1,720,998 research outputs found
La legge di Okun: asimmetrie e differenziali territoriali in Italia
No full textLa legge di Okun consiste in una relazione empirica che lega le variazioni del tasso di disoccupazione alle variazioni nei tassi di crescita del PIL reale. L’interesse rivolto dalla letteratura economica nei confronti di tale relazione deriva dalle sue implicazioni in termini di politiche macroeconomiche. Molti lavori hanno verificato tale relazione in contesti spazio-temporali differenti. Ne è emersa una certa variazione del coefficiente stimato, sia in relazione ai diversi orizzonti temporali, che al variare del contesto spaziale di riferimento. In aggiunta, soprattutto i lavori più recenti hanno concentrato l’attenzione sulla eventuale presenza di componenti asimmetriche nella relazione. L’obiettivo della presente analisi consiste nel verificare la validità della legge di Okun in Italia a livello sub nazionale, valutando contemporaneamente gli effetti della suddetta componente asimmetrica. Alla base di tale verifica risiede, infatti, l’ipotesi che in Italia siano presenti alcuni di quegli aspetti che lo stesso Okun indicava come probabili cause di una modifica dei risultati ottenuti dalle stime e soprattutto che le diversità, tipiche dei due mercati subnazionali del lavoro, possano condurre a stime significativamente diverse per il Centro-Nord e per il Mezzogiorno
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AND OKUN’S LAW: AN EMPIRICAL APPLICATION TO ITALIAN REGIONAL PANEL DATA
No full textOkun’s law, named for its proposer, Arthur Okun, was first applied during the 1960s in
the USA to describe the relationship between economic growth and unemployment fluctuations. Several
attempts were later made to test the empirical applicability of the relationship to different countries and
historical periods. Heterogeneous results were generally found in estimating Okun’s coefficient, depending
on the sample and context analysed.
The main goal of this paper is to analyze the relevance of Okun’s law to Italian regions. We perform
a panel analysis to estimate the influence of asymmetry and local market differences on Okun’s relationship.
Moreover, observing particularly low values of participation rate in labor markets in southern areas,
we propose other indicators to estimate Okun’s coefficient which are more compatible with a delayed
development area
L'ACCESSO ALL'ABITAZIONE DI RESIDENZA: UN'ANALISI MULTILEVEL SULLE FAMIGLIE ITALIANE
Full text linkObjectives. Income inequalities depend on a large range of components, which influence living conditions of private households. Not all these elements are strictly monetary, and non-monetary components sometimes can be even more important than monetary ones.
While international literature has devoted considerable attention to the study of distribution, relevance and inequalities concerning monetary income, the same cannot be said for its non monetary components. Despite this lack of attention in the literature, non monetary components often influence dramatically living conditions of private households. One of the most important component of non-monetary income is imputed rents from owner-occupied housing.
The main objective of this article is to evaluate the impact of income advantages deriving from owner occupied housing (from now on IR) on income inequalities of Italian households.
Methods. Inequality indices measures considered are: Generalized Entropy and Atkinson class, Gini coefficient and percentile ratio. The analysis was carried out using the data set SILC for Italy on the European Statistics on Income and Living Condition collected for Italy from Istat (the Italian National Institute of Statistics). The data set are referred to year 2004 and consider information regarding income and living condition.
Results. The analysis show larger income inequalities between groups, once considered IR. In particularly, main differences emerge comparing owner with loan or mortgage and without it with renting households. In the meanwhile, introducing IR causes reductions in income inequalities within groups.
If we analyse the distribution of household type, the introduction of IR produces a decrease in income inequality for all household types. Such a generalized decrease determines, as a consequence, an increase in the inequality between groups (from 11% to 16%).
Conclusions. The analysis of income distribution in term of classes of age shows an increase in income inequality between age groups for classes of age including elderly people. This result concern the incidence of owners in those classes of age
La legge di Okun e le trasformazioni del Mercato del Lavoro
No full textOkun’s law turns out from the relationship between economic growth and unemployment fluctuations of the American economy during the sixties.
Following Okun’s conclusions several analysis tried to test the empirical relevance of the initial relation for different countries and historical periods.
In this paper we propose an empirical application regarding Italian regions. As we have observed the inconsistency of Okun’s Law for the south of Italy, we tried to test the reason for the absence of significance in the analysed coefficients. Observing the particularly low levels of participation to labour market in this area, we propose other labour market indicators more compatible with a delayed development area
RENDITE IMPUTATE E DISUAGUAGLIANZE DEI REDDITI:UN’ANALISI EMPIRICA SULLE FAMIGLIE ITALIANE
No full textLe condizioni di vita delle famiglie vengono generalmente influenzate da una molteplicità di fattori non tutti rigorosamente monetari, ma che possono esercitare ugualmente un effetto rilevante sul livello di benessere.
