two setae of unequal length (stout and slender). Distal proboscis segment medium short, darker apically (Fig. 2H,L). Thorax moderately arched (Fig. 1F–G). Legs moderately short and robust, tibia longer than femur; hind leg with meracanthus well developed and straight; hind tibia with a single genual spine basally and 1+2 sclerotized apical spurs (single spur stalked and a pair of stalked spurs either conjoined at the base or not) and a comb of stout unsclerotized setae; proximal tarsus longer than distal tarsus (Fig. 2 M–R). Male terminalia with subgenital plate more or less rounded, or more angular; proctiger with moderate posterior lobe medially, length longer than paramere; paramere with broad base below an abrupt anterior angle leading to sickleshaped neck with apex directed anteriorly; distal aedeagus segment with large, bulbous apex; sperm pump large (Fig. 3A –G). Female terminalia with proctiger robust, dorsal surface more or less straight, longer than subgenital plate, vase-shaped anal ring composed of a mostly continuous double row of cells, and two raised pores (approximately same size as abdominal spiracles) flanking anal ring; subgenital plate ventral surface either more or less straight or with medial bulge ventrally, apex acute or bluntly acute; ovipositor without serrations (Fig. 3 H–N). Egg. Pale to light brown, with a long pedicel and short tail, and a distinct plug-like structure at the base near the pedicel; egg surface (mostly dorsal surface) covered in irregularly clustered to linearly ordered cellular outgrowths (Fig. 3 O–Q). Immature. Unknown. Comment. There are no clear taxonomic affiliations with other genera in Triozidae. However, Stevekenia may be affiliated with Baeoalitriozus Li, 2011 based on forewing structure, particularly the large fore wing cell m2, and shortened hind wing; Baeoalitriozus occurs on both Asian and American continents, as well as in Africa (Yang et al. 2013). Other possible affiliations are with Schedoneolithus Tuthill, 1959, a monotypic genus from South America which has a Solanaceae host and head lacking developed genae (Tuthill 1959), but the overall head shape is still not as atypical as in Stevekenia. Other than the host plant affiliation, the biology and immatures of Stevekenia are unknown. Ongoing phylogenomic work by this author places Stevekenia in a major clade of predominantly non-galling genera; and both Baeoalitriozus and Schedoneolithus are also in this same phylogenetic group, as is a predominantly holarctic genus, Bactericera Puton, 1876, with several Solanaceae-feeding species, including one of the most serious pests of potato, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc, 1909), see Discussion. Potentially significant similarities with Bactericera include the sickle-shaped paramere and eggs with a long pedicel, in addition some Bactericera taxa also lack developed genae (Burckhardt & Lauterer 1997). There are two single island endemic species described in Stevekenia, and the genus can be separated from other genera in the Hawaiian Islands by the combination of large size (> 4 mm), large fore wing cells m2 and cu1, extremely long antennae (> 4x head width), and the unusual, somewhat dorso-ventrally flattened, head shape without genal processes; as well as being the only taxon found on Solanaceae host plants in the archipelago. In addition, there are two notably unusual morphological features in Stevekenia, one is the two raised pores flanking the anal ring on the dorsal surface of the female proctiger, it is not clear whether these are simply pores or may function as glands; the other is the egg structure with branching cellular outgrowths on the surface of the eggs, and a plug-like structure at the base of the pedicel. Etymology: Named for the combined efforts of two extraordinary field biologists, the entomologist Steve Montgomery and the botanist Ken Wood, without whose field knowledge and skills this genus would have remained undiscovered.Published as part of Percy, Diana M., 2017, A new endemic psyllid genus, Stevekenia gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Psylloidea, Triozidae), from the Hawaiian Islands with two new and rare species on threatened host plants in the endemic genus Nothocestrum (Solanaceae), pp. 370-380 in Zootaxa 4286 (3) on pages 371-372, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4286.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/82857
Cardioderma leakeyi Gunnell & Butler & Greenwood & Simmons 2015, new species
