1,835 research outputs found
Iran and the Global Financial Crisis
No full textThe global financial crisis is set to depress oil producing economies. As the crisis is already pushing down oil prices, a firm response to the fallout of the crisis from governments and central banks is expected. Oil prices have tumbled more than 70% since their July peak and there are fears they could continue their plunge because of diminishing demand caused by the current financial meltdown. Though, the Iranian government does not seem to be greatly concerned about the ongoing global situation, although many Iranian economists believe that sanctions and the international financial crisis will soon be taking their toll on Iran’s economy by unfavorably affecting oil, trade, and trade financing. Even if the relative isolation from the world’s economy may seem to protect Iran from the negative impact of the global financial crisis to a certain extend at least for now, plunging oil prices and a massive credit deterioration suggest otherwise.Iran; Financial Crisis; Oil Revenue; Currency Exchange; Currency Crash
Iran’s Banking and Monetary Problems
No full textIran has had many self-imposed economic crises. Many of which relate to the poorly managed banking system as well as flawed monetary and fiscal policy. Inefficiency of the banking-monetary system in Iran is a well known fact. A complete overhaul of the current system should be one of the essential priorities of any economic reformation and development. The banking-monetary system of any country has a key role in its economic efficiency and strength, price stability, production, and economic growth. The main functions of a banking-monetary system are to provide fiscal resources, to prepare ground for optimal allocation of capital in the economy, to distribute the wealth in the best possible way, and to ease economic development. This is particularly important in Iran because capital markets are underdeveloped.Iran; Banking; Monetary Policy; Fiscal Policy
Macroglossum saga Butler 1878
No full textMacroglossum saga Butler, 1878 Remarks. There is a specimen of Macroglossum saga in the Plant Protection Department’s collection (now housed in NIM) without collection details. There is also a specimen in the BMNH from Sabathu, Himachal Pradesh, India, and so M. saga may potentially be present in eastern Pakistan.Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Sultan, Amir, Kitching, Ian J., Pittaway, Anthony R., Markhasiov, Maxim, Khan, Muhammad Rafique & Naz, Falak, 2014, The Hawkmoth Fauna of Pakistan (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), pp. 393-418 in Zootaxa 3794 (3) on page 414, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3794.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/23055
Ambulyx lahora Butler 1875
No full textAmbulyx lahora Butler, 1875 Plate 1, Fig. 17 Material examined. PAKISTAN, [Azad Jammu and Kashmir,] Rawalakot, 15. vii. 2004, Altaf; as previous except, 7. vi. 2010, M. Rafique Khan. Remarks. This species is restricted to northeastern Pakistan and northwestern India.Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Sultan, Amir, Kitching, Ian J., Pittaway, Anthony R., Markhasiov, Maxim, Khan, Muhammad Rafique & Naz, Falak, 2014, The Hawkmoth Fauna of Pakistan (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), pp. 393-418 in Zootaxa 3794 (3) on page 398, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3794.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/23055
Financial Crisis, Iranian Style
No full textA steep fall in crude prices allied with lower output will decrease the Iranian government’s foreign revenues significantly. The Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) has lost 30% of its value in the last four months, which points to a sizable economic slowdown in the near future. Perhaps Iran is among a handful of countries that has not properly planned to combat any potential economic crisis in the face of lower oil prices and the global financial meltdown that began to show its visage in the middle of 2007. The substantial inflow of petrodollars to the government’s account coupled with the faulty assumption that the oil prices will continue to rise triggered the government to infuse billions of dollars into the economic and banking system. Iranian officials have just begun to accept the new global circumstances and are after drafting a budget for the next Iranian year to ride out the financial turmoil. The administration is planning to eliminate energy subsidies and reduce its price controls in the new fiscal budget planning in order to reduce the massive deficit. It is indeed ironic from a government that has no belief in principles of a free market economy and denied it in the past to draw such a plan, many economists have stated. Whether the government has realized its past mistakes, is unknown and whether the new budget and policy will ease the current economic problems, remains to be seen! A more important question is whether the central bank and the administration will be able to employ the available monetary and fiscal tools to tackle the profound upcoming economic challenges, since they already tied their hands by their past mistakes and beliefs. Overall, the next few months or perhaps years will undoubtedly be very challenging times for the system.Iran; Budget Deficit; Economic Policy; Credit Crisis
Rigorous Design of Fault-Tolerant Transactions for Replicated Database Systems using Event B
