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The Laws of War and the Lesser Evil
No full textOne of the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law (IHL) is that it recognizes no lesser-evil justification for breaking its rules. Those violating the laws of war will thus be viewed as war criminals even when their conduct was intended to - and in fact did - prevent much greater harm. This Article argues that this deep-rooted absolutist stance undermines the humanitarian drive of the laws of war, and offers, instead, a lesser-evil defense.
The argument begins with the obvious analogy to the necessity defense in domestic criminal law, emphasizing the adaptations that are necessary in order to transpose the domestic concept onto the international plane. It then proceeds to test possible first-order accounts – deontological, consequentialist, and institutional – for why IHL might nonetheless prefer a more absolutist stance than domestic law. It finds that none of these accounts offers a compelling explanation for the exclusion of any lesser-evil justification from IHL.
The Article then proceeds to develop a blueprint for the concept of a humanitarian necessity justification that would exculpate an actor who violated the laws of war in the name of a greater humanitarian good under certain conditions. A central component of the justification, which is required given the special nature of IHL, is a condition that the greater humanitarian good would benefit the enemy, rather than the actor’s own people.Version of Recor
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Investigations of charged interfaces for electric vehicle applications
No full textWe refined the parametrization of our model for the hydrogen evolution on Pt(111) in the presence of SO4H2 [1,2,3,4]. In particular we studied the effects of changing the turning point of the water. The form of the voltammogram is not very sensitive to the exact position of the turning point, which in previous work was treated as an adjustable parameter. Physically a reasonable choice is that the turning point is the PZC (point of zero charge). This new parametrization clarified some issues related to the mechanism of hydrogen oxidation. In the early stages of this project, we tried with N. Marzari [5] to compute the ex-situ structure of the bisulfate-water √3X√7 (or also 5/2X√7) phase, seen by STM. However, we were unsuccessful in reproducing the known structures of the phase, even though we used state of the art pseudo potentials. There are various possible reasons why this happens, but the most obvious one is the environment of the electrode surface. This means that we need a theory that is able to include the local microfield as a function of the applied potential and electrochemical environment, and hence, we need to fully develop the density functional of a real molecular solvent solution in the double layer. A classical functional density theory capable of treating water and ionic solutions near charged electrodes and pores was developed using Classical Density Functionals. The general theory of Yukawa fluids was useful in formulating such a density functional. A step in this direction is the new scaling mean spherical approximation for the ion-dipole mixture [6]. We have also reformulated the solution of the multi-Yukawa closure of the Ornstein-Zernike equation [7, 8, 9], and in particular found a new solution of the one component Yukawa fluid [10], which satisfies correct symmetry requirements. We have solved the multi-component, multi-density Yukawa mixture [11]. [1] L. Blum and D. A. Huckaby, The Reduction of Hydrogen in the Presence of Bisulfate on Platinum(111) Electrodes, ChemWeb preprint physchem/0106005. [2] L. Blum and D. A. Huckaby, The Reduction of Hydrogen in the Presence of Bisulfate on Platinum(111) Electrodes, Mol. Phys., special ASTATPHYS meeting, Cancun, Mx, 2002 100,2911. [3] L. Blum, D. Huckaby, N. Marzari, and R. Car, The Electroreduction of Hydrogen on Platinum(111) in acidic media. J. Electroanalytical Chemistry, 537,2 (2002). [4] N. Marzari, L. Blum and R. Car, The Electroreduction of Hydrogen on Pt(111), Computational Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2002 (www.cr.org), p 334. [5] L. Blum, N. Marzari, and R. Car, ON THE MECHANISM OF THE HYDROGEN-PLATINUM(111) FUEL CELL, Report DOE-ER-1522-1. [6] L. Blum, Scaling in charged fluids: beyond simple ions, Cond. Matter Phys. 4,611 (2001). [7] L. Blum, Scaling for a mixture of hard ions and dipoles, J. Chem. Phys.117, 756(2002) [8] L. Blum and J.A. Hernando,Yukawa Fluids in the Mean Scaling Approximation: I The General Solution, J. Phys. Cond. Matter, Y.Rosenfeld memorial issue14 10933 (2002). [9] Oscar Vazquez R., J. N. Herrera and L. Blum, Thermodynamic properties and static structure factors of a binary mixtures of theYukawa fluids, Physica A 325 319 (2003). [10] L. Blum and J.A. Hernando,Yukawa Fluids: a new solution of the one component case, Cond. Matter Physics, M. Holovko issue, 6 447 (2003). [11] L. Blum and J.A. Hernando, Yukawa Fluids in the Mean Scaling Approximation: I The General Solution, J. Phys. Cond. Matter, Y.Rosenfeld memorial issue14 10933 (2002)