No full text† Cardioderma leakeyi, new species Figures 4, 5 Megadermidae Butler and Greenwood, 1965: 14. Cardioderma sp., Butler, 1978: 65; Gunnell, 2010: 586. HOLOTYPE: NMT.003/Bat, left maxilla with P4–M3 (fig. 4), from the 1960 Olduvai Collection (see table 2 for measurements). REFERRED SPECIMEN: NMT.002/Bat, right dentary with m1–3, FLK NI, Layer 3. ETYMOLOGY: Named in honor of L.S.B. Leakey who was instrumental in initiating and leading the search for vertebrate fossils, especially fossil humans, in East Africa. TYPE LOCALITY: Tanzania: Olduvai Gorge, Bed I, FLK NI, Layer 2. DIAGNOSIS: Differs from extant Cardioderma cor in averaging 18%–20% larger in tooth dimensions; P4 with relatively larger parastyle and metastyle and better developed labial cingulum; M1–2 with relatively more robust mesostyle, deeper parafossa and metafossa, and deeper trigon basin; less reduced M3/m3; m1 and m2 with relatively broader talonid basin and more robust metaconid; m3 with broader trigonid and less reduced talonid. DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONS: The specimens referred to Cardioderma leakeyi can be recognized as megadermatids based on the robust nature of the cusps and crests on upper and lower cheek teeth, the large hypocone shelves and the narrow and labiolingually restricted protofossae on M1–2, the broadly open trigonid on m1 and the high and short lower molar talonids. The holotype maxilla (NMT.003/Bat, fig. 4) has a maxillary foramen that opens over the anterior root of P4 as in the extant species of Cardioderma, C. cor. There is a secondary and smaller foramen that opens more ventrally on the maxilla over the posterior root of P4 (this foramen is slightly more posteriorly placed in the extant species). In lateral view, the anterior labial root of M1 is exposed through the bony surface of the maxilla, as is often the case in C. cor. The root of the zygomatic arch is dorsal to M2 as in the living form, but it is much more robust in C. leakeyi, as is the anterior orbital process. The optical foramen is the same size and in the same position in both species of Cardioderma. The P4 of Cardioderma leakeyi has a robust paracone, relatively large parastyle and metastyle, and a relatively heavy labial cingulum. The lingual cingulum is relatively broad anteroposteriorly and extends lingually farther than is seen in C. cor. M1–2 each have a prominent hypocone shelf, an anteroposteriorly narrow but labiolingually extended and deep protofossa, a robust mesostyle, and parastylar and metastylar foveae that are nearly equivalent in size (whereas in C. cor the metastylar fovea is typically larger). M3 has a relatively robust parastyle and a labiolingually short lingual shelf and is less anteroposteriorly compressed than seen in C. cor. The horizontal ramus of the dentary (NMT.002/Bat) is relatively deep in Cardioderma leakeyi (3.0 mm beneath m1) compared to C. cor (2.0 mm below m1). The lower molars of C. leakeyi (fig. 5) are all quite similar to those of extant C. cor. The m1 is broken anteriorly, making it impossible to tell whether C. leakeyi had a small, low, and centered paraconid as seen in C. cor. All three lower molars of C. leakeyi have a prominent protoconid and a somewhat lower, but distinct, metaconid. Lower m2 and m3 have distinct paraconids that are placed somewhat lower than the metaconids. The hypoflexid is deep and the cristid obliqua is angled and joins the postvallid of the trigonid well lingual of center on all molar teeth. The hypoconid on m1–2 is distinct, but it is less so on m3; the entoconid is distinct only on m1. Molar talonids are broader than those seen in C. cor, but the talonid is not as broad as the trigonid on any tooth. All molars have moderate and complete labial cingulids. The only other published record of a fossil Cardioderma species (Louchart et al., 2009) is from the early Pliocene in Ethiopia. However, the material upon which that assignment is based has never been described or figured making comparisons impossible at this time.Published as part of Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie & Simmons, Nancy B., 2015, Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania), pp. 1-35 in American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846) on pages 7-10, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, http://zenodo.org/record/459831
Scotoecus olduvensis Gunnell & Butler & Greenwood & Simmons 2015, new species
