1,362 research outputs found
Motion sickness during fore-and-aft oscillation: effect of the visual scene
No full textBackground: Repetitive braking and acceleration can cause carsickness, with the extent of sickness depending on the forward view outside the car.Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that the visual scene would influence motion sickness caused by low-frequency, low-magnitude fore-and-aft oscillation in the laboratory.Method: There were 120 seated male subjects who were exposed to 30 min of 0.1-Hz fore-and-aft oscillation at an acceleration magnitude of 0.89 m·s-2 rms (a displacement of ± 3.18 m). Subjects sat in a cabin with one of six scenes: 1) an internal view of two-dimensional black shapes on a white background; 2) an external view of the same two-dimensional shapes; 3) an external view of six horizontal black lines; 4) a 'real' three-dimensional external view; 5) no view (blindfolded); or 6) an internal collimated view of the two-dimensional shapes. Due to practical constraints, only conditions 1, 2, and 6 were tested in a balanced order. Ratings of motion sickness were obtained at 1-min intervals.Results: Each of the six conditions caused motion sickness, with mean illness ratings that increased similarly over time regardless of viewing condition. The symptoms did not differ significantly between conditions and there was no difference in the risk of reaching an illness rating of 2, 'mild symptoms,' between the six viewing conditions.Discussion and Conclusions: With a larger number of subjects, a small mean effect of vision might be found with motions having similar frequencies or similar magnitudes to the conditions investigated here. Nevertheless, compared with the large effects of vision with some motions, it is concluded that the visual scene has little effect on sickness caused by pure fore-and-aft oscillation at a frequency of 0.1 Hz and an acceleration magnitude of 0.89 m·s-2 rms
Motion sickness with combined fore-and-aft and pitch oscillation: effect of phase and the visual scene
No full textBackground: the view ahead influences the motion sickness of car passengers but has been found to have little influence on the sickness caused by low frequency fore-and-aft oscillation. Acceleration and deceleration of vehicles is accompanied by pitch motions that may influence sickness.Hypotheses: it was hypothesized that: 1) a visual scene would influence sickness caused by combined fore-and-aft and pitch oscillation; and 2) sickness would be dependent on the phase between the fore-and-aft oscillation and the pitch oscillation. Method: while viewing one of three visual scenes (internal view, blindfold, or external view), 6 groups of 20 subjects were exposed for 30 min to 1 of 2 motions (in-phase or out-of-phase combinations of 0.1 Hz fore-and-aft and pitch oscillation). The 0.1-Hz fore-and-aft oscillation at ± 1.26 ms-2 rms (displacement of ± 3.18 m) was combined with ± 3.69° pitch oscillation either in phase (so the pitch increased acceleration in the plane of the seat to ± 1.89 ms-2) or out of phase (to reduce acceleration to ± 0.63 ms-2). Results: with both types of motion (in-phase and out-of-phase oscillation) there was significantly less sickness with an external view than with an internal view or a blindfold. There was evidence of an interaction between the effects of viewing condition and the effect of the phase between the fore-and-aft and the pitch oscillation consistent with blindfolded subjects experiencing less sickness when they experienced greater forces. Conclusions: motion sickness caused by combined fore-and-aft and pitch oscillation depends on both the visual scene and the phase between the fore-and-aft and pitch motions. The minimization of sickness arising from such motions should involve the optimization of both the visual environment and the phase
Evaluation of Student Responses to a Hypoglycemic Event During the Diabetes Simulation at Butler University
No full textBackground: Hypoglycemia is a major complication associated with managing diabetes. Severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes has been shown to occur at rates of 35-75 per 100 patients-years.
Objective: To assess pharmacy students\u27 understanding of how to appropriately treat a hypoglycemic event
Methods: During the diabetes simulation administered as part of a Therapeutics/Self-Care assignment at Butler University, students spent four days simulating the life of a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes. Students reflected daily on the challenges of managing diabetes via an online journal. Students received a surprise email describing symptoms of hypoglycemia and were asked to respond to the event. Their response was described in their daily journal entry. The current study is a retrospective review of the graded rubrics used to evaluate student responses to the surprise email. Appropriateness of treatment and potential impact of the event were evaluated.
