33 research outputs found
The configuration of Portuguese language in D. Jeronymo Contador de Argote\'s grammar, Regras da lingua Portugueza, espelho da lingua Latina (Rules of the Portuguese language, a mirror of the Latin language)
No full textEsta dissertação funda-se em princípios da História das ideias linguísticas (Auroux, 2008, 2009) e trata da gramatização dos idiotismos ou particularidades do português. A metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, de acordo com o fazer historiográfico, é analítico-interpretativa, com o objetivo de apresentar e examinar as particularidades do português, descritas nas duas edições da gramática de D. Jeronymo Contador de Argote, intitulada Regras da lingua portugueza, espelho da lingua latina, ou disposiçaõ para facilitar o ensino da lingua Latina pelas regras da Portugueza, publicadas em 1721 e 1725. Partimos da hipótese de que é Argote que sistematiza a gramatização das especificidades da língua portuguesa, por meio do capítulo dedicado aos idiotismos. Assim, para entendermos como Contador de Argote formulou a ideia acerca dos idiotismos, investigamos o horizonte de retrospecção nas obras portuguesas de Oliveira (1536), Barros (1540) e Roboredo (1619), assim como o horizonte de prospecção, com o propósito de percebermos a repercussão das ideias linguísticas de Argote nas obras portuguesas de Lobato (1770), Fonseca (1799), Barbosa (1822) e Vasconcelos (1901). As duas edições da gramática foram importantes para a compreensão da construção do saber linguístico porque gramatizaram pontos específicos do português. Enquanto na primeira edição Contador de Argote apresenta concisamente as características do português, na segunda edição, o gramático explora, com mais clareza, os idiotismos, pois trata da morfologia, da sintaxe, e da semântica da língua portuguesa. Dos idiotismos apresentados por Contador de Argote, alguns já haviam sido gramatizados, e outros foram gramatizados nas Regras, pelo próprio autor. Quanto à repercussão das ideias do autor em gramáticas posteriores, verificamos que alguns idiotismos permaneceram e foram referidos como tais, outros foram incorporados à língua, e outros ainda desapareceram, haja vista a dinamicidade da língua.This dissertation is based on principles of História das ideias linguísticas (History of linguistic ideas) (Auroux, 2008, 2009) and deals with the grammatization of idioms or peculiarities of the Portuguese language. The metodology used in order to develop the research, in accordance to the historiographic procedure, is analytical and interpretative, aiming at presenting and investigating the Portuguese language particularities described in the two editions of D. Jeronymo Contador de Argote, named Regras da lingua portugueza espelho da lingua latina, ou disposição para facilitar o ensino da lingua Latina pelas regras da Portugueza (Rules of the Portuguese language: a mirror of the Latin language, or the disposition to facilitate teaching the Latin language through the rules of the Portuguese language ), published in 1721 and 1725. We start from the assumption that it is Argote that systematizes the grammatization of the specificities of the Portuguese language, by means of the chapter dedicated to idioms. Therefore, in order to understand how Contador de Argote developed the idea about the idioms, we have investigated the horizon of retrospection in the Portuguese works of Oliveira (1536), Barros (1540) and Roboredo (1619), as well as the horizon of prospection to realize the impact of Argote\'s linguistic ideas upon the Portuguese works of the Lobato (1770), Fonseca (1799), Barbosa (1822) and Vasconcelos (1901). The two editions of this grammar were important in order to understand the construction of linguistic knowledge, once they have organized specific matters of the Portuguese language. While the first edition of Contador de Argote concisely presents the characteristics of the Portuguese language, on its second edition the grammarian explores the idioms more clearly, once it deals with the morphology, syntax and semantics of the Portuguese language. From the idioms presented by Contador de Argote, some had already been organized in the grammar, and others have been organized in the Regras by the author himself. As for the impact of the author\'s ideas in later grammars, we have found that some idioms remained and were referred to as such; others have been incorporated into the language, and still others have disappeared, given the dynamics of all languages
Impacto del ejercicio de fuerza muscular en la prevención secundaria de la obesidad infantil: intervención al interior del sistema escolar
No full textDoctorado en Salud PúblicaNo disponible a texto completoIntroducción
En las dos últimas décadas, la prevalencia de obesidad infantil a nivel mundial ha aumentado alarmantemente en la mayoría de los países, independiente de su nivel de desarrollo económico y social. En Chile, la prevalencia de obesidad ha aumentado desde el 7% en 1987 al 23,1% en 2010 en los escolares beneficiarios de la Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas (JUNAEB), observándose algo similar en otros estudios nacionales. Si bien, la predisposición genética es importante, el rerrequisito para acumular grasa corporal es un desbalance entre el gasto energético (variable importante, actividad física) y la ingesta de energía (densidad energética de alimentos).
