94 research outputs found
Learning and Teaching Academic Standards Statement for Agriculture
No full textTina Botwright Acuña, Amanda Able, Jo-Anne Kelder, Phoebe Bobbi, Yann Guisard, Bill Bellotti, Glenn McDonald, Richard Doyle, Paul Wormell and Holger Meink
Parasecia molini Stekolnikov & González-Acuña, 2015, sp. nov.
No full textParasecia molini sp. nov. (Figs. 8, 9) Diagnosis. SIF = 7 BS-N- 3 -3111.0000; fsp = 7.7.7; fCx = 1.1.1; fSt = 2.2; fPp = B/B/NNB; fSc: PL = AM> AL; Ip = 736–769; fD = 2 H- 6 - 6 - 2-4 - 2 (6 - 6 - 4 - 2 - 2); DS = 22; VS = 12–13; NDV = 34–35. Standard measurements of holotype: AW 66, PW 79, SB 35, ASB 23, PSB 14, SD 37, P-PL 14, AP 16, AM 36, AL 23, PL 34, H 36, D min 29, D max 38, pa 266, pm 232, pp 270, Ip 769, DS 22, VS 12, NDV 34, TaIIIL 65, TaIIIW 14. Standard measurements of type series and additional material given in Table 3. Description (larva). IDIOSOMA. Eyes 2 + 2, on ocular plate. One pair of humeral setae, 20 dorsal idiosomal setae covered with barbs of moderate length, fD = 2 H- 6 - 6 - 2-4 - 2 (configuration of 3 posterior rows also can be treated as 4 - 2 - 2); 4 sternal setae; 12–13 ventral setae; total number of idiosomal setae excluding coxal and sternal 34–35. FIGURE 8. Parasecia molini sp. nov. (holotype). A, scutum and eyes; B, C, dorsal idiosomal setae of 1 st row; D, preanal ventral idiosomal seta; E, arrangement of dorsal idiosomal setae; F, arrangement of ventral idiosomal setae. Scale bars: 50 Μm (A), 20 Μm (B–D), 100 Μm (E, F). GNATHOSOMA. Cheliceral blade with tricuspid cap; cheliceral base with dense puncta in proximal part; gnathobase moderately covered with puncta and bears 1 pair of branched setae; palpal femur with few puncta; galeala nude; palpal claw with 3 prongs; seta on palpal femur branched; seta on palpal genu branched; dorsal and lateral palpal tibial setae nude, ventral palpal tibial seta branched; palpal tarsus with 7 branched setae, nude subterminala and basal tarsala. SCUTUM. Nearly rectangular, with concave posterior margin, moderately covered with puncta; AM base at level of ALs; SB at level of PLs; PL = AM> AL; ALs with much longer and wider barbs than AM and PLs; flagelliform sensilla with about 8 branches in distal half. LEGS. All 7 -segmented, with 1 pair of claws and claw-like empodium. Leg I: coxa with 1 non-specialized branched seta (1 B); trochanter 1 B; basifemur 1 B; telofemur 5 B; genu 4 B, 3 genualae, microgenuala; tibia 8 B, 2 tibialae, microtibiala; tarsus 22 B, tarsala 14 long, microtarsala distal to tarsala, subterminala, parasubterminala, pretarsala. Leg II: coxa 1 B; trochanter 1 B; basifemur 2 B; telofemur 4 B; genu 3 B, genuala; tibia 6 B, 2 tibialae; tarsus 16 B, tarsala 15 long, microtarsala proximal to tarsala, pretarsala. Leg III: coxa 1 B; trochanter 1 B; basifemur 2 B; telofemur 3 B; genu 3 B, genuala; tibia 6 B, tibiala; tarsus 15 B. Hosts. Liolaemus chillanensis Müller and Hellmich, Phymaturus palluma (Molina) (= P. flagellifer) (Squamata: Liolaemidae). Type material. Holotype larva (ZIN collection No. 7707, T-Tr.- 70) ex Liolaemus chillanensis No. 10, CHILE: Biobío Region, Nevados de Chillán Mts, Aguas Calientes (36 ° 54 ′ 28 ″ S, 71 ° 22 ′ 14 ″ W), altitude 2050 m a.s.l., 22 January 2006, coll. D. González-Acuña; 3 larvae paratypes (7705, 7706, 7708) with same data. Additional material. Three larvae (8525–8527) ex Phymaturus flagellifer No. 135, CHILE: Valparaíso Region, Valparaíso Province, Cerro Bellavista, 30 March 2013, coll. D. González-Acuña. Etymology. The species is named after Fr. Juan Ignacio Molina, a famous Chilean naturalist and author of the first account of the natural history of Chile. Remarks. The new species is similar to Parasecia fundata (Brennan, 1969) but differs from it in a wider scutum (AW = 65–68 vs. 49–55, PW = 77–79 vs. 61–62, and SB = 32–35 vs. 22–24), a lesser number of idiosomal setae (VS = 12–13 vs. 17–22, and NDV = 34–35 vs. 39–44), and shorter PL setae (34–36 vs. 41–50). The above comparison was based on the original description of P. fundata (Brennan 1969) and our measurements of 2 specimens of this