Results: Approximately 95% of 134 students identified the symptoms described as a hypoglycemic event and 79% re-tested blood glucose after consuming a source of fasting-acting carbohydrates. Approximately 60% of students identified the appropriate fast-acting carbohydrate to initially raise blood glucose while only 44% identified following up the fast-acting carbohydrate with a longer-acting carbohydrate/protein/fat snack.
Conclusion: Pharmacists play a role in helping patients manage diabetes. To ensure comprehensive patient counseling, it is important that students have an understanding of the appropriate response to hypoglycemia. This study revealed areas of improvement for students to focus on relating to hypoglycemia patient education
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'A daughter come home?': the travel writings of Colleen J. McElroy
No full textThe UMM Saddle Club: More Than Just Horsing Around by Colleen Butler
No full textA research paper written by Colleen Butler for History 3402: Historical Research. Of note is that three oral histories were collected for this paper, and are referenced throughout
Motion sickness with fore-and-aft and pitch oscillation: effect of the visual scene
No full textBraking and acceleration expose car passengers to complex fore-and-aft and pitch motions that
can cause carsickness, with the effect depending on the visual scene. Previous studies in various
motion environments have suggested that external viewing reduces motion sickness relative to
internal viewing or wearing a blindfold however the influences of motion and vision on motion
sickness are thought to be interactive. The types of motion for which a visual scene can and cannot
modify sickness are yet to be established. The aim of this research was to advance understanding
of the effect of the visual scene on motion sickness caused by fore-and-aft oscillation,
combinations of fore-and-aft and pitch oscillation, and pitch oscillations.
The first experiment investigated the effect of the visual scene on motion sickness caused by low
frequency low magnitude fore-and-aft oscillation. Six groups of 20 subjects experienced one of six
visual scenes: an internal view of shapes; an external view of shapes; an external view of
horizontal lines; a ‘real’ three-dimensional external view; no view (blindfolded); or an internal
collimated view of shapes. Variations in the visual scene had no significant effect on motion
sickness caused by 0.1 Hz fore-and-aft oscillation with an acceleration magnitude of 0.89 ms-2
r.m.s. The absence of an influence of vision differs from the effects of the visual scene on motion
sickness in cars and coaches and suggested that carsickness is not solely caused by low
frequency fore-and-aft acceleration.
In a second experiment, six groups of 20 subjects were exposed to 0.1 Hz fore-and-aft oscillation
combined with 0.1 Hz pitch oscillation with a peak pitch displacement of 3.69°. For three groups of
subjects, the pitch displacement was 180° out-of-phase with the fore-and-aft displacement, such
that the resultant peak acceleration acting on subjects in the fore-and-aft direction was 1.89 ms-2.
The other three groups of subjects experienced the same fore-and-aft and pitch oscillations, but
presented out-of-phase so that the peak fore-and-aft acceleration of ±1.26 ms-2 r.m.s. was partially
offset by the pitch displacement of ±3.69°. Each subject experienced one of three viewing
conditions from the first experiment: internal, blindfolded or external. The visual scene influenced
the motion sickness caused by combined fore-and-aft and pitch oscillation regardless of whether
pitch motion was in-phase or out-of-phase with the fore-and-aft motion: there was less sickness
with an external forward view than with either an internal view or a blindfold. The effect of the
phase between the fore-and-aft and pitch motion depended on the visual scene: the phase
influenced motion sickness with a blindfold and with internal viewing but not with external viewing.
The effect of internal, blindfold and external viewing on motion sickness caused by 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4
Hz pitch oscillation was investigated in a third experiment with 180 subjects, 20 subjects in 9
conditions. The visual scene influenced motion sickness similarly with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 Hz pitch
oscillation: external viewing reduced motion sickness relative to internal viewing. There was no
significant effect of pitch oscillation frequency.
