2,358 research outputs found
The discovery of male Caligus brevicaudatus Scott, 1901 (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on tub gurnard, Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus) from the eastern Mediterranean
No full text© Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS. Folia Parasitologica is an open access journal since 2015, this article is published under the terms of a Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The file attached is the published version of the article.NHM Repositor
Lincoln, R.J., Boxshall, G.A. & Clark, P.F. — A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982 (1983)
No full textBourlière François. Lincoln, R.J., Boxshall, G.A. & Clark, P.F. — A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982 (1983). In: Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 39, n°2, 1984. pp. 243-244
The Greece of the Greeks: By G.A. Perdicaris, A.M. Late Consul of the United Stats at Athens, in two volumes. New-York: Paine and Burgess, 1845.
No full textIntroduction: (introductory) by the authorDedication: by the author to those who are interested in the Fate of GreecePagination: PP21+293P, PP8+300P+1PPVolumes: 2Edition:1stText Genre:Prose / Journa
Boholina munaensis Boxshall & Jaume, 2012, n. sp.
No full textBoholina munaensis n. sp. (Figs. 11–12) Type material. Holotype female, 2 paratype females, 2 paratype males, collected from Lawou cave spring in Walengkabola village, Muna Island, Indonesia located at 5 º 10.950 ’S 122 º 34.720 ’E; salinity 1.8 ppt, on 13 September 2007 by G.A. Boxshall and D. Jaume. Registration numbers: holotype female [MZB.Cru Cop. 107], 2 paratype females and 1 paratype male [MZB.Cru Cop. 108] in Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense; 1 paratype male in Natural History Museum, London [BMNH 2011.1178]. Additional material. 13 copepodid stages with same collection data: tentatively identified as B. munaensis n. sp. Etymology. The name of the new species is based on its type locality, Muna Island in Indonesia. Description of adult female. Body (Fig. 11 A) length ranging from 0.70 to 0.77 mm, with mean of 0.74 mm (based on 3 specimens). Prosome 5 -segmented; postero-lateral corners of second and third pedigerous somites forming acute posteriorly-directed points; postero-lateral corners of posterior double-somite rounded, symmetrical. Ratio of prosome to urosome length about 2.2: 1. Urosome 4 -segmented as in B. parapurgata. Genital doublesomite (Fig. 11 B) symmetrical, with strongly convex lateral margins widest about at mid-length; posterior border ornamented with finely serrate hyaline membrane dorsally and strongly but slightly irregularly dentate hyaline membrane ventrally (Fig. 11 B); genital openings paired, more widely separated on mid-ventral surface than in B. parapurgata; 1 pair of sensillae present on ventral surface near posterior margin of double-somite. First and second free abdominal somites subequal in length; first with finely serrated hyaline membrane all around posterior margin, second with posterior margin hyaline membrane expanded mid-ventrally and mid-dorsally, to form double-pointed flap functioning as pseudoperculum concealing anal opening. Hoop of integument representing anal somite, irregular in thickness (arrowed in Fig. 11 B). Caudal rami as for B. parapurgata. Frontal margin of dorsal cephalic shield forming elaborate transverse crest of thickened integument; continuous with weakly developed, tapering rostrum (Fig. 11 C). Antennules, antennae, maxillules, maxillae and maxillipeds all as in B. parapurgata. Legs 1–4 as for B. parapurgata except leg 1 with distinct notch on outer margin of third endopodal segment (Fig. 11 D), and leg 4 with terminal spine on third exopodal segment (Fig. 11 E) 68 μm long, about 1.9 times longer than adjacent distolateral spine (36 μm) and about same length as segment (= 68 μm). Leg 5 (Fig. 12 A) biramous, with 3 -segmented exopod and 2 -segmented endopod, intercoxal sclerite smooth and unornamented. Setal formula as in B. parapurgata. Basis of leg 5 with acute process located on posterior surface near base of exopod. Exopod longer than endopod: tip of endopod reaching almost to level of proximal outer spine on third exopodal segment; distal endopodal segment 2.6 times longer (39 μm) than wide (16 μm). Outer spines on exopod each with serrate membrane bilaterally. Terminal spine on exopod with serrate membrane externally and finely serrate membrane internally, inner distal spine (46 μm) about 1.4 times longer than terminal spine (34 μm), both shorter than segment (56 μm). Description of adult male. Body 0.68 mm in length (based on 1 complete specimen). Prosome 5 -segmented, as in female: postero-lateral corners of second and third pedigerous somites forming acute posteriorly-directed points, as in female. Ratio of prosome to urosome length about 2.3: 1. Urosome 5 -segmented. Genital somite slightly asymmetrical, with single gonopore opening posterolaterally on left side; genital and first to third free abdominal somites similar in length, although often variably telescoped within preceding somite; each with hyaline membrane around posterior border, except membrane lacking ventrally on genital somite. Anus opening terminal, located between caudal rami, concealed beneath pseudoperculum formed by hyaline membrane on third free abdominal somite. Caudal rami as in female. Antennules as in male B. parapurgata; antenna to maxillipeds and legs 1–4, as described above for female B. parapurgata. Leg 5 (Fig. 12 B) strongly asymmetrical; coxae and intercoxal sclerite fused to form common base. Left leg biramous: basis with slender outer basal seta located on posterior surface; exopod 3 -segmented; first segment with bilaterally serrate outer spine 35 μm in length; second segment modified, bearing slightly curved spine, about 56 μm long on outer margin; third segment highly transformed bearing several rounded processes, one modified setal element, and a long process terminating in a T-shaped distal expansion (Fig. 12 B); endopod an unarmed lobe, about 1.9 times longer (40 μm) than wide (21 μm). Right leg biramous, basis armed with slender outer basal seta located on posterior surface and ornamented with medial comb of spinules in mid-margin; inner distal corner of basis forming rounded lobe; exopod unsegmented with 2 spines on outer margin; proximal spine (18 μm) shorter than distal spine (23 μm long); curved apical spine 47 μm in length, subapical inner spine 37 μm long; endopod forming an