5 research outputs found
Predictability of daily precipitation using data from newly established automated weather stations over Notwane catchment in Botswana
No full textAnalysis of the Future Land Use Land Cover Changes in the Gaborone Dam Catchment Using CA-Markov Model: Implications on Water Resources
No full textLand use/land cover (LULC) changes have been observed in the Gaborone dam catchment since the 1980s. A comprehensive analysis of future LULC changes is therefore necessary for the purposes of future land use and water resource planning and management. Recent advances in geospatial modelling techniques and the availability of remotely sensed data have become central to the monitoring and assessment of both past and future environmental changes. This study employed the cellular automata and Markov chain (CA-Markov) model combinations to simulate future LULC changes in the Gaborone dam catchment. Classified Landsat images from 1984, 1995, 2005 and 2015 were used to simulate the likely LULCs in 2015 and 2035. Model validation compared the simulated and observed LULCs of 2015 and showed a high level of agreement with Kappa variation estimates of Kno (0.82), Kloc (0.82) and Kstandard (0.76). Simulation results indicated a projected increase of 26.09%, 65.65% and 55.78% in cropland, built-up and bare land categories between 2015 and 2035, respectively. Reductions of 16.03%, 28.76% and 21.89% in areal coverage are expected for shrubland, tree savanna and water body categories, respectively. An increase in built-up and cropland areas is anticipated in order to meet the population’s demand for residential, industry and food production, which should be taken into consideration in future plans for the sustainability of the catchment. In addition, this may lead to water quality and quantity (both surface and groundwater) deterioration in the catchment. Moreover, water body reductions may contribute to water shortages and exacerbate droughts in an already water-stressed catchment. The loss of vegetal cover and an increase in built-up areas may result in increased runoff incidents, leading to flash floods. The output of the study provides useful information for land use planners and water resource managers to make better decisions in improving future land use policies and formulating catchment management strategies within the framework of sustainable land use planning and water resource management
Evaluating Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Gaborone Dam Catchment, Botswana, from 1984–2015 Using GIS and Remote Sensing
No full textLand use land cover (LULC) change is one of the major driving forces of global environmental change in many developing countries. In this study, LULC changes were evaluated in the Gaborone dam catchment in Botswana between 1984 and 2015. The catchment is a major source of water supply to Gaborone city and its surrounding areas. The study employed Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) using Landsat imagery of 1984, 1995, 2005 and 2015. Image classification for each of these imageries was done through supervised classification using the Maximum Likelihood Classifier. Six major LULC categories, cropland, bare land, shrub land, built-up area, tree savanna and water bodies, were identified in the catchment. It was observed that shrub land and tree savanna were the major LULC categories between 1984 and 2005 while shrub land and cropland dominated the catchment area in 2015. The rates of change were generally faster in the 1995–2005 and 2005–2015 periods. For these periods, built-up areas increased by 59.8 km2 (108.3%) and 113.2 km2 (98.5%), respectively, while bare land increased by 50.3 km2 (161.1%) and 99.1 km2 (121.5%). However, in the overall period between 1984 and 2015, significant losses were observed for shrub land, 763 km2 (29.4%) and tree savanna, 674 km2 (71.3%). The results suggest the need to closely monitor LULC changes at a catchment scale to facilitate water resource management and to maintain a sustainable environment
Systematic review of government strategies for sustainable crop production in Botswana: navigating climate change challenges
No full textAbstract Changing climate patterns are a major contributing factor in the failure of government initiatives and sustainable crop production, particularly for subsistence smallholder farming systems in Botswana. These challenges faced by small-scale farmers require more than just programs and policy implementation; continuous assessment is essential to achieve their mandate. Moreover, there is limited research in Botswana to provide an understanding of issues related to policy implementation and the progression of crop production after the implementation of these policies. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate government-implemented programs and policies for promoting sustainable crop production in Botswana, examining their successes, failures and providing recommendations for sustainable crop production. PRISMA guidelines were followed for systematic review via the Google Scholar database, and inclusion and exclusion criteria were observed for the eligibility of the assessed articles. The major findings indicate that several programs and national policies for sustainable crop production have been implemented in Botswana over the past decades. However, crop production continues to decline despite governmental efforts. The increasing adverse effects of climate change have contributed to the failure of government efforts. To advance sustainable crop production and resilience to climate change, the following adaptation approaches are recommended: efficient and sustainable use of water resources in agriculture, policy reformation, capacity building, regional collaboration, and climate-smart agriculture. Moreover, extensive evaluations are necessary for policies and implemented programs. This includes timely adjustments to policies on the basis of feedback from monitoring and evaluating specific, measurable indicators of ongoing policies and programs. Furthermore, engaging relevant stakeholders and local community members in the monitoring and evaluation process can enhance the relevance and accuracy of implemented government policies or programs
Bogosi kupe : padi ya ditshiamelo tsa basadi
No full textDissertation (MA (Setswana))--University of Pretoria, 2007.In this dissertation the rights of women are investigated with special reference to Monyaise's novel, Bogosi Kupe. The description is based on the theory offeminism and womanism. Among those scholars who have discussed theories on feminism are Ashworth (1995), Lovenduski and Randall (1993), Ryan and Van Zyl (1992), Besley and Moore (1989), Nosizwe Mrwebi (1996) and Phindile Xaba (1999). Among those who have advanced theories on womanism are Alice Walker and Chekwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi (1997), Cannon (1995), Lovenduski and Randall (1993), Collins (1990) and Jones e.a. (1994). The main aim of the dissertation is to investigate the two narratologicallevels of the novel, Bogosi Kupe, namely content and plot structure, with special attention to the rights of women. Furthermore, the concept of feminism is discussed as the movement that fights for the rights of women. In this investigation the two concept to define and to interpret are also examined. Furthermore, the examination follows the adapted narratological model of theorists such as Mojalefa and Groenewald. In terms of this model, a literary text operates on three levels: content level, plot level and style level. Bogosi Kupe is discussed within the framework of this adapted narratological model, with the focus being on the first two levels, namely, content level and plot level. The concept topic is highly significant with regard to the content level because it links the events of the content level, coherently. In Monyaise's text, Bogosi Kupe, the topic has been identified as exhorting or inspiring women to fight for their rights. This topic determines the relationship between all the events on the content level. On the plot level, the theme is strongly emphasised as the most important component of the plot structure because it also links the events of the plot level coherently. The events in Bogosi Kupe are arranged and linked by means of specific techniques to highlight the author’s intention. Title, as an element of plot level is also investigated as it plays a significant role in making the reader aware of the distinguishing name of the literary text and also in enunciating the type of the literary text. Another component which is also considered as vitally important when analysing plot structure, is the design which is the framework in which the story is rooted. Furthermore, design has been described as having two parts which determine plot structure of a particular literary text so that the message is highlighted by the theme and thus well disclosed to the reader. In that way, design in the text can be discussed as having two special functions which are firstly, to identify the type of literary work and secondly to examine characterization. It has been observed that Bogosi Kupe, also falls within the category of womanism because it reflects certain features of womanism. F our phases of the plot, namely exposition, development, climax and denouement have also been examined as the pillars of literary text. In the exposition phase, the first conflict is discussed in terms of the technique of fore shadowing to highlight the rights of women for which Matlhodi strives for. The events, in the development phase are arranged and linked by means of nineteen techniques to form a unit. In the climax phase, Monyaise uses three techniques namely, flashback, frequency and contrast, to highlight the power of modernism in contrast to traditionalism. In the denouement phase, the author uses three basic techniques namely, frequency, elision and symbol to reflect the dawn of civilization and the fading out of tradition. Monyaise concludes Bogosi Kupe with an important occasion in which characters celebrate the advent of civilization. These events are also arranged and linked by means of three basic techniques which are related to the theme of this novel.African Languagesunrestricte