species collected in Costa Rica (ZIN collection Nos. 7069 and 7083). Collection data of this material were given by Stekolnikov et al. (2007). The new species moreover differs from Costa Rican specimens of P. fundata in P-PL = 14–16 vs. 11–12 and in somewhat longer legs (Ip = 736–769 vs. 675 and TaIIIL = 63–65 vs. 52–56). However, these measurements were not reported for the type series of P. fundata; therefore, their taxonomic significance is unclear. Additional material of P. m o l i ni differs from the type series in a somewhat wider scutum (AW, PW), slightly shorter scutal and idiosomal setae (AM–V max), and in slightly shorter legs (pa, pp, Ip) (Table 3). Moreover, 2 of 3 specimens in this material (Nos. 8526 and 8527) have fPp = B/B/BBB vs. B/B/NNB in the type series. We consider these differences to be intraspecific.Published as part of Stekolnikov, Alexandr A. & González-Acuña, Daniel, 2015, A review of Chilean chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae), with the description of a new genus and ten new species, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 3964 (1) on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3964.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28868
Constraints to achieving high potential yield of wheat in a temperate, high-rainfall environment in south-eastern Australia
No full text
Average wheat yields in the high-rainfall zone (HRZ) of southern Australia are predicted to be around 10 t ha–1, yet most regions fall short through a lack of locally adapted cultivars or abiotic stress that constrains yield. Wheat yields in Tasmania can be variable but have exceeded this potential yield in some field trials and have thus approached that of other traditionally high-yielding HRZ environments such as northern Europe. A contributing factor to high wheat yields in Tasmania is the cool-temperate climate, which tends not to have extremes in temperature (cold, heat) as may be experienced in HRZ environments elsewhere. Hence an understanding of crop growth, development and yield of wheat of locally adapted wheat cultivars in Tasmania may improve our understanding of the basis of yield formation in other HRZ in Australia. This was evaluated by conducting an analysis for adaptive response of grain yield in 10 wheat genotypes to a range of 14 environments that were favourable for wheat production or experienced constraints to growth. Crop growth and yield formation was then examined in detail for all or a subset of these genotypes in three field trials with contrasting environments, two of which included a time of sowing (TOS) treatment. Environment accounted for around 90% of the sum of squares (SS) in the multi-site analysis of yield. Six environment groups were identified using cluster analysis, two of which were clearly separated in response to frost at flowering or putative biotic stress, which constrained yield to 1.8 and 6.8 t ha–1, respectively. Waterlogging was also a significant abiotic stress in one of the TOS field trials. The late-flowering cultivar Tennant had the highest yield in the presence of waterlogging and by avoiding frost at flowering, although it suffered a yield penalty of 35 and 66%, respectively, compared with the average across environments. The highest-yielding genotypes averaged 8 t ha–1 across environments and included Alberic, the breeding line K37.18 and the new release Revenue. In the detailed experiments on crop growth and development, high grain yields of 10 t ha–1 in Mackellar appeared to be due to increased grains ear–1, resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus and possibly higher radiation-use efficiency, although the latter needs to be confirmed. There was little genotype × environment interaction for grain yield, hence wheat breeders can have a relatively high level of confidence that genetic material with high yield potential should rank consistently across Tasmanian environments. Results presented in the paper will be useful in developing management and breeding strategies to increase potential yield across the HRZ of southern Australia.