elongate lobe, about 81 μm long, tapering distally, bearing strong, spiniform process originating medially on inner surface (Fig. 12 B). Remarks. The new species shares with B. crassicephala the presence of four well developed spines on the exopod of the male right leg 5, but can be distinguished from it by the relative lengths of these spines and by the presence of a large spinous process on the medial surface of the endopod of the right leg 5. In the female leg 5, the two distal spines on the exopod are more dissimilar in size than in B. crassicephala. The inner distal spine is 1.4 times longer than the outer terminal spine in the new species but only 1.1. times longer in B. crassicephala. In addition B. munaensis has pointed corners on the tergites of the second and third pedigerous somites in both sexes, as in B. parapurgata, whereas these corners are rounded in B. crassicephala according to Fosshagen & Iliffe (1989). It is interesting to note that Boholina tends to occur in cave pools. In Bohol the two species co-occurred in the pools in San Vincente Cave (Fosshagen & Iliffe 1989). On Muna, a dense population of B. munaensis was found in Lawou, a cave spring with a water depth of up to 100 cm and a salinity of only 1.8 ppt. Villagers were washing clothes there every time we visited and the air smelled of soap and detergent yet the copepods were abundant. Interestingly, the pool in San Vicente cave on Bohol where B. purgata and B. crassicephala were originally found, was also used for clothes washing and the water was described as “milky and opaque from an overload of detergents” (Fosshagen & Iliffe 1989). Other crustaceans occurred in these caves including an atyid shrimp of the genus Caridina H Milne Edwards, 1837 (Wowor, pers. comm.), a cymothoid isopod parasitic on the Caridina, and a melitid amphipod.Published as part of Boxshall, Geoff A. & Jaume, Damià, 2012, Three new species of copepods (Copepoda: Calanoida and Cyclopoida) from anchialine habitats in Indonesia, pp. 36-58 in Zootaxa 3150 on pages 54-57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27954
Lernanthropus chrysophrys Shishido 1898
No full textLernanthropus chrysophrys Shishido, 1898 (Fig. 16) Material examined: 3♀♀ from Acanthopagrus australis (Günther, 1859) (TC17145), Moreton Bay, Queensland, 14 January 2016; collected by G.A. Boxshall; QM Reg. No. W29485. 2♀♀ from A. australis (TC17250), Moreton Bay, Queensland, 18 January 2016; collected by G.A. Boxshall; QM Reg. No. W29486. 3♀♀ from A. australis (TC17563), Moreton Bay, Queensland, 24 June 2016; collected by G.A. Boxshall; QM reg. No. W29487. 2♀♀ from A. australis (TC17132), Moreton Bay, Queensland, 14 January 2016; collected by G.A. Boxshall. 1♀ from A. australis (TC17310), Moreton Bay, Queensland, 20 January 2016; collected by G.A. Boxshall. 2♀♀ from A. australis (TC17316), Moreton Bay, Queensland, 20 January 2016; collected by G.A. Boxshall. 4♀♀, 1♂ from A. australis (TC17580), Moreton Bay, Queensland, 25 June 2016; collected by G.A. Boxshall; NHMUK Reg. No. 2018.234–243. 3♀♀ from Acanthopagrus pacificus Iwatsuki, Kume & Yoshino, 2010, Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, 15 October 2014: collected by B.K. Diggles; 2♀♀ MAGNT Reg. No. Cr 019241; 1♀ NHMUK Reg. No. 2018.233. Differential diagnosis: Cephalothorax about as long as wide, with almost straight frontal margin and paired posterolateral processes on lateral margins (Fig. 16 A–C); processes slightly curved posteriorly. Anterior part of trunk (second and third pedigerous somites) narrower than cephalothorax, longer than wide with slight indentation marking boundary between fused second and third pedigerous somites. Posterior part of trunk (fourth pedigerous somite) covered by almost circular dorsal trunk plate, with entire and almost linear free posterior margin. Urosome comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital complex and abdomen, all fused. Paired caudal rami elongate, each ramus about 4 times longer than wide; tapering towards apex. Parabasal flagellum tapering from wide base to cylindrical distal part. Leg 3 forming fleshy lamella, projecting ventrally with distal part curving anteriorly (Fig. 16B); lamella curved (so convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly). Leg 4 bilobate; lobes lanceolate (Fig. 16C), inner lobe slightly shorter than outer, distal halves of both lobes protruding well beyond free posterior margin of dorsal trunk plate. Body length of ♀ ranging from 3.32 to 4.21 mm, with a mean of 3.78 mm (based on 9 specimens); body length of single ♂ 1.73 mm. Distribution: This species was originally described from Japan (Shishido, 1898) and has been recorded subsequently on numerous occasions, on Acanthopagrus schlegelii in Japanese waters (Yamaguti, 1936 (as Sparus longispinis); Shiino, 1955; Ho & Do, 1985). This species has also been reported on A. latus, A. schlegelii and A. berda (Forsskål, 1775) in Taiwan (Liu et al., 2009a); on A. schlegelii (as Sparus macrocephalus) in China (Song & Chen, 1976), and on A. berda in India (Tripathi, 1962; Pillai, 1985). This species has previously been reported in Australian waters, where it is widespread: Byrnes (1988) recorded it on A. australis, A. pacificus (historically misidentified as A. berda, see Iwatsuki et al., 2010) and A. latus collected at numerous localities around the coast of Australia including: Point Samson, Broome (WA), Darwin, Bing Bong (NT), Townsville, Gladstone, Brisbane (QLD) and Eden (NSW). It is reported here from Moreton Bay for the first time. Remarks: This species has been redescribed numerous times, most recently by Liu et al. (2009a). The description by Ho & Do (1985) is ideal for comparisons as it is supported by illustrations of the highest quality. The rounded knob-like post-antennal process of the female was figured by Yamaguti (1936).Published as part of Boxshall, Geoff A., Bernot, James P., Barton, Diane P., Diggles, Ben K., Q-Y, Russell, Atkinson-Coyle, Toby & Hutson, Kate S., 2020, Parasitic copepods of the family Lernanthropidae Kabata, 1979 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) from Australian fishes, with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4736 (1) on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4736.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/366974
<i>Misophriopsis okinawensis</i> sp. nov. (Crustacea: Copepoda) from hyperbenthic waters off Okinawa, south Japan, with definitions of related genera <i>Misophria</i> Boeck, 1864 and <i>Stygomisophria</i> gen. nov.