No full textSystem availability is improved by the replication of data objects in a distributed database system. However, during updates, the complexity of keeping replicas identical arises due to failures of sites and race conditions among conflicting transactions. Fault tolerance and reliability are key issues to be addressed in the design and architecture of these systems. Event B is a formal technique which provides a framework for developing mathematical models of distributed systems by rigorous description of the problem, gradually introducing solutions in refinement steps, and verification of solutions by discharge of proof obligations. In this paper, we present a formal development of a distributed system using Event B that ensures atomic commitment of distributed transactions consisting of communicating transaction components at participating sites. This formal approach carries the development of the system from an initial abstract specification of transactional updates on a one copy database to a detailed design containing replicated databases in refinement. Through refinement we verify that the design of the replicated database confirms to the one copy database abstraction
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No full textThere is already a copy of this book in the collection. It is signed by the author. This copy is not signed. As I wrote there, this book represents a curious find. The Kalilah and Dimnah story is treated here, to the author's knowledge for the first time, as a play. The play seems talky; it contains plenty of aphorizing and a few fables. Still, this text includes music for three dances. And there are delightful colored illustrations: four early introduce the main personages, and sixteen with the English text show scenes along the way. Five black-and-white illustrations ornament the Arabic text that runs from the back to the middle. The colored illustrations present human form and clothes, animal faces, and Persian costume of the nineteenth century. Dimnah is pure Iago here, betraying both Lion and " Shatrebeh. " Leopard happens to overhear Kalilah upbraiding Dimnah after the fact; his testimony leads to Dimnah's punishment of imprisonment without food or water.There is already a copy of this book in the collection. It is signed by the author. This copy is not signed. As I wrote there, this book represents a curious find. The Kalilah and Dimnah story is treated here, to the author's knowledge for the first time, as a play. The play seems talky; it contains plenty of aphorizing and a few fables. Still, this text includes music for three dances. And there are delightful colored illustrations: four early introduce the main personages, and sixteen with the English text show scenes along the way. Five black-and-white illustrations ornament the Arabic text that runs from the back to the middle. The colored illustrations present human form and clothes, animal faces, and Persian costume of the nineteenth century. Dimnah is pure Iago here, betraying both Lion and " Shatrebeh. " Leopard happens to overhear Kalilah upbraiding Dimnah after the fact; his testimony leads to Dimnah's punishment of imprisonment without food or water.This is a hardbound book (hard cover)Language note: Bilingual: English/ArabicLanguage note: Bilingual: English/ArabicAli R. Amir-MoezAli R. Amir-Moe
Clanidopsis exusta Butler 1875
No full textClanidopsis exusta (Butler, 1875) Plate 1, Fig. 4 Material examined. PAKISTAN, [Azad Jammu and Kashmir,] Rawalakot; [Punjab,] Ayub National Park, Rawalpindi, 13. viii. 2008, Asad Ali. Remarks. Also recorded from Shogran, Kaghan Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Staven, 2001, unpublished data). Clanidopsis exusta occurs from northern Pakistan, northwestern India, eastward along the southern Himalaya to central Nepal, and neighbouring areas of Xizang/Tibet, China (Pittaway & Kitching, 2013).Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Sultan, Amir, Kitching, Ian J., Pittaway, Anthony R., Markhasiov, Maxim, Khan, Muhammad Rafique & Naz, Falak, 2014, The Hawkmoth Fauna of Pakistan (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), pp. 393-418 in Zootaxa 3794 (3) on page 395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3794.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/23055
Thamnoecha uniformis Butler 1875
No full text<i>Thamnoecha uniformis</i> (Butler, 1875) <p>Plate 1, Fig. 21</p> <p> <b>Material examined. PAKISTAN, [Islamabad,]</b> 20km N Islamabad, Margalla Hills, Pir Sowaha, 33°50’N 72°55’E, 600m, vii. 1995 (CRBP).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> This is the first record of this species from Pakistan. It is restricted to northern Pakistan, northwestern India and Nepal.</p>Published as part of <i>Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Sultan, Amir, Kitching, Ian J., Pittaway, Anthony R., Markhasiov, Maxim, Khan, Muhammad Rafique & Naz, Falak, 2014, The Hawkmoth Fauna of Pakistan (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), pp. 393-418 in Zootaxa 3794 (3)</i> on page 399, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3794.3.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/230551">http://zenodo.org/record/230551</a>
Cechenena mirabilis Butler 1875
No full textCechenena mirabilis (Butler, 1875) Plate 3, Fig. 40 Material examined. PAKISTAN, [Azad Jammu and Kashmir,] Pir Chinasi, 14. vii. 2012, Qammar Abbas (NIBGE); Kel Toubat Road, Kel, 10. vii. 2012, S. Swar (NIBGE). Remarks. Cechenena mirabilis was also collected from Shogran, Kaghan Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Staven, 2001, unpublished data). It occurs along the southern edge of the Himalaya, from northern Pakistan to Sikkim, and in the Naga Hills of northeast India.Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Sultan, Amir, Kitching, Ian J., Pittaway, Anthony R., Markhasiov, Maxim, Khan, Muhammad Rafique & Naz, Falak, 2014, The Hawkmoth Fauna of Pakistan (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), pp. 393-418 in Zootaxa 3794 (3) on page 405, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3794.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/23055
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