41,875 research outputs found
Exercise prescription in the treatment of type 2 diabetes – current practices, existing guidelines and future directions.
No full textExercise is an effective treatment for type 2
diabetes mellitus, resulting in stabilization of plasma glucose
in the acute phase and improvements in body composition,
insulin resistance and glycosylated haemoglobin
with chronic exercise training. However, the most appropriate
exercise prescription for type 2 diabetes has not yet
been established, resulting from insufficient evidence to
determine the optimum type, intensity, duration or frequency
of exercise training. Furthermore, patient engagement
in exercise is suboptimal. There are many likely
reasons for low engagement in exercise; one possible
contributory factor may be a tendency for expert bodies to
prioritize the roles of diet and medication over exercise in
their treatment guidelines. Published treatment guidelines
vary in their approach to exercise training, but most
agencies suggest that people with type 2 diabetes engage in
150 min of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise per
week. This prescription is similar to the established
guidelines for cardiovascular health in the general population.
Future possibilities in this area include investigation
of the physiological effects and practical benefits of exercise
training of different intensities in type 2 diabetes, and
the use of individualized prescription to maximize the
health benefits of training
Measures of static postural control moderate the association of strength and power with functional dynamic balance
No full textAge-related reductions in strength and power are considered to negatively impact balance control, but the existence of a direct association is still an issue of debate. This is possibly due to the fact that balance assessment is complex, reflects different underlying physiologic mechanisms and involves quantitative measurements of postural sway or timing of performance during balance tasks. The present study evaluated the moderator effect of static postural control on the association of power and strength with dynamic balance tasks
Correlation between physical matureness and sprint performance in young track and field athletes
No full textINTRODUCTION: Sprint performance is a key factor in both track and field and team sports. Young athletes with the same age display large variability in terms of physical matureness, which may impact performance. This study aims to investigate the relationship between physical development and sprint performance in young track and field athletes. METHODS: 8 male track and field athletes (age 14.1±0.7 years, height 1.60±0.08 m, weight 51.1±9.7 kg) took part in present study. Mechanical effectiveness (DRF), Velocity (V0), total and relative force and power (F0t, F0r, Pt, Pr) were assessed for each participant over a 20 m sprint using Samozino’s method (Samozino et al. 2016). Relationship between those variables and maturity offset (MO) (Mirwald et al. 2002) and height reached in countermovement jump with free arms (CMJa), measured using a photocell system (Optojump, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy), were investigated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient after normality check. RESULTS: CMJa is inversely correlated with sprint performance over 20 m (r=-0.732, p=0.039) and directly correlated with V0 (r=0.848, p=0.008). MO is linearly correlated to 20 m and V0 (r=-0.789, p= 0.020 and r=0.743, p=0.035, respectively), besides to F0t (r=0.918, p=0.001), Pt (r=0.942, p=0.000) and Pr (r=0.821, p=0.012). CONCLUSION: Evidence from this study confirms that a strong correlation between jump and sprint performance stands, as was reported in adult sprinters (Kale et al. 2009). This study informs that MO is equally correlated to sprint times as CMJa and is also powerful at predicting F0t, Pt, and Pr (R=84%, R=88%, R=67%). From those findings it can be understood how physical matureness influences force and power capabilities in youths and therefore sprint performance. Conversely, mechanical effectiveness is not correlated to MO. Those findings show how, while total force produced could be dependent on physical matureness, the ability to apply this force effectively into the ground is not. These results help better understand underlying factors affecting sprint performance and lead selection and training practice. REFERENCES: Kale, M., A. Asci, C. Bayrak, and C. Acikada. 2009. “Relationships among Jumping Performances and Sprint Parameters during Maximum Speed Phase in Sprinters.” J Strength Cond Res 23(8):2272–79. Mirwald, Robert L., Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones, Donald A. Bailey, and Gaston P. Beunen. 2002. “An Assessment of Maturity from Anthropometric Measurements.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34(4):689–94. Samozino, P. et al. 2016. “A Simple Method for Measuring Power, Force, Velocity Properties, and Mechanical Effectiveness in Sprint Running.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 26(6):648–58
The body fat-cognition relationship in healthy older individuals: Does gynoid vs android distribution matter?