No full textA new misophrioid copepod Misophriopsis okinawensis (Crustacea) is reported from Kume Island. Okinawa, South Japan. A full description of the new misophrioid is presented together with supplementary notes on the males of Misophria pallida Boeck, 1864. Consideration of the phylogeny of the new species led to a reassessment of the affinities between all the named species of Misophria Boeck, 1864 and Misophriopsis Boxshall. 1983. A new genus, Stygomisophira, is recognised based on Misophria kororiensis Boxshall et Iliffe, 1987. Diagnoses are presented of all three genera
Paracyclopina sacklerae Boxshall & Jaume, 2012, n. sp.
No full textParacyclopina sacklerae n. sp. (Figs. 1–4) Type material. Holotype female, 7 paratype females, 5 paratype males collected from sinkholes at Walengkabola village (5 º 11.052 ’ S 122 º 35.159 ’ E), Muna Island, Indonesia on 18 September 2007 by G.A. Boxshall and D. Jaume. Registration numbers: holotype [MZB.Cru Cop. 103], 4 paratype females and 3 paratype males [MZB.Cru Cop. 104] in Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, 3 paratype females and 2 paratype males in Natural History Museum, London [BMNH 2011.1167 - 1171]. Etymology. The species is named in honour of Mrs Theresa Sackler in recognition of her long term philanthropic support of the research and education work of the Natural History Museum, London. Description of adult female. Body cyclopiform (Fig. 1 A), divided into anterior prosome and posterior urosome with prosome–urosome boundary well defined at podoplean position. Prosome comprising cephalothorax and 4 free pedigerous somites; first pedigerous somite free, but partly concealed by posterior extension of dorsal cephalic shield. Epimeral angles of free second to fourth pedigerous somites rounded. Rostrum rounded, well developed. Nauplius eye not observed. Ratio of prosome to urosome length (including caudal rami) about 1.5: 1. Urosome 5 -segmented (Fig. 1 B), comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital double-somite formed by fusion of genital and first abdominal somites, and 3 free abdominal somites. Genital apparatus comprising paired copulatory pores located within dorsolateral gonopores: seminal receptacles paired (Fig. 1 B). Egg sacs paired (Fig. 1 A), containing 7 to 9 eggs. Mean body length 0.549 mm, range 0.524 to 0.573 mm (based on 5 specimens). Caudal rami (Fig. 1 B) 56 μm long by 43 μm wide, about 1.3 times longer than wide and bearing 6 caudal setae (seta I absent). Seta II plumose, 60 – 65 μm in length; outer distal angle seta III plumose, ca. 71–80 μm, but shorter than inner distal angle plumose seta VI (85–97 μm); inner apical seta V (268–274 μm) longer than outer apical seta IV (189–227 μm); dorsal seta VII plumose and 61–73 μm long. Antennule 17 -segmented (Fig. 1 C); probable segmental homologies as follows: segment 1 (I–II) double, segment 2 (III–V) compound, segment 3 (VI–IX) compound, segment 4 (X) free, segment 5 (XI) free, segment 6 (XII–XIV) compound, segment 7 (XV–XVI) double, segments 8 (XVII) to 16 (XXV) all free, apical segment 17 (XXVI–XXVIII) compound. Setal armature comprising: 3, 5, 7, 2, 2, 4, 2, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 + aesthetasc, 1, 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 6 + aesthetasc. Apical aesthetasc and adjacent seta arising from common base. Antenna (Fig. 2 A) uniramous; with coxa and basis fused and separated from first endopodal segment by nonfunctional articulation; coxa-basis armed with long plumose inner seta and short outer seta representing exopod; endopod 3 -segmented; first endopodal segment with 1 inner margin seta, second segment with 5 setae, the shortest and most proximal separated by gap from other 4, third endopodal segment with 7 setae; first endopodal segment ornamented with spinules on inner surface; second and third endopodal segments each ornamented with row of spinules adjacent to outer margin, second segment with additional transverse spinule row. Labrum (Fig. 2 B) ovoid, with entire posterior margin; surface ornamentation of spinules on raised anterior zone. Mandible (Fig. 2 C–D) comprising coxa with well developed gnathobase bearing numerous blades along oblique margin, and biramous palp: palp consisting of large basis bearing single plumose seta, 2 -segmented endopod with 3 + 5 setae, and 4 -segmented exopod bearing total of 5 sparsely plumose setae [figured specimen with only 4 exopodal setae, missing seta indicated by arrow in Fig. 2 C]. Maxillule (Fig. 2 E) with large praecoxal arthrite bearing 8 marginal setal elements; coxal endite bearing single setae; coxal epipodite represented by long plumose seta; basis produced into 2 endites medially bearing 3 (proximal) and 2 (distal) spinulose setae; endopod comprising single expressed segment bearing 1, 1, 5 spinulose setae; exopod 1 -segmented with 4 long plumose setae. Maxilla well developed, 5 -segmented (Fig. 2 F); praecoxa and coxa incompletely separated, bearing 4 inner margin endites, armed with 3, 1, 3, 2 spinulose setae (from proximal to distal); basis bearing powerful claw-like element and spinulose seta, ornamented with spinule rows; endopod 3 -segmented, bearing 4, 1, 3 setal elements (from proximal to distal). Maxilliped (Fig. 2 G) smaller than maxilla; 4 -segmented; first segment (syncoxa) produced into two endites, proximal endite with 3 spinulose setae, distal endite