Objetivo
Evaluar el impacto de una intervención al interior del sistema escolar, con ejercicio de fuerza muscular sobre la grasa corporal, los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y la condición física en niños obesos.
Método
La muestra se conformó por 120 escolares obesos de ambos sexos, entre 8 y 13 años, reclutados en colegios de las Comunas de Macul e Independencia. Un grupo (60) participó de la intervención que incluyó simultáneamente el ejercicio físico (programa de ejercicio de fuerza muscular tres veces a la semana), educación alimentaria y apoyo psicológico durante 3 meses (grupo con intervención temprana). El otro grupo (60), durante el mismo período, recibió sólo la intervención educativa y el apoyo psicológico (grupo control) y en los tres meses posteriores también se intervinieron con el mismo programa de ejercicio físico (grupo con intervención tardía). En ambos grupos, la intervención se realizó al interior de sus establecimientos educacionales, después de la jornada escolar. Para medir el impacto residual de ambas intervenciones (temprana y tardía), todos los escolares fueron reevaluados nueve meses después de terminadas las intervenciones. Los participantes fueron evaluados en relación a grasa corporal, síndrome metabólico, factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y condición física. La grasa corporal se determinó por métodos de laboratorio y ecuaciones antropométricas. El síndrome metabólico se confirmó por la presencia de tres componentes del fenotipo de Cook. Los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, se midieron con indicadores antropométricos y bioquímicos. La condición física se evaluó mediante el test de marcha de seis minutos.
Resultados
La propuesta de una intervención al interior del sistema escolar dirigida a escolares obesos, permitió demostrar el impacto positivo del ejercicio físico de fuerza muscular en el incremento de la actividad física regular, la reducción zIMC, grasa corporal, síndrome metabólico y de algunos factores de riesgo cardiovasculares (obesidad abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia e hiperglicemia de ayuno). Gran parte de los cambios se revirtieron, al reevaluarlos en el período de seguimiento (12 meses desde inicio de intervención). La eficacia de las intervenciones valorada en base al análisis por protocolo (asistencia _ 10 sesiones), no mostró diferencias entre las intervenciones (p=0,29). El 60,8% de los escolares asistió a _ 10 de las sesiones de ejercicio planificadas. Con respecto a la magnitud y dirección de los cambios obtenidos, según nivel adherencia al programa, en ambas intervenciones, se observó un mayor efecto de la intervención en aquellos escolares adherentes. Las motivaciones para la adherencia fueron: la sensación de seguridad, la facilidad para realizar el tipo de ejercicio y el grado de pertenencia al grupo. Entre las barreras encontradas, destacaron el horario de las sesiones y el cansancio por una jornada escolar previa prolongada. Se espera que estos resultados aporten evidencia científica que entregue información básica para reorientar las políticas públicas relacionadas con la prevención y tratamiento de la obesidad infantil, optimizar los recursos destinados a tales fines e incluir al sector educación en estas estrategias.
