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VIE DELLA SETA TRA IRAN, ASIA CENTRALE E CINA OCCIDENTALE. UNA LETTURA ARCHEOLOGICA PER UNA CATEGORIA STORIOGRAFICA
No full textThe term Silk Road conventionally indicates a network of trade routes through regions
of Eurasia, originally connecting Chinese and Roman Empires. Several differentiated
sources inform us on trade, cultures and people: merchants but also explorers,
priests, scientists, and artists. In the previous times merchants regularly covered shorter routes. The most notable one was the so-called Species Road, that was the preferred communication route between India and Europe; across its last stretch incense was carried from South Arabia to Mediterranean. In East, Western China and Afghanistan were strictly linked trading goods as jade and lapislazuli, and Afghan materials arrived to Mesopotamia through Khorasan. Other goods, as salt, amber and perfumes, equally followed specific routes.
The Silk Road was formerly established in the first century BC during the Han dynasty
of China; it is commonly accepted that new military needs of the Chinese rulers
encouraged in increasing trade. It inaugurated a new era in the relations between East
and West: silk was highly appreciated in Roman territories, and its great demand helped
in increasing the commercial exchanges of the all products carried across the same
roads. The wide diffusion of Sasanian-made goods is a relevant example of the contacts
between civilizations and expression of new trends in military and chivalry customs.
Silk soon became the main traded good, and the Western names of China were
clearly referred to its production. Chinese were the first to obtain silk from the cocoons
of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori. A cocoon of unclear interpretation
was found in a Neolithic tomb, and silk is attested by palaeography under Shang dynasty,
nevertheless the most ancient textile fragments were brought to light in Altaj and
dated to the fifth century BC. During the Han dynasty high quality silk was greatly diffused;
in addition to textiles, it made paper, strings of bows and instruments, fishing
tackles, and laces. In Europe, an autochthonous silk production spread only around the beginning of Christian Era
Archeologia delle Vie della Seta. Percorsi, immagini e cultura materiale
No full textLe Vie della Seta rappresentano un fenomeno di estrema complessità e
importanza nella storia delle dinamiche geopolitiche del continente eurasiatico.
Al crocevia di lingue, culture e religioni molteplici, sin dal II secolo a.C.
esse sostennero con una intensità rilevantissima per i commerci dell’epoca
le relazioni fra gli estremi del mondo allora conosciuto, e permisero alle popolazioni
nomadiche e seminomadiche centrasiatiche, prevalentemente di
origine iranica e turca, di inserirsi attivamente nello scacchiere internazionale,
in funzione di intermediazione nei rapporti commerciali fra i grandi
imperi. Il filtro dell’archeologia – che caratterizza i volumi come ha caratterizzato
i seminari da cui discendono – ne porta alla luce gli aspetti più importanti
ben oltre la rete degli scambi, che pur ne furono stimolo e motore.
La rilevanza della seta ne fece merce eponima nell’etichetta Via della
seta coniata sul finire del XIX secolo dal barone von Richthofen, ma questo
bene pregiato fece solo da capofila dei beni di natura eterogenea che transitavano
lungo le innumerevoli rotte note. Materie prime e prodotti finiti animavano
il reciproco interesse delle diverse realtà coinvolte, concorrendo nel
contempo a diffondere tratti distintivi di territori lontani, e stimolando tentativi
di imitazione adattati agli specifici contesti locali
Grecità di frontiera - Frontiere geografiche e culturali nell'evidenza storica e archeologica
No full textL’archeologia degli Sciti tra Europa Orientale e Mar Nero
No full textCome è noto, quell’ampio “centro” geografico e culturale chiamato solitamente “Grecità” si è confrontato, nei secoli, in diverse aree di contatto, con diversi altri “centri” più o meno lontani, e, in alcuni casi, definibili, con visione fin troppo eurocentrica ed impropria, periferici o “esotici”. Quelle aree, a dire la verità, hanno rappresentato ambiti regionali storicamente e culturalmente di tutto rispetto, presenti nel continente africano, nel Vicino Oriente antico, nelle coste meridionali del Mar Nero, nell’altopiano Iranico, nell’Asia Centrale, nel sub-continente Indiano, ecc.; a loro volta, esse hanno, quindi, costituito altrettante centralità culturali, dalle quali la stessa “Grecità” è stata vista, impropriamente, periferica e/o esotica.
Il confronto (economico, culturale, ma anche politico e militare, etc.) in quelle aree di contatto tra diverse realtà è stato ed è oggetto di una lunga tradizione di studi storici ed archeologici nel quadro di quelli antichistici in Europa (soprattutto in Francia e in Inghilterra), Nella storia della ricerca scientifica relativa italiana esso ha, tuttavia, ricevuto un’attenzione molto minore, sia per ragioni inerenti ad un diverso sviluppo nazionale delle nostre rispettive tradizioni di studio, sia per le enormi difficoltà di coniugare competenze diverse che una siffatta analisi di studio ad ampio raggio, necessariamente avrebbe comportato e comporta.
