1,721,026 research outputs found
Thinobadistini
No full textThinobadistini PP = 81, age = 9.38 Mya (7.52–11.26). The clade is composed of Thinobadistes and Lestobradys and was recovered in all analyses, with the exception of par_EW. Thinobadistini was supported by a single synapomorphy, obtained with both methods: the presence of a diastema between Mf1 and Mf2.Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1524, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/738123
Figure 4 in Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models
No full textFigure 4. Selected trees, with node supports (Poisson boostrap and posterior probabilities), depicting the overall variation in topologies obtained. A, parsimony IW100. B, parsimony IW5. C, Bayesian UN_p. D, Bayesian IW100_e. All topologies and branch lengths for Bayesian trees are available in the Supporting Information (File S9).Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1517, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/738123
Nothrotheriinae
No full textNothrotheriinae plus Megatheriinae PP = 54, age = 17.96 Mya (16.39–19.87). This clade, which unites the clades Nothrotheriinae and Megatheriinae, was recovered only for H models and par_IW10 and par IW5, as stated above, and was poorly supported. The clade was supported by four synapomorphies, recovered with both methods: presence of lingual and labial grooves in mf3; temporal lines approximate midline but do not meet to form a sagittal crest on skull roof; well-developed buccinator fossa of maxilla, with a deep depression; and Glaserian fissure opening into a distinct groove in squamosal lying medial to entoglenoid process.Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1529, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/738123
Nematheriinae
No full textNematheriinae PP = 100, age = 18.60 Mya (16.85–20.28). This clade contains the genera Nematherium and Analcitherium, and was recovered in all analyses performed in this study. Nematheriinae was supported by seven synapomorphies, all recovered with both methods: anteroposteriorly ovate Mf4 cross-section; snout depressed anteriorly; external nares not greatly enlarged; absence of pterygoid inflation; presence of lacrimal eminence; presence of prominent lateral walls in lacrimal foramen; and jugal and lacrimal anteriorly overlapping facial portion of maxilla.Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1523, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/738123
Urumacotheriinae
No full textUrumacotheriinae PP = 60, age = 17.82 Mya (14.03–21.51). This clade was originally proposed with fewer taxa (Negri & Ferigolo, 2004), but was expanded here to include both Urumacotherium and Pseudoprepotherium. It did not receive high node support, despite being present in trees from all analyses. Urumacotheriinae was supported by seven synapomorphies (five for both methods and two exclusively for BI): molariform morphology of Cf1/ cf1 (BI); posterior edge of mandibular condyle inclined posterodorsally; eversion of lateral edge of symphyseal spout (BI); premolariform portion of palate roughly equal or longer than the length of molariform toothrow; presence of a distinct neck at the base of occipital condyles; occipital condyles elongated anteroposteriorly in ventral view; and lesser tubercle of humerus proximally projected as much as greater tubercle.Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1524, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/738123
Thalassocnini
No full textThalassocnini PP = 100, age = 7.67 Mya (5.60–9.67). This clade was recovered in all analyses performed in this study, except, as stated above, in par_IW5, in which Aymaratherium and Thalassocnus are successive sister taxa to Megatheriini. Thalassocnini was supported by five synapomorphies (one for both methods and four exclusively for BI): horizontal ramus of mandible length greater than or equal to two times the depth, but less than three times (BI); straight anterior edge of symphysis, in lateral view (BI); lesser tubercle of humerus less proximally projected than greater tubercle (BI); presence of entepicondylar foramen of humerus; and confluence of sustentacular facet and cuboid surface of calcaneus (BI).Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1530, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/738123
Choloepodini
No full textCholoepodini PP = 98, age = 7.07 Mya (5.67–8.93). This clade is composed of the genus Pliomorphus; the Antillean megalonychines Megalocnus, Parocnus, Neocnus and Acratocnus; and the living sloth genus Choloepus. It was consistently recovered in our analyses with the arrangement (Pliomorphus, ((Megalocnus, Parocnus), (Neocnus, (Acratocnus, Choloepus)))). In one exception—in par_EW— Neocnus, Acratocnus and Choloepus were recovered in a polytomy. Choloepodiniwassupportedbyeightsynapomorphies (six for both methods and two exclusively for BI): snout downturned anteroventrally, in lateral view; evenly convex dorsal surface of the skull; minimum width of palate between toothrows equal or less than width of Mf2; absence of postorbital process of zygomatic arch; occiput wider than deep; presence of recessus meatus (BI); presence of a strong concavity between greater trochanter and the head of femur (BI); and patellar trochlea confluent with lateral, but not with medial condylar surface.Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1528, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/738123
Megatheriini
No full textMegatheriini PP = 100, age = 9.85 Mya (9.07–10.67). This clade was consistently recovered in all analyses performed in this study with an invariable arrangement:(Anisodontherium,(Pyramiodontherium, (Megatheriops, (Megatherium, (Proeremotherium, Eremotherium))))). Megatheriini was supported by eight synapomorphies, all but one, recovered with both methods: thickness of cementum much larger than orthodentine; mf3 smaller than next smallest molariform; reflexed basicranial/basifacial axis; profile of nasal region and braincase relatively horizontal, but nasal region depressed relative to braincase; maximum length of nasal bones greater than or equal to three times the width of both nasals (BI); presence of ventral extension in maxilla for dental alveoli; concave mediolateral contour of palate; and occipital condyles situated well dorsal to the dentition.Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1530, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/738123
Scelidotheriinae
No full textScelidotheriinae PP = 100, age = 17.55 Mya (14.03–20.82). The clade includes the genera Neonematherium, Sibyllotherium, Valgipes, Proscelidodon, Catonyx and Scelidotherium, and was recovered in all analyses performed in this study. The relationships among those genera were consistent among analyses: (Neonematherium, (Sibyllotherium, (Valgipes, (Proscelidodon, (Catonyx, Scelidotherium))))). It was recovered in all but one analysis, par_EW, in which Neonematherium and Sibyllotherium are in a polytomy with the remaining scelidotheriines. Scelidotheriinae was supported by six synapomorphies, all but one recovered by both methods: flat occlusal surface of molariforms; subtriangular Mf1 cross-section (BI); roughly horizontal profile of dorsal surface of the skull, in lateral view; presence of ventral extension in maxilla for dental alveoli; medial palatal process of maxilla extending anterior to lateral process; and well-developed, free-standing paracondylar processes.Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1523, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/738123
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