Cromatografía sobre papel de cobalto, hierro y níquel
No full textIntroducción: Considera los distintos métodos seguidos en el análisisquímico y en particular la cromatografía, resaltando lasventajas que presenta. Definición: Se dá una definición de la cromatografía y de los principalestérminos que se usan corrientemente para designar los diferentesconceptos de la misma. Historia: Se hace una breve reseña de los principales trabajos publicados en el tema. Clasificaciones: Se da una clasificación de la cromatografía basadaen el carácter físico-químico del fenómeno. También se mencionauna de solventes y otra de soportes (adsorbentes). Por último se hace una clasificación de solutos. Técnicas: Se resumen las principales técnicas usadas por los distintosautores en la cromatografía sobre papel. Teoría: Se menciona las principales teorías y los resultados a quese llegan con las mismas cuando se aplica al caso del papel. Separación cromatográfica del Fe+++ Co++ y Ni++: Se resumen losantecedentes bibliográficos encontrados, en base a los cuales se eligióel solvente de acetona - clorhídrico (9 + l V/V). Se discutebrevemente las ventas y desventajas del mismo. Se describen acontinuación la técnica y los aparatos empleados. Se ensayaron 25cationes de los cuales sólo interfieren el Sn++ y el Cu++. Parte cuantitativa: Se da un resumen de antecedentes en cuánto atécnica y a aparatos que se han usado. Se discuten los solventespropuestos y se ensayan varios otros de los que se eligió el quedaba la mejor separación y que tenía la siguiente composición: 79 % de acetona, 20 % de metanol y l % de ClH. Con este solventese ensaya el límite de separación. Se da cuenta a continuación de las experiencias de determinacióncuantitativa de Fe+++, Co++ y Ni++ por comparación de manchas, pormedición del ancho de las mismas, y por colorimetría. Se proponeun método exacto para la colorimetría del hierro. Se estudia la medición de la solución y se resuelve hacerlo porpesada de la gota sobre la banda de papel. Se ensaya la cromatografía cuantitativa de los tres cationes por elución y por destrucción de materia orgánica. Se obtienen buenos resultados para el Co++ y Ni++ por este último método. Discusión teórica: Se hacen experiencias con solventes acetona aguay acetona metanol de composición variable de 0 a 100 de cadauno de los componentes. Y en base a estos resultados y a otros obtenidosde la bibliografía se discute la teoría del proceso. Tablas de Rf: Se trató de compendiar todos los antecedentes bibliográficosen una sola tabla.Fil: Blum, Lesser. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina
"Hamlet" After Q1 : An Uncanny History of the Shakespearean Text /
No full textIn 1823, Sir Henry Bunbury discovered a badly bound volume of twelve Shakespeare plays in a closet of his manor house. Nearly all of the plays were first editions, but one stood out as extraordinary: a previously unknown text of Hamlet that predated all other versions. Suddenly, the world had to grapple with a radically new—or rather, old—Hamlet in which the characters, plot, and poetry of Shakespeare's most famous play were profoundly and strangely transformed. Q1, as the text is known, has been declared a rough draft, a shorthand piracy, a memorial reconstruction, and a pre-Shakespearean "ur-Hamlet," among other things. Flickering between two historical moments—its publication in Shakespeare's early seventeenth century and its rediscovery in Bunbury's early nineteenth—Q1 is both the first and last Hamlet. Because this text became widely known only after the familiar version of the play had reached the pinnacle of English literature, its reception has entirely depended on this uncanny temporal oscillation; so too has its ongoing influence on twentieth- and twenty-first-century ideas of the play. Zachary Lesser examines how the improbable discovery of Q1 has forced readers to reconsider accepted truths about Shakespeare as an author and about the nature of Shakespeare's texts. In telling the story of this mysterious quarto and tracing the debates in newspapers, London theaters, and scholarly journals that followed its discovery, Lesser offers brilliant new insights on what we think we mean by Hamlet.In 1823, Sir Henry Bunbury discovered a badly bound