armed with 2 setae and ornamented with row of spinules; second segment (basis) with 2 spinulose setae and row of spinules; endopod 2 -segmented, first endopodal segment with 2 unequal spinulose setae and second with 4 spinulose setae. Legs 1 to 4 biramous, with 3 -segmented rami (Fig. 3 A–C) and with intercoxal sclerites present; free posterior margins of sclerites smoothly rounded, lacking any ornamentation on either surface in legs 1 to 3; intercoxal sclerite of leg 4 with 2 spinule rows on posterior surface. Spine and seta formula as follows: coxa basis exopodal segments endopodal segments leg 1 0-1 1 -I I- 1; I- 1; III,I, 4 0-1; 0-1; 1,2, 3 leg 2 0-1 1 -0 I- 1; I- 1; III,I, 5 0-1; 0-2; 1,2, 3 leg 3 0-1 1 -0 I- 1; I- 1; III,I, 5 0-1; 0-2; 1,2, 3 leg 4 0-1 1 -0 I- 1; I- 1; II,I, 5 0-1; 0-2; 1,2, 2 Coxa with spinule rows near outer distal angle in all legs (transversely orientated in leg 1 only); additional spinule rows present on coxa and basis of leg 4 only (Fig. 3 C). Outer margin spines on all exopods and inner spine on basis of leg 1 bilaterally ornamented with strips of serrated membrane. Inner margin of basis of legs 1 to 4 and outer margins of all endopodal segments ornamented with row of setules; outer margins of all exopodal segments ornamented proximally with row of spinules. Spinule rows located at articulation between all endopodal and exopodal segments. Terminal spine on exopod of leg 4 very powerfully developed (Fig. 3 C); spine 39 μm in length with base 13 μm in width, and 1.15 times longer than segment (length 34 μm). Fifth legs located ventro-laterally, comprising basal part incorporated into pedigerous somite armed with outer seta on small papilla and free exopodal segment (Fig. 1 B). Outer basal seta visible in dorsal view (Fig. 1 A). Free exopodal segment 35 μm long by 15 μm in maximum width (measured at level of base of lateral spine), about 2.3 times longer than wide; bearing lateral margin spine (21 μm long), outer distal spine (17 μm), plumose apical seta (39 μm) and inner distal spine (12 μm); exopodal segment ornamented with sparse row of spinules along inner margin. Description of adult male. Body cyclopiform (Fig. 4 A), divided into anterior prosome and posterior urosome as in female. Epimeral angles of free third pedigerous somites slightly produced. Ratio of prosome to urosome length (including caudal rami) about 1.7: 1. Urosome 6 -segmented, comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite and 4 free abdominal somites. Genital somite (Fig. 4 B) bearing paired genital openings ventrally. Caudal rami (Fig. 4 A) 20 μm long, by 16 μm wide, about 1.25 times longer than wide and bearing 6 caudal setae (seta I absent), relative lengths of setae as for female. Mean body length 0.430 mm, range 0.408 to 0.461 mm (based on 3 specimens). Antennules (Fig. 4 C) symmetrical, geniculate, 17 -segmented; probable homologies: I–II, III–V, VI–VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX–XX, XXI–XXIII, XXIV–XXVIII; segment 11 (XV) with expanded sheath partly enclosing segment 12 (XVI). Setal armature comprising: 3, 4, 3, 2, 2, 0, 2, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1 (unilaterally spinulate), 1, 1 (unilaterally spinulate), 1 modified (fused to segment), 1 + 1 modified (fused to segment), 6 + aesthetasc. Antennae to maxillipeds, and legs 1 to 4, as in female. Fifth legs (Fig. 4 D) as in female except free exopodal segment 22 μm long by 9 μm in maximum width (measured at level of base of lateral spine), about 2.4 times longer than wide; bearing lateral margin spine (13 μm long), outer distal spine (20 μm), plumose apical seta (29 μm) and inner distal spine (28 μm); inner margin of segment smooth. Remarks. The genus Paracyclopina was established in 1935 by Smirnov (1935) who designated his new species P. nana Smirnov, 1935 as the type species. At that time, the genus was included within the Cyclopinidae Sars, 1913, a heterogeneous and probably paraphyletic family deliberately retained by Boxshall & Halsey (2004) even though proposals had already been made by Martínez Arbizu (2000 a, b, 2001 a, b) to break it up to form four other families, the Cyclopettidae Martínez Arbizu, 2000, Giselinidae Martínez Arbizu, 2000, Hemicyclopinidae Martínez Arbizu, 2001 and Psammocyclopinidae Martínez Arbizu, 2001. Subsequently Martínez Arbizu (2006) proposed a fifth new family, the Schminkepinellidae, to include some other former members of the Cyclopinidae bringing the total number of “cyclopinid” families to seven (including the Cyclopinidae sensu stricto and the Pterinopsyllidae). No comprehensive parsimony based test of the validity of the new families derived from the break up of the Cyclopinidae has yet been carried out. Indeed, no other publications have addressed this issue except Karanovic (2008) who considered that characters exhibited by the new cyclopinids he was describing from Australia exposed more of the characters used to support the break up of the Cyclopinidae sensu lato as unreliable and he recognised only the family Cyclopinidae. Clearly, uncertainty remains over the validity of some of these lineages as family level taxa. Although its relationships with the family Oithonidae Dana, 1853 remain to be resolved, the Cyclopettidae is reasonably well supported and is recognised here. When he established the Cyclopettidae, Martínez Arbizu (2000 a) tentatively included