Experimental results suggest that there is no effect of the visual scene on motion sickness caused
by fore-and-aft oscillation but the visual scene is influential when pitch motion is part or all of the
motion stimulus. The effect of the visual scene on motion sickness cannot be predicted without
specifying the motion stimulus causing sickness. Unlike previous models of motion sickness, a
conceptual model is suggested in which the expected visual signal is defined for a given vestibular
input. The model predicts that external viewing reduces motion sickness relative to internal or
blindfolded conditions when sickness is caused by motions inclusive of pitch oscillation. Model
predictions for the effect of the visual scene on motion sickness caused by other directions of
oscillation are considered
Formal Development of a Total Order Broadcast for Distributed Transactions using Event-B
No full textAbstract. In a replicated database system, copies of the database are kept across several sites for fault-tolerance and availability. Data access in such systems is usually done within a transactional framework. A read-only transaction accesses data locally and an update transaction modifies the database at all sites. Total order broadcast primitives have been proposed to support transactions and allow fault-tolerant cooperation between the sites in a distributed system. In this paper, we identify and analyze the problem of formation of deadlocks among conflicting update transactions due to race conditions and outline how a system of total order broadcast prevents deadlocks and transaction failures. Later we outline how a refinement based approach with Event-B can be used for formal development of the models of total order broadcast. In this approach we begin with the abstract model of a total order broadcast and verify that the required ordering properties are preserved by the system. total order can correctly be implemented by using a notion of sequence number. This technique requires us to discharge proof obligations due to consistency and refinement checking. To discharge the proof obligations we are required to discover invariants that describes the relationship between the abstract total order and the underlying mechanism.
Hauntings – A nodalist study
No full textSince Deleuze and Guattari first described the concept of the rhizome as a model of cultural transmission in A Thousand Plateaus (1980), a new way of processing information in the Arts and Social Sciences has emerged – ‘Nodalism’. Philip Gochenour has convincingly argued that units of culture can now be thought of as ‘nodes’ existing in a nonhierarchical, web-like network. Information transfer between nodes in the network is horizontal, omni-directional and not necessarily teleological, a way of viewing the world which has been paralleled and actualized in the last twenty years by the emergence, growth and ubiquity of the internet and the World Wide Web.
The author – a developing audiovisual artist – here offers four videomusic pieces and one virtual sound-synthesis tool. At first glance, the pieces may appear to have little in common. However, the commentary will attempt to show that they are subtly linked together, immersed in a cocoon of rhizomatic, pluralistic, thread-like connections.
The strongest ‘thread’ holding them together appears to be the trope of being ‘haunted’ in some way – either by influence, genre, or overarching concept. However, this thesis will attempt to show how a detailed consideration of each piece results in a highly complex final picture in which the pieces can be thought of as individual cultural nodes suspended in a dense rhizomatic mass of lateral cultural threads. For the sake of completion, however, the project has received the name Hauntings in reference to one of the strongest shared tropes running throughout all five works
Novel Dialogue 2.7 The Novel of Revolutionary Ideas: Viet Thanh Nguyen and Colleen Lye (AV)
No full textViet Thanh Nguyen, author of the Pulitzer Prize winning The Sympathizer and its sequel The Committed, joins esteemed scholar Colleen Lye of UC-Berkeley for a candid discussion about the Asian-American novel and the role of literature and theory in radical social movements. Colleen is drawn to the mix of philosophy and suspense in Viet's work and wonders if he considers himself a member of the theory generation; that is, writers for whom literary theory is not just a way of reading texts but an impetus to create new literary forms for grappling with ideas. Viet, schooled in deconstruction and postcolonial theory, accepts the designation with a caveat: If he is a novelist of ideas, then he is a novelist of revolutionary ideas. Inspired by Fanon's anticolonialism and Gayatri Spivak's concept of the double bind, Viet's defiantly politicizing aesthetic looks to place the colonial subject, particularly the Vietnamese refugee, at the center of multiple stories of American and French imperialism. Colleen and Viet reflect on the role of academic training in Viet's transformation from Asian-Americanist scholar into Asian-American novelist and discuss the peculiarities of immigrant Asian identity in terms of language. Mother tongues, bilingualism, orphaned language, and adopted language all become metaphors for how Asian-American writers must balance the loss of heritage and weight of expectation with the call to self-invention. Plus, Viet reveals the not-so-wholesome treats that enabled him to complete The Sympathizer
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