Questo contributo che vuole essere sinteticamente storico, prova a fare il punto su alcuni dei numerosi aspetti archeologici delle aree di contatto. In particolare mi riferirò a quelle peculiari fisionomie culturali di popolazioni di origine asiatica per lo più appartenenti ad una ”Iranicità”, definita, con termine oggi un po’ in disuso, “esteriore”, e a quelle differenti interazioni che si erano stabilite con le tradizioni culturali locali, a partire soprattutto dal VII secolo a.C., lungo la frontiera con la “Grecità”
L’evidenza archeologica dei grandi commerci in Sogdiana lungo le Vie della Seta
Full text linkSogdiana is a historical central Asian region laying between present southern
Uzbekistan and western Tadžikistan. It was crossed by the Silk Roads: the term was
coined by the German geographer ferdinand von Richthofen to indicate a network of
trade routes linking the eastern and western territories of the ancient world.
The first known commercial exchanges in central Asia on a regular base date back
to the second millennium Bc, but in the second century Bc the Silk Roads inaugurated
a new era in the trade throughout Eurasia. It is now accepted that a great number of
land and sea routes made this network, that was used by merchants for a longer time
than initially thought. Although the von Richthofen term is conventionally still employed
in modern studies, scholars agree that silk was only one of the several carried goods.
Sogdiana could acquire a peculiar role in the central Asian context, acting as a
leading cultural intermediary between the different worlds represented by goods and
people – merchants, artists, scientists, priests – that travelled along the Silk Roads.
from the mid-sixth century Bc, Sogdiana was part of the Achaemenid Empire and
was ruled nominally by the satrap of Bactria. After the fall of the empire and the death
of Alexander the Great, the region was included in the Greco-Bactrian domains and
passed through a period of great prosperity
Reading the Great Silk Road in the Samarkand Oasis from the Activities of the Uzbek-Italian Archaeological Expedition
No full textThe paper presents the result of the two Italian archaeological expeditions at Samarkand: 1) University of Bologna (2001-present), working on the archaeological map, the study of the irrigation systems, and the excavations at the sites of Kafir Kala and Boyssartepa; 2) University of Naples L'Orientale (2008-present), focusing on the excavation of the settlement of Kojtepa
New Research Activities on the Archaeology of the Silk Roads
Full text linkSince first denominated by German geographer Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen in 1877, Silk Routes (Seidenstraβe), the signification of which has already been renovated and enriched by inexhaustible archaeological foundings, are extended to be a specialized field concerning with communications among different ancient civilizations of Old World. During the development of the Chinese Archaeology, the study of exotic objects unearthed along the Silk Routes in China were not only the eternal theme for Chinese and overseas scholars, but also the initial motivation for Chinese archaeologists to learn foreign archaeology. For now, due to the adjustment of national economic development strategy, Silk Routes study in China receives more powerful support from the government. Just like the great sensation in Europe
caused by exquisite antiquities from Xinjiang a hundred years ago, in the distant East which was once connected by, Silk Routes come back again in a more fashionable way. New exhibitions and fine printed catalogues are being planned and published, in which the 49 objects of our book now are playing the well-deserved major roles. Due to the unique shape and unparalleled decorative motif, these exotic objects have attracted so much attention of Chinese and overseas scholars. However, for such a long time, as the ones who know the context best, Chinese scholars have difficulties in collecting analogous findings abroad systematically because of the absence of foreign archaeological study tradition in China. On the other hand, foreign scholars, who always show great interests in exotic findings from
China, also could not understand their original context comprehensively because of the language barrier etc
Recensione a: Michael Jung The Wall Paintings of the Great Mosque of Iṣfahān, with contributions by Antonella Altieri, Paolo Cornale, Fabio Frezzato and Claudio Seccaroni (Arte e Restauro / Casi studio). Nardini Editore, Firenze
No full textShort critical description of a Volume on the painted fragments coming from the Friday Mosque in Isfaha
An archaeology of the Nomadic groups of the Eurasian steppes between Europe and Asia : traditional viewpoint and new research perspectives
Full text linkThe Eurasian nomadic peoples, as is well known, include a large group of peoples of various and different ethnic origins (mostly first Iranian and then PalaeoTurkish) and of different chronological horizons (here we focus on the period from the Bronze Age to the Early Middle Ages). They have often been described in the historical documentation of the greatest sedentary political-states or imperial formations (Rame, Byzantium, Iran, China) as invaders respectively of Europe, the Near East and China. The archaeological evidence and remaining documentation on them, nonetheless, is rather complicateci to interpret and clearly attribute, especially as far as the ethno-cultural characterization of the relateci materia! culture
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