Paracyclopina as incertae sedis in his new family. Such caution was justified since all four of the species attributed to this genus were inadequately described. The four species recognised by Martínez Arbizu (2000 a) as belonging to Paracyclopina were: P. nana, P. intermedia (Sewell, 1924), P. l o ng if urc a (Sewell, 1924) and P. m i n u t a (Sewell, 1934). The key characters used to support placement of Paracyclopina in a lineage with Cyclopetta Sars, 1913 were the 2 -segmented endopod of the maxilliped and the lateral location of the leg 5 which comprises, in both sexes, one free exopodal segment carried on a slight pedestal representing the protopodal part of the limb that is incorporated into the somite. Martínez Arbizu (2000 a) pointed out that the transformation of the inner apical and two outer margin spines on the exopod of leg 5 into setae was a synapomorphy of the core group of genera Cyclopetta, Paracyclopetta Wells, 1967 and Arctocyclopina Mohamed & Neuhof, 1985. This transformation is not shared by Paracyclopina species, but the other synapomorphies support its placement in the Cyclopettidae (Martínez Arbizu 2000 a). Cyclopetta orientalis Lindberg, 1941 was not mentioned by Martínez Arbizu (2000 a): it was neither treated as a species of Cyclopetta, nor transferred to any other genus within the Cyclopinidae sensu lato. Although it was described as having a 1 -segmented rather than a 2 -segmented endopod on the maxilliped, it shares this form of laterally-located leg 5 and, in addition, has a 17 -segmented antennule in the female, as in P. nana and P. m i nu ta. Accordingly Cyclopetta orientalis is here transferred to Paracyclopina as Paracyclopina orientalis (Lindberg, 1941) n. comb. It is assumed here that the description of the maxilliped is mistaken and that P. orientalis has a 2 - segmented endopod as found in the new species. The new species, P. sacklerae n. sp., is closely related to P. orientalis. Both species possess a strikingly robust terminal spine on the exopod of leg 4 in both sexes and have three robust spines on the free exopodal segment of the female leg 5. No other Paracyclopina species share both of these features. There are several significant differences between these two species. Most obviously, the caudal rami are much shorter in P. sacklerae, only about 70 % as long as the anal somite, whereas in P. orientalis the caudal rami are longer (125 %) than the anal somite. The caudal rami themselves are more slender in P. orientalis, 3.5 times longer than wide compared to only 1.3 times longer than wide in P. sacklerae. Other differences include the shape of the antenna: in P. sacklerae the distal part of the antenna (second and third endopodal segments combined) is about equal in length to the proximal part (coxa-basis and first endopodal segment combined), whereas in P. orientalis the distal part is significantly shorter than the proximal part. The eggs sacs contained between 25 and 31 small eggs per sac in P. orientalis compared to 7 to 9 larger eggs per sac in the new species. As highlighted by Martínez Arbizu (2000 a), all four species he ascribed to Paracyclopina were found in brackish to fresh waters. Paracyclopina orientalis, transferred to Paracyclopina here, was collected in shallow salty waters near to the coast at Pondichery (“des mares saumâtres peu profondes, près du bord de la mer à Pondichéry ”) and in a lagoon at Oupalom (Lindberg 1941). It seems likely that this species also inhabits brackish waters. Finally, the new species was found in small sink holes, about 2 m deep, located in the coastal limestone platform only 5 to 10 m inland from the shoreline on Muna Island. During low tide many of the sinkholes appeared dry, but at high tide, water was clearly visible in most of them. The copepods were caught using a long-handled plankton net in a water column that was up to 50 or 60 cm deep. Salinity measurements were not taken, but given the tidal influence and the proximity to the coast, it is highly likely that the water in the sinkholes was brackish but close to fully marine. The species of Paracyclopina appear to prefer low salinity and brackish water habitats, although P. m i n u t a was reported from “absolutely fresh” water in the Hooghly River, according to Sewell (1934). The genus is known only from the Indo-Pacific. Four Paracyclopina species were described from the coast of India: P. longifurca and P. intermedia were originally described from Chilka Lake (Sewell 1924) and the former is also known from the South India coast and from the canal system of the salt lakes at Chingrighatta (Sewell 1934); P. minuta is known from the Hooghly River which bounds the salt lakes and associated canal system near Chingrighatta (Sewell 1934); P. orientalis was collected at Pondichery and Oupalom (Lindberg 1941). The new species, P. sacklerae, is from Indonesia. The type species, P. nana, was described from the mouth of the Suifun river near Vladivostok (Smirnov 1935) and is also known from the coasts of Japan, South Korea and China (Tai & Chen 1979; Chang 2009; Ueda et al. 2001).Published as part of Boxshall, Geoff A. & Jaume, Damià, 2012, Three new species of copepods (Copepoda: Calanoida and Cyclopoida) from anchialine habitats in Indonesia, pp. 36-58 in Zootaxa 3150 on pages 37-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27954
Boholina parapurgata Boxshall & Jaume, 2012, n. sp.