No full textHealth and quality of life perception in older adults: The joint role of cognitive efficiency and functional mobility
No full textEffect of visual training in tennis performance : a randomized controlled trial
No full textINTRODUCTION: Tennis is a direct opposition sport in which the result of the game is directly influenced by the interaction with the opponent. Therefore, the athlete has to respond to the different playing situations analysing in a short period of time direction, speed and rotation of the ball. “Visual training” is a training method that helps to receive and process different information optimizing the subsequent performance with extreme precision and dexterity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate how this training method could affect visual and tennis performance in junior tennis players. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial in which 18 junior tennis players were recruited and randomized to either en experimental group (EG; n=10; age 15±3 years; body mass 52±11 kg; height 1.67±0.1m) that performed 30 min visual training after the warm-up
or a control group (CG; age 15±3.1; body mass 53.5±12kg; height 1.7±0.1) that was involved in a standard training. Players were tested before and after 12weeks of training (3 session/week) with Motor Brain application (iOS 7.1 version, University of Udine) for off court reaction time measurement, QLIPPTM sensor for backhand, forehand and serve sweet spot and speed, and Kinovea software (Version 0.8.15, France) to evaluate the time course between split steep and shoulder rotation. Results are given as mean ± standard deviation (SD). T0 and T12 intervention intra- and intergroup differences between EG and CG were checked using two-way analysis of variants with Tukey post-hoc test. RESULTS: No significant differences regarding off court reaction time during the two signals and four signals reaction time measured with Motor Brain application were noted. Regarding specific tennis performance improvement over baseline were noted for the time course speed between split steep and shoulder rotation for forehand (0.84±0.07 vs 0.57±0.11 sec, p=0.0008), backhand (1.02±0.12 vs 0.66±0.12 sec, p=0.001), and return of serve (0.96±0.13 vs 0.72±0.08 sec, p=0.0007). In addition an improvement over baseline values for second serve speed was noted (59.6±34.9 vs 122.6±32.8 km/h, p=0.0008). Differences were noted in post-intervention for the time course speed between split steep and shoulder rotation for forehand (0.57±0.11 vs 0.90±0.15 sec, p=0.0001), backhand (0.66±0.12 vs 0.95±0.17 sec, p=0.012), return of serve (0.72±0.08 vs 1.08±0.11 sec, p<0.0001) and second serve speed (122.6±32.8 vs 84.7±24.1 km/h, p=0.043). CONCLUSION: Visual training improved specific tennis performance in junior tennis players. Incorporating this type of training into the workout routines may optimize precision and dexterity of tennis performance
Petroleum geochemistry of the Amadeus Basin
No full textAmber Jarrett, Dianne Edwards, Chris Boreham and David McKird
Personalised Prescription of Scalable High Intensity Interval Training to Inactive Female Adults of Different Ages.
No full textStepping is a convenient form of scalable high-intensity interval training (HIIT) that may lead to health benefits. However, the accurate personalised prescription of stepping is hampered by a lack of evidence on optimal stepping cadences and step heights for various populations. This study examined the acute physiological responses to stepping exercise at various heights and cadences in young (n = 14) and middle-aged (n = 14) females in order to develop an equation that facilitates prescription of stepping at targeted intensities. Participants completed a step test protocol consisting of randomised three-minute bouts at different step cadences (80, 90, 100, 110 steps·min-1) and step heights (17, 25, 30, 34 cm). Aerobic demand and heart rate values were measured throughout. Resting metabolic rate was measured in order to develop female specific metabolic equivalents (METs) for stepping. Results revealed significant differences between age groups for METs and heart rate reserve, and within-group differences for METs, heart rate, and metabolic cost, at different step heights and cadences. At a given step height and cadence, middle-aged females were required to work at an intensity on average 1.9 ± 0.26 METs greater than the younger females. A prescriptive equation was developed to assess energy cost in METs using multilevel regression analysis with factors of step height, step cadence and age. Considering recent evidence supporting accumulated bouts of HIIT exercise for health benefits, this equation, which allows HIIT to be personally prescribed to inactive and sedentary women, has potential impact as a public health exercise prescription tool
The effect of a worksite based walking programme on cardiovascular risk in previously sedentary civil servants
No full textBackground: A significant proportion of Europeans do not meet the recommendations for 30 mins of physical activity 5 times per week. Whether lower frequency, moderate intensity exercise alters cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has received little attention. This study examined the effects of 45 minutes self-paced walking, 2 d· wk-1 on aerobic fitness, blood pressure (BP), body composition, lipids and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in previously sedentary civil servants. Methods: 37 subjects (24 women) aged 41.5 ± 9.3 years were randomly assigned to either two 45 minute walks per week (walking group) or no training (control group). Aerobic fitness, body composition, blood pressure (BP), CRP and lipoprotein variables were measured at baseline and following 8 weeks. Steps counts were measured at baseline and during weeks 4 and 8 of the intervention. Results: Compared to the control group, the walking group showed a significant reduction in systolic BP and maintained body fat levels (P < 0.05). There were no changes other risk factors. Subjects took significantly more steps on the days when prescribed walking was performed (9303 ± 2665) compared to rest days (5803 ± 2749; P < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that walking twice per week for 45 minutes at ~ 62% HRmax, improves activity levels, reduces systolic BP and prevents an increase in body fat in previously sedentary adults. This walking prescription, however, failed to induce significant improvements in other markers of cardiovascular disease risk following eight weeks of training
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