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T-cell-driven inflammation as a mediator of the gut-brain axis involved in Parkinson's disease
No full textParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway, a neuronal circuit involved in the control of movements, thereby the main manifestations correspond to motor impairments. The major molecular hallmark of this disease corresponds to the presence of pathological protein inclusions called Lewy bodies in the midbrain of patients, which have been extensively associated with neurotoxic effects. Importantly, different research groups have demonstrated that CD4+ T-cells infiltrate into the substantia nigra of PD patients and animal models. Moreover, several studies have consistently demonstrated that T-cell deficiency results in a strong attenuation of dopaminergic neurodegeneration in animal models of PD, thus indicating a key role of adaptive immunity in the neurodegenerative process. Recent evidence has shown that CD4+ T-cell response involved in PD patients is directed to oxidised forms of α-synuclein, one of the main constituents of Lewy bodies. On the other hand, most PD patients present a number of non-motor manifestations. Among non-motor manifestations, gastrointestinal dysfunctions result especially important as potential early biomarkers of PD, since they are ubiquitously found among confirmed patients and occur much earlier than motor symptoms. These gastrointestinal dysfunctions include constipation and inflammation of the gut mucosa and the most distinctive pathologic features associated are the loss of neurons of the enteric nervous system and the generation of Lewy bodies in the gut. Moreover, emerging evidence has recently shown a pivotal role of gut microbiota in triggering the development of PD in genetically predisposed individuals. Of note, PD has been positively correlated with inflammatory bowel diseases, a group of disorders involving a T-cell driven inflammation of gut mucosa, which is strongly dependent in the composition of gut microbiota. Here we raised the hypothesis that T-cell driven inflammation, which mediates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD, is triggered in the gut mucosa. Accordingly, we discuss how structural components of commensal bacteria or how different mediators produced by gut-microbiota, including short-chain fatty acids and dopamine, may affect the behaviour of T-cells, triggering the development of T-cell responses against Lewy bodies, initially confined to the gut mucosa but later extended to the brain. Copyright © 2019 Campos-Acuña, Elgueta and Pacheco. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Indexación: Scopu
Good practice guide: Threshold learning outcomes for agriculture
No full textBackground
The Good Practice Guide: Threshold Learning Outcomes for Agriculture (the Good Practice Guide) builds on the national Learning and Teaching Academic Standards Statement for Agriculture (AgLTAS), which was developed through an extensive consultation process among academics, students and industry personnel across Australia.
The AgLTAS facilitates the implementation of academic standards by the agriculture discipline community and informs curriculum design. It describes the nature and extent of agriculture and provides five key Threshold Learning Outcomes (TLOs) that describe what a pass-level graduate will know, understand and be able to do upon graduation from a bachelor-level degree in agriculture or a related discipline. The TLOs are: Understanding agriculture; Knowledge of agriculture; Inquiry and problem-solving; Communication; and Personal and professional responsibility (Botwright Acuña et al. 2014).
Aims
Having set the learning outcomes for agriculture, the next step was to demonstrate that students achieve the TLOs through assessment. The Good Practice Guide provides academics with strategies for teaching and case studies of aligned assessment for each TLO.
The Good Practice Guide is intended for use by academics who teach into undergraduate degrees (or related areas), including but not limited to: agribusiness, animal science, agricultural economics, horticulture, agriculture and agricultural science, viticulture and oenology, agricultural business management, agrifood systems and wine science.
Methodology
The authors of each chapter have modelled components of the Good Practice Guide on those used for each of the individual Good Practice Guides for Science and Law. However, all TLOs were combined into a single 143 pp guide as an acknowledgement of how the TLOs are often addressed in an integrated way.
Each TLO chapter contains the following:
1. a literature review related to the interpretation of the TLO hyperlinked with case studies of assessment practice
2. an annotated list of resources that may be useful in teaching specifically addressing that TLO
3. a summary of the key issues, outcomes synthesised from the literature review and future opportunities identified
4. case studies of assessment practice aligned to the TLO.