Conclusiones
Se demostró el impacto positivo de la implementación del ejercicio físico de fuerza muscular en la mejoría de la condición física y en la reducción de la grasa corporal, el síndrome metabólico y los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares. El impacto residual de las intervenciones evaluado en base a los cambios entre la línea de base y el seguimiento, mostró una reversión de los cambios en la post-intervención. Los grupos focales, determinaron las motivaciones y barreras que condicionaron la asistencia al programa de ejercicio físico de fuerza muscular. Entre las motivaciones destacaron: ejercicios acordes a su contextura y condición física, ejercicios personalizados, identificación asociativa con los pares, entorno familiar y social de apoyo, acercamiento a la sensación de satisfacción por la disminución de peso. Entre las barreras, resaltaron, la ubicación de las sesiones al término de la jornada escolar, la duración de las sesiones y la corta duración del programa de ejercicio físico. Este trabajo refuerza el uso del ejercicio como tratamiento de la obesidad y comorbilidades en escolares y destaca la importancia de convertir un proceso de intervención en un programa sustentable en la escuela
Validity assessment of the single-point insulin sensitivity estimator (spise) for diagnosis of cardiometabolic risk in post-pubertal hispanic adolescents
No full textInsulin measurements are not advised for cardiometabolic risk screening in large groups. Here we assessed the accuracy of the single-point insulin sensitivity estimator (SPISE) to diagnose cardiometabolic risk in Chilean adolescents. In 678 post-pubertal adolescents (52% males, M(SD) age=16.8 (0.2) years), height, weight, waist circumference, blood lipids, glucose, insulin, and blood pressure were measured. BMI, HOMA-IR, and SPISE were estimated; HOMA-IR values >= 2.6 were considered insulin resistance (IR). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined with the joint IDF/AHA/NHBLI standard. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, we obtained optimal SPISE cutpoints for IR and MetS diagnosis. The prevalence of MetS and IR was 8.2% and 17.1%, respectively. In males, the optimal cutoff for MetS diagnosis was 5.0 (sensitivity: 97%; specificity: 82%), and the optimal cutoff for IR diagnosis was 5.9 (sensitivity: 71%; specificity: 83%). In females, a SPISE of 6.0 had the highest sensitivity (90%) and specificity (74%) for MetS diagnosis. A SPISE of 6.4 was the optimal cutoff for IR diagnosis; however, sensitivity and specificity were 61% and 75%. In males and female post-pubertal adolescents, SPISE had a very good and good diagnostic performance, respectively, in predicting MetS. It was an accurate diagnostic tool for IR prediction in males, but not necessarily in females.United States Department of Health & Human Services
National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI)
HL08853
Trends in puberal development of school age children living in the Metropolitan Region of Chile
No full textBackground: There is a worldwide tendency towards an earlier appearance of puberal
development among children, associated with an increase in weight and height. Aim: To study the trends in puberal development in Chilean school age children, between the years 1986 and 2001 and correlate it with weight and height changes. Subjects and Methods: In two representative samples of school age children, collected between years 1985 and 1987 (m-1986) and another between years 2000 and 2002 (m-2001), girls between 7 and 15 years (958 and 935, respectively) and boys between 9 and 15 years (842 and 870 respectively), were selected. Breast development (B) in females and genital development (G) in males were classified according to Tanner stages. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and nutritional status (according to Centers for Disease Control/ National Center for Health Statistics (CDC/NCHS) standards) were assessed. Results: The prevalence of obesity increased four fold between 1986 and 2001. The 2001 generation had a significantly higher degree of puberal development than their counterparts studied in 1986. Compared to m-1986, m-2001 subjects had a lower mean age at puberal development stage 2 and 3, but no differences at puberal stages 4 and 5. BMI of m-2001 subjects was significantly higher than that of m-1986 subjects at all puberal stages. The m-2001 males showed highest stature than m-1986 in all puberal stage, however, in females there is no difference in height between m-2001 and m-1986. Conclusions: The highest BMI observed in the cohort of 2001, could be facilitating an earlier puberal development and ethnic factors could explain the sexual dimorphism in stature
High cardiometabolic risk in healthy Chilean adolescents: associations with anthropometric, biological and lifestyle factors
No full textArtículo de publicación ISIObjective: To analyse the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adolescents of low to middle socio-economic status and to study the influence of anthropometric, biological and lifestyle factors on the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS).
Design: Cross-sectional study. BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fat and lean mass (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), TAG, HDL-cholesterol, glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), food intake and physical activity were measured. Cardiovascular risk factors were defined using the International Diabetes Federation criteria and insulin resistance using HOMA-IR >= 2.6. Bivariate and multivariate regressions examined the associations between MetS and anthropometric, biological and lifestyle factors.