No full textBoholina parapurgata n. sp. (Figs. 5–10) Type material. Holotype female, 7 paratype females, 5 paratype males collected from sinkholes on the coast at the edge of Walengkabola village (5 º 11.052 ’ S 122 º 35.159 ’ E), Muna Island, Indonesia, on 18 September 2007 by G.A. Boxshall and D. Jaume. Registration numbers: holotype female [MZB.Cru Cop. 105], 3 paratype females and 3 paratype males [MZB.Cru Cop. 106] in Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, 4 paratype females and 2 paratype males in Natural History Museum, London [BMNH 2011.1172 - 1177]. Etymology. The name of the new species alludes to its close resemblance to Boholina purgata Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1989. Description of adult female. Body (Fig. 5 A) with a mean length of 0.78 mm (range 0.74 to 0.83 mm, based on 7 specimens). Prosome 5 -segmented, comprising cephalosome, first to third free pedigerous somites and double somite consisting of completely fused fourth and fifth pedigerous somites; prosome reaching maximum width at rear of cephalosome; postero-lateral corners of second and third pedigerous somites forming acute posteriorlydirected points (Fig. 9 B); postero-lateral corners of posterior double-somite rounded, symmetrical. Nauplius eye lacking. Ratio of prosome to urosome length about 3: 1. Urosome with only 3 obvious segments (Fig. 5 B) but 4 - segmented, comprising genital double-somite and 2 free abdominal somites plus hoop-like anal somite (arrowed in Fig. 5 D) largely telescoped within preceding second free abdominal somite and entirely concealed beneath extensive somitic hyaline membrane. Genital double-somite (Fig. 5 C) symmetrical, widest about at mid-length; posterior border ornamented with smooth hyaline membrane dorsally and strongly dentate hyaline membrane ventrally (Fig. 5 C); genital openings paired, located close together on mid-ventral surface; seminal receptacles paired, located lateral to and posterior to genital openings; 2 pairs of sensillae present, one pair positioned adjacent to medial margin of gonopores, second pair located ventro-laterally near posterior margin of double-somite. First and second free abdominal somites subequal in length; first with smooth hyaline membrane all around posterior margin, second with posterior margin hyaline membrane expanded mid-dorsally to form double-pointed flap functioning as pseudoperculum concealing anal opening. Anal somite extremely short, concealed within posterior rim and hyaline membrane of second free abdominal somite. Caudal rami (Fig. 5 A–B) about 1.5 times longer than wide (measured from base to level of insertion of distal seta IV), with pointed dorsal process in middle of distal margin (Fig. 5 B, D); caudal setae II to VII present (seta I lacking); seta II spiniform, seta III about half length of seta VI, seta V longer than seta IV, both plumose; dorsal seta VII short, plumose; slight asymmetry noted with short row of tiny setules present distally on inner margin of left ramus. Rostrum weakly developed (Fig. 10 A) as triangular area of cuticle tapering back from broad base at junction with frontal margin of dorsal cephalic shield to narrow rounded tip between bases of antennules; pair of long sensillae in middle third of rostrum. Antennules (Fig. 6 A) symmetrical, extending almost to end of prosome; 24 -segmented with all articulations expressed, except between segments II–IV and XXVI–XXVIII; segment 8 double comprising ancestral segments X and XI, but with articulation incompletely expressed. Armature formula as follows: segment 1 (ancestral segment I) 1 seta + 1 aesthetasc; segment 2 (ancestral segments II–IV) 6 setae + ae; segment 3 (V) 2 + ae; segment 4 (VI) 2; segment 5 (VII) 2 + ae; segment 6 (VIII) 2; segment 7 (IX) 2 + ae; segment 8 (X–XI) 3 + 2 ae; segment 9 (XII) 1 seta; segment 10 (XIII) 1 + ae; segment 11 (XIV) 1 + ae; segment 12 (XV) 1 + ae; segment 13 (XVI) 1 + ae; segment 14 (XVII) 1 seta; segment 15 (XVIII) 1 + ae; segment 16 (XIX) 1 seta; segment 17 (XX) 1 seta; segment 18 (XXI) 1 + ae; segment 19 (XXII) 1 seta; segment 20 (XXIII) 1 seta; segment 21 (XXIV) 1 + 1; segment 22 (XXV) 1 + 1 + ae; segment 23 (XXVI) 1 + 1; apical segment 24 (compound XXVII–XXVIII) 5 + ae. Antenna (Fig. 6 B) biramous. Coxa short, bearing plumose seta at distomedial angle. Basis with 2 subequal plumose setae on distomedial angle. Exopod 9 -segmented, articulation between fourth and fifth segments incomplete, apical segment small: setal formula as follows: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3: all setae plumose; articulations between two to five with spinule rows. Endopod 2 -segmented: proximal segment with 2 unequal, naked setae, ornamented with oblique spinule row; compound distal segment expanded into medial lobe bearing 8 setae distally and on outer distal margin, and with distal portion crowned with 6 setae; segment ornamented with small serrated process subdistally on medial margin and adjacent spinule row. Mandible (Fig. 6 C) with cutting edge of coxal gnathobase comprising about 10 short, cuspidate or simple teeth plus small dorsal spinulose seta; ventral-most teeth larger. Palp biramous; basis with 4 unequal setae on inner margin, and with spinule row proximally on outer surface. Exopod indistinctly 5 -segmented, setal formula 0, 1, 1, 1, 2. Proximal endopodal segment with 4 setae at distomedial angle; distal segment with 10 distal margin setae. Maxillule (Fig. 7 A) with praecoxal arthrite carrying 10 marginal spines plus 4 stiff setae on posterior surface. Coxal epipodite with 9 plumose setae; coxal endite with 4 spinulose setae. Basis fused to both rami: armed with 4 spinulose setae on