References are collated at the end of the Good Practice Guide. An electronic copy of the Guide is available at www.agltas.edu.au
Conclusions
A key distinguishing feature of agriculture is its multidisciplinary nature and the contribution of disciplines other than science, such as economics and the social sciences. The integration of these disciplines in the context of agriculture is important for student achievement of the TLOs.
Two common themes appear throughout the Good Practice Guide: 1) the interdisciplinary
nature of agriculture; and; 2) the emphasis on transferable and applied skills that will allow
graduates to contribute to the successful practice of agriculture in a wide range of roles. The
authors have also provided discussion to guide the interpretation of each overarching TLO.
Botwright Acuna, T. L., Able, A. J., Kelder, J., Bobbi, P., Guisard, Y., Bellotti, W., McDonald, G., Doyle, R., Wormell, P., & Meinke, H. (2014). Learning and Teaching Academic Standards Statement for Agriculture. Sydney, Australia: Office for Learning and Teaching.
Botwright Acuña, T. L., & Able, A. J. (Eds.) (2016). Good Practice Guide: Threshold Learning Outcomes for Agriculture. Sydney, Australia: Office for Learning and Teaching
Academic, industry and student perspectives on the inclusion of “vocational knowledge” in a ‘learning and teaching academic standards statement’ for agriculture
No full textThis paper reports on the perspective of industry stakeholders in a national project to develop a Learning and Teaching Academic Standards (LTAS) Statement for the Agriculture discipline. The AgLTAS Statement will be aligned with the Science LTAS Statement published in 2011 and comprise a discourse on the nature and extent of the Agriculture discipline and a set of Threshold Learning Outcome (TLO) statements specific to Agriculture. Agricultural research and teaching relies on strong links with industry due to the applied nature of the discipline. Without these links, sustainable and profitable practice change in agricultural systems cannot be achieved. A pilot project, in 2011-2012, with academic staff from three Australian universities identified vocational knowledge as a potential focus for a TLO. The AgLTAS project provides the opportunity to validate or refute this TLO by seeking input from a wider group of stakeholders, including industry. National consensus is being sought by a process of iterative consultation with academics, students and industry stakeholders and tested across four Australian universities. We have collected qualitative and quantitative data from industry participants who attended a series of workshops across most Australian States and Territories and through an online survey. Surprisingly, and contrary to the findings of the pilot project, industry representatives considered vocational knowledge of lesser importance to the need for students to attain highly developed problem solving and communication skills that can generate new opportunities and innovation in agriculture. Industry-specific (vocational) knowledge was generally regarded as attainable during on-the-job training after graduation. This finding prompts the question whether the AgLTAS Statement should be linked to professional accreditation that may be attained after graduation.Tina Botwright Acuna, Jo-Anne Kelder, Amanda J. Able, Yann Guisard, William D. Bellotti, Glenn McDonald, Richard Doyle, Paul Wormell, Holger Meink
El Cabildo eclesiástico de la Diócesis Tlaxcala-Puebla, sus años de formación, 1526-1548. Antropología. Boletín Oficial del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia: Historia y antropología de Puebla. Num. 78 Nueva Época (2005) abril-junio
No full textAbad Ibáñez, Juan Antonio y Manuel Garrido Bonaño, Iniciación a la liturgia de la Iglesia, Madrid, Palabra, 1997, pp. 807-834.Acuña, René, Fray Julián Garcés, su alegato en pro de los naturales de Nueva España, México, UNAM, 1995, pp. XX-XXVII.Commons, Áurea, Geohistoria de las divisiones territoriales del estado de Puebla 1519-1970, México, Instituto de Geografía-UNAM, 1971, pp. 30-36.Cortés Castellanos, Justino, Antología conmemorativa. 