Setting: Observational cohort study including Chilean adolescents, who were part of a follow-up study beginning in infancy.
Subjects: Adolescents aged 16-17 years (n 667).
Results: In the sample, 16.2 % had obesity and 9.5 % had MetS. Low HDL-cholesterol (69.9 %), abdominal obesity (33.3 %) and fasting hyperglycaemia (8.7 %) were the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors. In males, obesity (OR = 3.7; 95 % CI 1.2, 10.8), insulin resistance (OR = 3.0; 95 % CI 1.1, 8.2), physical inactivity (OR = 2.9; 95 % CI 1.1, 7.7) and sarcopenia (OR = 21.2; 95 % CI 4.2, 107.5) significantly increased the risk of MetS. In females, insulin resistance (OR = 4.9; 95 % CI 1.9, 12.6) and sarcopenia (OR = 3.6; 95 % CI 1.1, 11.9) were significantly associated with MetS.
Conclusions: High prevalences of obesity, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, fasting hyperglycaemia and MetS were found in healthy adolescents. In both sexes, sarcopenia and insulin resistance were important risk factors of MetS. Promotion of active lifestyles at the school level and regulation of the sale of energy-dense foods are needed.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health
R01HL088530-2980925;
Advanced Human Capital Program from National Council for Scientific Research and Technology (CONICYT) (Chile)
7914000
Mechanisms linking childhood weight status to metabolic risk in adolescence
No full textBackgroundObesity is a risk factor for insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic disease.ObjectiveTo examine potential metabolic pathways linking childhood weight status to adolescent IR and metabolic risk.MethodsParticipants were 600 low‐ to middle‐income Chilean adolescents from a cohort studied since infancy as part of an iron deficiency anemia preventive trial and follow‐up study. We examined body mass index z‐score at 10 y (BMIz‐10y) and blood pressure, total fat, and fasting glucose, adiponectin to leptin ratio (A:L), ghrelin, and HOMA‐IR at 16 y. A total count for metabolic risk factors (MRF) was calculated using the International Diabetes Federation criteria. We used path analysis to estimate pathways and model indirect effects from BMIz‐10y, controlling for child age and sex and maternal body mass index (BMI).ResultsParticipants were 54% male; mean BMIz‐10y of 0.53 (SD = 1.02); mean MRF of 1.3 (SD = 0.9); mean HOMA‐IR of 1.8 (SD = 1.3). Path analysis showed that BMIz‐10y directly and indirectly related to increased MRF via A:L and HOMA‐IR. Ghrelin was not in the metabolic pathway from BMIz‐10y to MRF but was related to MRF via HOMA‐IR.ConclusionThese results elucidate metabolic pathways involving child weight status, IR and metabolic risk in adolescents. Childhood BMI was an indirect risk factor for adolescent cardiometabolic risk via several pathways that involved BMI, appetite hormones, markers of inflammation, and insulin resistance during adolescence. Findings illustrate the adverse effect that childhood obesity has on adolescent health outcomes, which sets precedence for health outcomes over the life course.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154250/1/pedi12972_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154250/2/pedi12972.pd
Serum polyunsaturated fatty acids in infancy are associated with body composition in adolescence
No full textBackground Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been related to the development of adiposity. N-3 PUFA appears to be protective against obesity risk, while n-6 PUFA may be associated with greater adiposity. However, most studies have been conducted among adults. The role of PUFA in infancy is unknown.
Objective To examine associations of serum PUFA at age 1 year with age- and sex-adjusted body mass index Z score (BMIZ) change through age 16 years and body composition at 16 years.
Methods We quantified serum PUFA in 636 Chilean infants aged 1 year. We measured BMIZ at ages 1, 5, 10 and 16 years, and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at 16 years. We estimated differences in 1- to 16-years BMIZ change between PUFA quartiles from multivariable linear mixed models with restricted cubic splines. At 16 years, we estimated differences in total fat mass (ToFM), truncal fat mass (TrFM), total lean mass (TLM), percent total fat mass (%ToFM) and percent truncal fat mass (%TrFM) between PUFA quartiles using linear regression.