No full text<p> † <i>Scotoecus olduvensis</i>, new species</p> Figures 6, 7 <p> Cf. <i>Pipistrellus</i> (<i>Scotozous</i>) <i>rueppelli</i>, Butler and Greenwood, 1965: 15; Butler, 1978: 65; Gunnell, 2010: 588.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE: NMT.004/Bat, left dentary with c1–m3 (fig. 6B; see table 2 for measurements).</p> <p>REFERRED SPECIMEN: NMT.024/Bat, left distal humerus (also includes right proximal humeral fragment), FLK Main Dig 1, Z level (see table 1 for measurements).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: Named for Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Tanzania: Olduvai Gorge, Bed I, FLK NI, Layer 3.</p> <p> DIAGNOSIS: Similar to extant <i>Scotoecus albofuscus</i> (fig. 6A) and <i>S. hindei</i> (fig. 6C) but differs from both in being, on average, 12% larger in tooth dimensions; <i>S. olduvensis</i> further differs from <i>S. hindei</i> in having: c1 lacking a buccal cingulid and anterolingual and posterolingual basal cuspules; a relatively longer posterior shelf that is not notched; p2 relatively larger compared to p4; p4 more similar in size to p2 (not larger as in extant taxa); p4 with a buccal cingulid lacking or very weak, a more robust cusp, and a lingual cingulid lacking an anterolingual extension. <i>S. olduvensis</i> further differs from <i>S. albofuscus</i> in having: c1 more robust, lacking a heavy lingual cingulid, with a more posteriorly extended posterior shelf that is not notched; p4 more similar in size to p2 (not larger as in extant taxon), lacking a lingual crest off the posterior part of the cusp that terminates in a posterior lingual extension of the lingual cingulid, which lacks an anterolingual extension, but has a better developed posterior shelf; <i>S. olduvensis</i> further differs from both extant taxa in having: p2 lacking a distinctive anterior extension of the anterolingual cingulid that forms a protrusion that fits into the notch of the canine posterior shelf; m3 with a somewhat lower hypoconid and entoconid and lacking a hypoconulid.</p> <p> DESCRIPTION: The lower canine of <i>S</i>. <i>olduvensis</i> is robust and relatively broad with a convex anterior surface, a flat posterior surface, and a lingual cingulid continuous with a low, moderate posterior shelf. The posterior shelf is overlapped by p2, which is single rooted and slightly wider than long but essentially circular in occlusal view. Anteriorly p2 overlaps the posterior shelf of the canine and has a continuous cingulid that is heaviest buccally. Lower p4 is similar to p2 but is slightly larger and relatively wider than long. It has a developed lingual cingulid, but the buccal cingulid is very weak. Like p2 there is only a single cusp developed on p4 that is slightly more robust than that found in p2. The lower molars are very similar to those of <i>S. hindei</i> and <i>S. albofuscus</i>: in having very tall and prominent talonid cusps and high entocristids, in being nyctalodont with well-developed crests, and in having relatively strong buccal cingulids. The lower molar trigonids are nearly as wide as talonids, in contrast to the living species in which the trigonid is noticeably more restricted buccolingually. The bases of the hypoconid and entoconid are inflated producing a relatively narrow and restricted talonid basin compared to the extant taxa.</p> <p> The distal end of NMT.024/Bat, the left distal humerus that we refer to <i>S. olduvensis</i> (fig. 7, bottom row), has a narrow but robust capitulum that is slightly angled and not offset from the shaft. The lateral capitular tail, even though somewhat broken, appears to have been much less broad than trochlear surface and is essentially continuous with the capitulum (shallow to absent groove). The trochlear groove is weak and the trochlear surface is relatively wide and robust with a sharply defined trochlear lip. The medial epicondylar process is broken and the groove on lateral surface of epicondyle is weak to absent.</p> <p>Also included with NMT.024/Bat is a potentially associated right proximal humerus. The head of this specimen is ovate and somewhat angled. The proximal margin of the head does not extend beyond the proximal extent of trochiter and is about at the same height as the proximal extent of the lesser trochanter. There is a high (anteriorly) deltopectoral crest. It is relatively long and sharply defined with a slight overhanging lip developed medially. The deltopectoral crest curves toward base of trochiter and anteriorly encloses a moderately deep fossa.</p> <p> No other fossils of <i>Scotoecus</i> have been described or figured (Simmons and Gunnell, in prep.).</p>Published as part of <i>Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie & Simmons, Nancy B., 2015, Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania), pp. 1-35 in American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846)</i> on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4598312">http://zenodo.org/record/4598312</a>
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