proximal endite; distal basal endite incorporated into segment, with 5 setae; basal exite represented by single vestigial seta. Exopod bearing 10 marginal setae. Endopod with first segment fused to basis, represented by 4 distal margin setae; 2 free segments armed with 4 and 7 setae respectively. Maxilla (Fig. 7 B) 6 -segmented, comprising praecoxa and coxa, allobasis and 3 -segmented free endopod. Armature of praecoxal and coxal endites 5, 3, 3, 3; all setae bilaterally spinulate; distal coxal endite with spinule row. Allobasis with 6 setal elements in total, 4 on produced basal endite, 1 strong and claw-like, plus 2 setae derived from fused first endopodal segment; ornamented with spinule row. Free endopod setal formula: 2, 1, 2; long setae on allobasis and on endopodal segments sparsely spinulate bilaterally. Maxilliped (Fig. 7 C) 8 -segmented with syncoxa, basis and free 6 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 1, 2, 2, 3 setae on medial margin lobes; first lobe seta bilaterally spinulate; one seta on second lobe very long and naked, other seta plus setae on third lobe sparsely bilaterally spinulate; fourth lobe setae naked; small patch of denticles present on medial surface of fourth lobe. Basis about as long as syncoxa, armed with 3 plumose setae and carrying row of strong spinules along medial margin of segment. Free endopod setal formula: 2, 4, 4, 3, 3 + 1, 4. Legs 1–5 (Fig. 8 A–E) biramous, with 3 -segmented rami except endopod 2 -segmented in leg 5. Legs with smooth, unornamented intercoxal sclerites, except short spinule rows present on anterior surface of leg 2. Basis of leg 1 with rounded digitiform process distally, arising posteriorly near base of endopod. Armature of legs 1 to 5 as follows: Outer distal angles of first and second endopodal segments of legs 1 to 4 each drawn out into acute process, particularly marked in legs 1 and 2. Endopod segment 3 with large, acute process at outer distal angle in leg 1 only. Second exopodal segment of leg 1 (Fig. 8 A) with conspicuous spinulate process distally, in axil of outer spine; third exopodal segment with marginal spinule row on anterior surface. Articulations between endopodal and exopodal segments ornamented with spinule rows. Inner basal seta on leg 1 long, bilaterally spinulate, reaching to base of middle seta on third endopodal segment. Setae on both rami plumose; outer spines on distal exopodal segment of leg 1 flagellate; outer spines on legs 2 to 4 with serrate marginal membrane(s) as figured. Terminal spine on exopod of legs 1 to 3 ornamented with serrate membrane externally and plumose internally, that on leg 4 bilaterally serrate. Leg 4 with inner distal setal element on third exopodal segment 61 μm long, about 1.5 times longer than adjacent terminal spine (41 μm) and shorter than segment (= 70 μm long). Leg 5 (Fig. 8 E) biramous, with 3 -segmented exopod and 2 -segmented endopod, intercoxal sclerite smooth and unornamented. Basis of leg 5 with small, acute process located on posterior surface near base of exopod and with large pore on anterior surface. Exopod longer than endopod: tip of endopod reaching beyond level of proximal outer spine on third exopodal segment; distal endopodal segment 2.6 times longer (42 μm) than wide (16 μm). Outer spines on exopod each with serrate membrane bilaterally. Terminal spine on exopod with serrate membrane externally and finely serrate membrane internally, terminal spine (53–57 μm) about 1.2 times longer than inner distal spine (41–47 μm), and longer than segment (44–48 μm). First and second exopodal segments each ornamented with pore on anterior surface at origin of outer spine. Description of adult male. Body (Fig. 9 A, B) length ranging from 0.66 to 0.71 mm, with a mean of 0.69 mm (based on 4 specimens). Prosome 5 -segmented as in female: maximum width at level of first pedigerous somite; postero-lateral corners of second and third pedigerous somites (arrowed in Fig. 9 B) forming acute posteriorlydirected points, as in female. Ratio of prosome to urosome length about 2.4: 1. Urosome 5 -segmented (Fig. 9 C); comprising genital somite and 3 free abdominal somites plus hoop-like anal somite largely telescoped within preceding second free abdominal somite and entirely concealed beneath somitic hyaline membrane, as in female. Genital somite slightly asymmetrical, with single gonopore opening posterolaterally on left side; genital and first to third free abdominal somites similar in length, although often variably telescoped within preceding somite; each with hyaline membrane around posterior border, except membrane lacking ventrally on genital somite. Anus opening terminal, located between caudal rami, concealed beneath pseudoperculum formed by hyaline membrane on third free abdominal somite. Caudal rami (Fig. 9 A, C) symmetrical, about 1.7 times longer than wide and bearing distal spinous process dorsally, as in female. Caudal seta I absent; caudal setae II–VII, as in female. Antennules short, asymmetrical. Left antennule non-geniculate, 24 -segmented as in female and extending almost to posterior end of prosome. Right antennule (Fig. 10 B) geniculate, 22 -segmented. Armature as follows: segment 1 (ancestral segment I) 2 setae + aesthetasc; segment 2 (corresponding to compound ancestral segments II–IV) 6 + 2 ae; segment 3 (V) 2 + ae; segment 4 (VI) 2; segment 5 (VII) 2 + ae; segment 6 (VIII) 2; segment 7 (IX) 2 + ae; segment 8 (X) 1 seta; segment 9 (XI) 1 + ae; segment 10 (XII) 1; segment 11 (XIII) 1 + ae; segment 12 (XIV) 1 + ae; segment 13 (XV) 1 + ae; segment 14 (XVI) 2; segment 15 (XVII) 2; segment 16 (XVIII) 1 + ae; segment 17 (XIX) 1 modified, fused spine; segment 18 (XX) 1 