Results PUFA were not associated with BMIZ change. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was positively associated with TrFM (P = .03) and %TrFM (P < .0001) at 16 years while eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was inversely associated with %TrFM (P = .001). Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was positively associated with ToFM (P = .01), TrFM (P = .009), %ToFM (P = .02) and %TrFM (P = .02). Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and the Delta 6-desaturase (D6D) activity index were each positively, linearly associated with ToFM, TrFM and %ToFM. The Delta 5-desaturase (D5D) activity index was inversely associated with %TrFM (P = .04).
Conclusions ALA, DPA, GLA and the D6D index at 1 year of age were positively associated with adiposity at age 16 years, while EPA and the D5D index were inversely associated with central adiposity. Our results related to EPA and desaturase indices are in agreement with limited prior studies.United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) R01HD033487
United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI)
R01HL088530
R01HL11786
Perception of Neighborhood Crime and Drugs Increases Cardiometabolic Risk in Chilean Adolescents
No full textArtículo de publicación ISIPurpose: Studies report an association between neighborhood risk and both obesity and cardiometabolic
risk factors (CMR) among adolescents. Here we describe the effect of perceived
neighborhood risk on adiposity and CMR among Chilean adolescents.
Methods: Participants were 523 low- to middle-income Chilean adolescents. We assessed
neighborhood risk in early adolescence, adiposity in childhood and in early and later adolescence,
and blood pressure and fasting glucose in later adolescence. Neighborhood risk profiles were
estimated using latent profile analysis (LPA) and based on reported perceptions of crime and drug
sales/use. Using linear and logistic regression, we examined the effect of neighborhood risk on
adiposity and CMR.
Results: Mean age in early and later adolescence was 14 and 17 years, respectively. Participants
were 52% male, with a mean BMI z-score of .67, and 8% met criteria for metabolic syndrome.
LPA identified two neighborhood profiles: 61% low risk and 39% high risk. In later adolescence,
being in the high risk profile predicted a higher BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio, and fat mass
index (p < .05). Adolescents in the high risk profile had three times greater odds of meeting
criteria for metabolic syndrome (OR ¼ 3.1, 95% CI: 1.5, 5.8) compared with those in the low risk
profile.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that there are physiological responses to living in a neighborhood
perceived as “risky,” which may contribute to obesity and CMR even in adolescence. For
Chilean neighborhoods with high crime and drugs, targeted public health interventions and policies
for youth could be beneficial.This research was funded by R01HL088530 (NIH-NHLBI, PI:
Gahagan); R01HD33487 (NIH-NICHD, PIs: Lozoff and Gahagan);
R01DA021181 (NIH-NIDA, PI: Delva). The first author acknowledges
D. Eastern Kang Sim for his support
Pathways to inflammation in adolescence through early adversity, childhood depressive symptoms, and body mass index: A prospective longitudinal study of Chilean infants
No full textEarly adversity, depression, and obesity are associated with increases in low-grade inflammation. However, there are few prospective and longitudinal studies to elucidate how these associations unfold in children. The present study used latent growth curve models to examine pathways between family adversity in infancy, depressive symptoms in childhood, body mass index (BMI) in childhood, and inflammation in adolescence (age = 16-18). The study is an adolescent follow-up of infants from working-class communities around Santiago, Chile, who participated in a preventive trial of iron supplementation at 6 months of age. Anthropometrics, stressful life events, maternal depression, socioeconomic status, and developmental assessments were measured at 12 months, 5 years, 10 years, and adolescence. In adolescence, participants provided blood samples for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) assessment. Greater exposure to early adversity in the form of interpersonal conflict stress in infancy indirectly associated with increased hsCRP through its association to increased intercept and slope of childhood BMI. Depressive symptoms at any time were not directly or indirectly associated with increased hsCRP. These findings contribute to our understanding of how early family adversity and its associations with obesity and depressive symptoms across childhood are linked to low-grade, chronic inflammation in adolescence. The model identified as best capturing the data supported the pivotal role of childhood BMI in explaining how early-life adversity is associated with inflammation in adolescence.National Science Foundation (NSF) 00039202 F32HD088029 R01HD14122 R01HD33487 R01HL088530 T32DK07121