450 Aniversario de la erección de la Arquidiócesis de Puebla, Puebla, Impresos Elite, 1977.Cuevas, Mariano, Historia de la Iglesia en México, México, Porrúa, 1992, t. I, pp. 293-296.Dussel, Enrique, El episcopado hispanoamericano. Institución misionera en defensa del indio 1504-1620, México, Centro Intercultural de Documentación, 1970, vol. 5.Fernández de Echeverría y Veytia, Mariano, Historia de la fundación de la ciudad de la Puebla de los Ángeles, México, Altiplano, 1962, t. I.García-Villoslada, Ricardo, Historia de la Iglesia Católica. Edad Media, Madrid, Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1975.Gibson, Charles, Tlaxcala en el siglo XVI, México, Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala / FCE, 1991, pp. 63-64.Hirschberg, Julia, La fundación de Puebla de los Ángeles, Puebla, H. Ayuntamiento de Puebla, 1981.Jaramillo Escutia, Roberto, “La fundación de la actual estructura eclesiástica mexicana”, en Efemérides Mexicana, vol. 16, septiembre- diciembre de 1998, núm. 48, pp. 379-412.Leonis X PP., Litt. Ap. “Sacri apostolatus ministerio”, en America Pontificia, Josef Metzler (ed.), Ciudad del Vaticano, Librería Vaticana, 1991, t. I, pp. 140-144.Martimort, Aimé Georges, La iglesia en oración, Barcelona, 1992, pp. 1047-1084.Mazín Gómez, Óscar, El Cabildo Catedral de Valladolid de Michoacán, Zamora, El Colegio de Michoacán, 1996.“Statuta ordinata a Sancto Concilio Provinciali Mexicano III”, en Concilium Mexicanum Provinciale III, cur. Francisci Antonii a Lorenzana, Mexici, Ex Typographia Bac. Josephi Antonii de Hogal, MDCCLXX.Schwaller, John Frederick, The Church and Clergy in Sixteenth-Century Mexico, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1987
Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with root penetration ability of wheat in contrasting environments
No full textThe aim of this research was to investigate the genetic basis for variation in root penetration ability and associated traits in the mapping population derived from the Australian bread wheat cultivars Halberd and Cranbrook in soil columns containing wax layers grown in controlled conditions and to compare this with performance in the field. Root and shoot traits of the doubled haploid line (DHL) from a cross of Halberd and Cranbrook were evaluated in soil columns containing wax layers. Contrasting DHLs that varied in the ability to penetrate a wax layer in soil columns were then evaluated for maximum root depth in the field on contrasting soils at Merredin, Western Australia. Genetic control was complex, and numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) (53 in total) were located across most chromosomes that had a small genetic effect (LOD scores of 3.2–9.1). Of these QTL, 29 were associated with root traits, 37\ua0% of which were contributed positively by the Halberd with key traits being located on chromosomes 2D, 4A, 6B, and 7B. Variation in root traits of DHL in soil columns was linked with field performance. Despite the complexity of the traits and a large number of small QTL, the results can be potentially used to explore allelic diversity in root traits for hardpan penetration
Las provincias tributarias del imperio mexica localizadas al sur de Puebla y norte de Oaxaca
No full textRelaciones Geográficas del siglo XVI: Tlaxcala, tomo segundo, edición de René Acuña, México, UNAM, IIA, 1985.Barlow, Robert Hayward, “Tlatelolco fuentes e historia”, en: Obras de Robert H. Barlow, vol. 2, Jesús Mojarás-Ruiz y Ma. De la Cruz Paillés (eds.), México, INAH, 1989.
____, “Los mexicas y la triple alianza”, en Obras de Robert H. Barlow, vol. 3, Jesús Mojarás-Ruiz y Elena Limón (eds.), México, INAH-UDLA, 1990.
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____, “Fuentes y estudios sobre el México indígena”, en Obras de Robert H. Barlow, vol. 6, Jesús Mojarás-Ruizy Elena Limón (eds.), México, INAH-UDLA, 1994.Castillo Farreras, Víctor M., “Matrícula de Tributos”, en Historia de México, t. 3, México, Salvat Mexicana,1978.Castillo Tejero, Noemí, “La zona arqueológica de Tehuacán, Puebla, avances y perspectivas del proyecto. Tehuacán, un señorío popoloca del postclásico, su relación con otros señoríos”, ponencia presentada en la XXIV Mesa Redonda, Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, México, en prensa.Commons, Aurea, Geohistoria de las divisiones territoriales del Estado de Puebla. 1519-1971, México, UNAM, 1971.Cravioto Rubí, José de Jesús Alberto, “El señorío de Tehuacán. Apuntes para la historia del Sureste del Estado de Puebla”, México, 2001, (mecanuscrito).Gálvez Rosalez, Mauricio, “La información gráfica y documental como apoyo en la identificación de sitios arqueológicos. El caso de los sitios de Tehuacán”, México, 2001, (mecanuscrito).Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI) s.f., Carta topográfica., Cuernavaca E14-5. Esc. 1:250 000. s.f., Carta topográfica. Orizaba E14-6 Esc. 1:250 000. s.f., Carta topográfica. Oaxaca E14-9 Esc. 1:250 000.Martínez, Hildeberto, Tepeaca en el siglo XVI. Tenencia de la tierra y organización de un Señorío, México, CIESAS, 1984.Muñoz Camargo, Diego, Historia de Tlaxcala, México, Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala, 1998, (Serie: Historia de Tlaxcala, 5).Paso y Troncoso, Francisco del, Papeles de la Nueva España, t. I, segunda serie, Madrid. 1936.