modified, fused spine + 1 seta; segment 19 (XXI– XXIII) 2 setae + ae; segment 20 (XXIV–XXV) 2 + 2 + ae; segment 21 (XXVI) 1 + 1, segment 22 (XXVII– XXVIII) 5 + ae. Leg 5 (Fig. 10 C) strongly asymmetrical; coxae and intercoxal sclerite fused to form common base. Left leg biramous: basis with slender outer basal seta located on posterior surface; exopod 3 -segmented; first segment with long (63 μm), bilaterally serrate outer spine; second segment modified, bearing strongly reflexed spine on outer margin; third segment highly transformed bearing multiple short processes and one long, naked, modified setal element. Right leg biramous, basis with slender outer basal seta located on posterior surface; exopod unsegmented; segment with 2 outer spines (proximal spine 33–35 μm, distal spine 62–63 μm in length) and terminal spine 34–35 μm long, plus a short spine vestige located subdistally towards the medial surface; endopod forming an elongate lobe, about 61 μm long, by 17–18 μm wide (3.6 times longer than wide); armed with 2 slightly sigmoid spines, apical spine 17–19 μm long, subapical spine 12–13 μm (Fig. 10 C). Remarks. The family Boholinidae and the genus Boholina were established by Fosshagen & Iliffe (1989) on the basis of two new species discovered in a brackish pool in San Vincente Cave on Bohol Island in the Philippines. In the original description, the urosome of the females and males were described as 3 - and 4 -segmented respectively (Fosshagen & Iliffe 1989). We find that the anal somite has been overlooked in both sexes and this has been verified by examination of the types of B. crassicephala Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1989 (Reg. No. BMNH 1989.58 – 67). It is represented by a short hoop of cuticle, which lies more-or-less completely telescoped within the preceding free abdominal somite. The presence of the extensive hyaline membrane around the entire posterior margin of that somite adds to the concealment. A similarly tiny and concealed anal somite was noted for genera such as Edaxiella Fosshagen, Boxshall & Iliffe, 2001, Oinella Fosshagen, Boxshall & Iliffe, 2001 and Gloinella Fosshagen, Boxshall & Iliffe, 2001 within the closely related Epacteriscidae (Fosshagen et al. 2001). Both sexes of the type species, B. crassicephala, were fully described in 1989 but the description of the second species, B. purgata Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1989, focused only on differences and several illustrations were provided to facilitate comparison of key characters between the two species. The species differed in several fine scale characters: the most important of which were, the posterior angles of the tergites on the second and third pedigerous somites are rounded in B. crassicephala but pointed in B. purgata, the lengths of the antennules relative to the prosome, and the armature of the male leg 5. On the exopod of the right leg 5 of the male there are four strong spines in B. crassicephala but only three strong spines plus a vestige in B. purgata. In all of these characters the new species closely resembles B. purgata. The new species can be distinguished from B. purgata by the length and shape of the endopod of the female leg 5. In the former the distal tip of the endopod extends beyond the level of the origin of the proximal spine on the outer margin of the third exopodal segment, and the distal endopodal segment is 2.6 times longer than wide, whereas in the latter the distal tip only extends as far as the articulation between second and third exopodal segments and the distal endopodal segment is only 1.1 times longer than wide. Also in the female leg 5, the terminal spine on the exopod is longer than the segment in the new species but shorter than it in B. purgata. The differences between the males are similarly fine scale: the unsegmented endopod of the right leg 5 of the male is 2.6 times longer than wide in B. purgata and the outer margin is evenly convex so the maximum width is about at mid-length, whereas in the new species the endopod is 3.6 times longer than wide and the maximum width is in the distal third. This endopod bears two slender setae in the former species but two sigmoid spines in B. parapurgata n. sp. Such fine scale differences are sometimes difficult to interpret. Little is known about variability in Boholina and, like Paracyclopina, the genus appears to prefer low salinity, brackish waters. We consider that the B. parapurgata population from Muna (Indonesia) and the B. purgata population from Bohol (Philippines) are distinct species, but we strongly recommend sampling at suitable intermediate locations to search for additional Boholina populations.Published as part of Boxshall, Geoff A. & Jaume, Damià, 2012, Three new species of copepods (Copepoda: Calanoida and Cyclopoida) from anchialine habitats in Indonesia, pp. 36-58 in Zootaxa 3150 on pages 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27954
Summer-winter differences in copepod distribution around South Georgia
No full textReprinted from Hydrobiologia Vol. 176-16
Asterocheres reginae, a new species of parasitic copepod (Siphonostomatoida: Asterocheridae) from a sponge in Belize
No full textAsterocheres reginae n. sp., of the family Asterocheridae, is described from the spongeAgelas clathrodes (Schmidt) collected at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. It inhabits the internal canal system of its sponge host. A detailed description of both sexes is presented, and emphasis has been placed on the recognition of homologies between the limb segments and armature elements in accordance with the new evolutionary scheme established by Huys & Boxshall (1991)
- …
