201,702 research outputs found
Europeanisation, Bosman and the financial 'crisis' in English professional football: some sociological comments
No full textPaper given at the 10th annual European Union Studies Association conference in Montreal, Canada, 17-19 May 2007.This paper discusses an sociological explaination as to the extent to which Europeanisation process, among others, have contributed to an increasingly unequal concentration of financial resources among a small number of English football clubs. The impact of the Bosman case is discussed
Competitive balance between national leagues in European football after the Bosman Case
No full textIntroduction – 1. The Bosman Case: No Harmful Side Effects? – 2. Structural Differences and Developments – 3. Empirical Evidence – 4. Future Options – ConclusionsBosman Case, competitive balance, professional team sports, European football
Market forces in European soccer
No full textRecent decades have witnessed major changes in the market for European soccer. The most profound were the Bosman ruling, which lifted restrictions in the European labor market for soccer talent, and the introduction of the Champions’ League, a high-profile international competition that generates high revenues for participating clubs. This paper studies the effects of these changes on the closeness of national and international competitions, from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective. We show that competitive balance in national competitions has not been affected. International quality differences did increase, mainly as a result of the Bosman ruling.
Market forces in European soccer
No full textRecent decades have witnessed major changes in the market for European soccer. The most profound were the Bosman ruling, which lifted restrictions in the European labor market for soccer talent, and the introduction of the Champions' League, a high-profile international competition that generates high revenues for participating clubs. This paper studies the effects of these changes on the closeness of national and international competitions, from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective. We show that competitive balance in national competitions has not been affected. International quality differences did increase, mainly as a result of the Bosman ruling.
The consequences of an open labour market in a closed product market in the economic environment of European professional football
No full textEver since the Bosman case opened the labour market for players in European professional football, competitive balance has reduced in favour of the Big 5 leagues (England, Spain, Italy, Germany and France). In this article we show that changing structures towards an open labour market in a closed product market resulted in a migration of player talents towards the major leagues and teams and in a competitive disadvantage for the smaller market leagues and their teams. Next to a theoretical argumentation, we provide empirical evidence and assess future options for the structure of European professional football.Bosman case, competitive balance, international labour mobility, professional team sports, stepping stone league
A case of story: Coetzee, Gordimer, Bosman...!
No full textThe paper suggests that the imaginative climate in South Africa after apartheid is conducive to shorter forms of fiction and that it is propitious, therefore, to pay tribute to Herman Charles Bosman. (The year 2005 will see the centenary of this storywriter’s birth.) Revisiting Bosman, I ask why the short story – possibly more ‘popular’ than the novel in terms of a reading audience in South Africa – continues in literary education to be a relatively neglected form. This is the case despite the fact that, besides Bosman, South Africa has produced considerable talents in shorter fiction, including its two Nobel prizewinners for literature, Gordimer and Coetzee
UEFA and the European Union, from confrontation to co-operation?
No full textThe governance structures of football have evolved overtime relatively independent of public authorities. The so-called pyramid of European football has been traditionally formed by the game’s world-wide governing body (FIFA) at the apex, the continental governing body (UEFA) in the middle and the national football associations, national football leagues and clubs at the bottom. This structure, however, has been challenged in the last two decades by a combination of massive commercialisation of the game, EU decisions aimed at liberalising football as a market-place, and the new demands of the stakeholders involved in the governance of professional football. This paper investigates the relationship between UEFA, as European football’s governing body, and the EU. It assesses the evolution of UEFA as a football governing body since the Bosman ruling (1995) until current initiatives such as the rules on locally-trained players. The paper focuses especially on the interaction between UEFA and the EU in the regulation of the footballers’ market, one of the most contentious interventions of European institutions in football. I argue that UEFA’s attitude towards the EU has changed completely in the last ten years. Whilst the EU was seen as a threat for UEFA in 1995, it is now considered a ‘long term strategic partner’. Three reasons can be identified for UEFA’s evolution. First, a pragmatic necessity to adapt to the application of EU law to football. Second, a change of the organisation’s philosophy. UEFA has modified slightly its core beliefs and policy objectives, focusing more in its public duty of taking care of football as a whole, not just the professional competitions. Third, a strategic vision to preserve its own position within the governance structures of football. This paper draws almost entirely on empirical research conducted through elite interviews and the review of official documents
Doxorubicin Impairs Smooth Muscle Cell Contraction: Novel Insights in Vascular Toxicity
No full textCitation: Bosman, M.; Krüger, D.N.; Favere, K.; Wesley, C.D.; Neutel, C.H.G.; Van Asbroeck, B.; Diebels, O.R.; Faes, B.; Schenk, T.J.; Martinet, W.; et al. Doxorubicin Impairs Smooth Muscle Cell Contraction: Novel Insights in Vascular Toxicity
COMPETITIVE BALANCE IN THE ITALIAN BASKETBALL CHAMPIONSHIP
No full textIntroduction – 1. The Competitive Balance in Professional Sports – 2. Alternative Measures of Competitive Balance – 3. The Italian Basketball Championship – Conclusions – ReferencesCompetitive balance, Bosman ruling, talent supply
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