Mentre la letteratura internazionale si è più volte interrogata sull’impatto delle componenti monetarie del reddito sulle disuguaglianze di reddito, lo stesso non può dirsi per le componenti non monetarie.
Obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è valutare l’impatto dei vantaggi in termini di componenti di reddito non monetarie (imputed rent), di cui godono le famiglie che abitano in una casa di proprietà per il fatto che non sono tenute a pagarne l’affitto. In particolare, si vuole stimare l’effetto esercitato da tali componenti sulle disuguaglianze di reddito tra le famiglie italiane. Gli indici di disuguaglianza analizzati a tal fine sono: gli indici di entropia generalizzati e di Atkinson, il coefficiente di Gini e il rapporto percentile. L’analisi è stata effettuata utilizzando il data set Eu-Silc (European Statistics on Income and Living Condition) per l’Italia. I dati utilizzati si riferiscono all’anno 200
Weight-Based Discrimination in the Italian Labor Market: an Analysis of the Interaction with Gender and Ethnicity
Full text linkAccess to the Italian job market is undermined by several kinds of discrimination influencing the opportunities for individuals to obtain a job. In this study, we analyze together the impact of three of the most relevant kinds of discrimination operating in the Italian labor market: gender, race, and weight. Our aim is to assess whether gender and race either increase or decrease the impact of weight-based discrimination. In this respect, we submit a set of fictitious résumés including photos of either obese or thin applicants in response to real online job offers. Our results indicate that the strongest kind of discrimination operating in the Italian labor market is the one connected to the candidate’s geographical origin. Moreover, we find discrimination based on body weight to be more relevant within immigrants than within natives, and gender gap appears to be higher within the obese candidates’ group compared to the normal-weight candidates’ one. This last result is particularly relevant, as the growing rates of obesity forecasted for the next years could in turn produce an increase in the gender gap, which in Italy is already massive
Stranieri e donne discriminati nell’accesso al mercato del lavoro in Italia
No full text“Non essere italiano dalla nascita rappresenta un ostacolo per trovare un lavoro, o un lavoro adeguato, per il 36,2% degli stranieri e il 22% dei naturalizzati” (Istat, 2015). Questi sono alcuni tra i maggiori risultati emersi dall’approfondimento tematico sull’integrazione di stranieri e naturalizzati nel mercato del lavoro, condotto dall’ISTAT nel secondo trimestre del 2014 all’interno della Rilevazione sulle forze di lavoro. Il campione intervistato individua nella scarsa conoscenza della lingua italiana, nel mancato riconoscimento del titolo di studio conseguito all’estero e in motivazioni di carattere socio-culturale le principali difficoltà all’ingresso nel mercato del lavoro. Tale analisi ha preso in considerazione il punto di vista degli individui stranieri, o naturalizzati e la loro percezione soggettiva riguardo alle motivazioni che determinano le difficoltà nell’ottenere un posto di lavoro, ma nulla ci dice rispetto alle caratteristiche che cerca chi invece domanda lavoro. Ci è sembrato interessante, quindi, indagare il punto di vista dei potenziali datori di lavoro, in modo da analizzare le reali motivazioni che guidano le loro scelte di assunzione nei confronti di stranieri e naturalizzati
No Country for Foreigners: an Analysis of Hiring Process in Italian Labor Market
No full textThis paper deals with the impact of ethnic origin on individual’s employability, stressing the first stage of the hiring process. We studied whether there is a preference for Italian candidates over foreigners and, if so, whether it depends on gender, type of work, education and/or level of customer contact required. To do so, we collected data through a field experiment carried out in Italy in the period between July 2013 and October 2014. During that period we sent thousands of fictitious résumés, answering to real online job postings. All fictitious candidates live in Rome. Using a probit analysis we studied both first and second generation foreign candidates with different countries of origin to estimate whether these two components make any difference in candidate’s treatment
Mutual loan-guarantee societies in monopolistic credit markets with adverse selection
No full textIn many countries, Mutua lLoan-Guarantee Societies (MGSs) are assuming ever-increasing importance
for small business lending. In this paper we provide a theory to rationalize the raison d’être of MGSs.
The basic intuition is that the motivation for MGSs lies in the inefficiencies created by adverse selection,
when borrowers do not have enough wealth to satisfy collatera lrequirements and induce self-selecting
contracts. In this setting,we view MGSs as a wealth-pooling mechanism that allows otherwise inefficiently
rationed borrowers to obtain credit
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