____, Papeles de la Nueva España, t. II,tercera serie, Madrid, 1936.Peñafiel, Antonio, “Tepeaca 1559”, en Ciudades coloniales y capitales de la República Mexicana, pp. 54-71, Lám. 1-9. 1977.
____, Nombres geográficos de México, México, Cosmos, 1977.Reyes García, Luis, Cuauhtinchan del siglo XII al XVI, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1988.Sepúlveda, María Teresa, Anales mexicanos: Puebla, Tepeaca, Cholula, México, INAH, 1995, (Antigua, 229)
un estudio de caso 1988
No full textEl presente trabajo de maestría, hace un análisis de la historia del arte prehispánico en Colombia, tomando como estudio de caso “la Historia del Arte Colombiano” de Eugenio Barney Cabrera. Como método de análisis histórico para dicho estudio, se han tenido en cuenta los presupuestos de la Arqueología del saber de Michel Foucault, a manera de rastreo, e identificación de los elementos que incidieron en la construcción de las categorías de análisis empleadas y los enfoques utilizados, en la creación de los referentes del discurso sobre la historia del arte prehispánico. En este sentido de análisis, se ha determinado que la Historia del Arte Prehispánico en Colombia, se elaboró sobre una tradición científica y un discurso compartido con disciplinas como la arqueología, la antropología, la etnografía, etc. Construido sobre una compleja red de interpretaciones, que se van superponiendo hasta crear una continuidad, entre los discursos provenientes de éstas disciplinas y los discursos de la historia del arte, ante lo cual, se pone en consideración el hecho de que los discursos que se crearon, para dar respuesta a descripciones antropológicas y arqueológicas, fueron utilizados de igual forma, en el análisis artístico sin ninguna diferenciación, y existe la limitación evidente de categorías provenientes de los estudios artísticos en ésta historia. El análisis muestra la paradoja existente entre el pasado, del hombre prehispánico, artífice de una producción artística espléndida y la decadencia existente en las comunidades a la llegada de los españoles y la posterior tensión presente en la valoración de la producción indígena, como arte, para las comunidades del pasado y por el contrario, de artesanía, para las comunidades posteriores.The present work of Master‟s Thesis makes an analysis of the history of Pre-Hispanic art in Colombia. It took as a case study the “Colombian Art History” by Eugenio Barney Cabrera. As a method of historical analysis for this study, it has been taken into account the premises of The Archaeology of Knowledge by Michel Foucault, as a way of tracking and identifying the elements that contributed to the construction of the categories of analysis and the approaches used in the creation of the discourse referents about the history of Pre-Hispanic art. In this sense of analysis, It has been determined that the history of Pre-Hispanic art in Colombia was developed on a scientific tradition and a shared discourse among the archaeology, the anthropology, the ethnography, etc. It was built on a complex network of interpretations that superimpose themselves until creating a continuity between the discourses that come from those disciplines and the discourses of art history, thus it is placed in consideration the fact that the discourses that were created to give an answer to anthropological and archaeological descriptions were used in the same way as in the art analysis without any differentiation, so it exists the evident limitation of categories that come from art studies in that History. The analysis shows the paradox that exists between the past of the Pre-Hispanic man, author of a splendid artistic production, and the existing decadence due to the arrival of the Spanish in the communities; and the later tension showed in the appreciation of the indigenous production, as art to the communities of the past; on the contrary as handicrafts to the subsequent communities.Magíster en Estética e Historia del Art
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