volume of twelve Shakespeare plays in a closet of his manor house. Nearly all of the plays were first editions, but one stood out as extraordinary: a previously unknown text of Hamlet that predated all other versions. Suddenly, the world had to grapple with a radically new—or rather, old—Hamlet in which the characters, plot, and poetry of Shakespeare's most famous play were profoundly and strangely transformed. Q1, as the text is known, has been declared a rough draft, a shorthand piracy, a memorial reconstruction, and a pre-Shakespearean "ur-Hamlet," among other things. Flickering between two historical moments—its publication in Shakespeare's early seventeenth century and its rediscovery in Bunbury's early nineteenth—Q1 is both the first and last Hamlet. Because this text became widely known only after the familiar version of the play had reached the pinnacle of English literature, its reception has entirely depended on this uncanny temporal oscillation; so too has its ongoing influence on twentieth- and twenty-first-century ideas of the play. Zachary Lesser examines how the improbable discovery of Q1 has forced readers to reconsider accepted truths about Shakespeare as an author and about the nature of Shakespeare's texts. In telling the story of this mysterious quarto and tracing the debates in newspapers, London theaters, and scholarly journals that followed its discovery, Lesser offers brilliant new insights on what we think we mean by Hamlet.Electronic reproduction.Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web.Zachary Lesser, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher’s Web site, viewed October 05 2015
Renaissance drama and the politics of publication : readings in the English book trade /
No full textShifting our critical focus from author to publisher and from first performance to first edition, Zachary Lesser offers a new vantage point on the drama of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Webster, and their contemporaries. Locating a play within its publisher's output allows us to see how the publisher read it and speculated that customers would read it. Lesser's groundbreaking study reveals the politics of these publications -- for early moedrn readers and for us.Includes bibliographical references and index.Shifting our critical focus from author to publisher and from first performance to first edition, Zachary Lesser offers a new vantage point on the drama of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Webster, and their contemporaries. Locating a play within its publisher's output allows us to see how the publisher read it and speculated that customers would read it. Lesser's groundbreaking study reveals the politics of these publications -- for early moedrn readers and for us
Administrative-legal responsibility for lesser offences
No full textAutor se v této práci zabývá tím, zda změna zákonné úpravy, obsahující hrozbu vysokými sankcemi a zavedení systému bodového hodnocení, má vliv na dodržování pravidel silničního provozu. K tomu se v teoretické části, prostřednictvím rozboru obecné části zákona č. 200/1990 Sb. o přestupcích, zabývá základními pojmy, spojenými s odpovědností za přestupek, jakož i právními následky přestupku. Rozborem skutkové podstaty přestupku podle ust. § 22 zákona č. 200/1990 Sb. o přestupcích objasňuje jednání, která jsou označována jako přestupky proti bezpečnosti a plynulosti provozu na pozemních komunikacích, zabývá se snahou řidičů, vyhnout se postihu za přestupek a objasňuje základní principy a funkci systému bodového hodnocení. V poslední části práce zjišťuje, jaký přínos má zákon č. 411/2005 Sb. na území okresu Přerov a ze zjištěných poznání vyvozuje závěry.In this work, the author considers the question whether a change of law which includes the threat of high fines and establishes a so-called "point system'q influences compliance to legal traffic principles. In the theoretical part of this work, the author deals with the basic terminology connected with the responsibility of an individual after commiting a lesser offence and the legal consequences of it. The author uses a basic part of the 1990 Parliament Act No. 200: "Lesser Offences'q as a guide. He analyses a specific lesser offence as described in Article 22 of the above Parliament Act and illustrates all possible behaviour which would be classified as a lesser offence against traffic safety and fluidity. He describes various attempts of some drivers to avoid punishment after commiting a lesser offence and he explains the basic principles and the function of the so-called "point system'q. In the final part of this work, the author studies and analyses various effects of the 2005 Parliament Act No. 411 within the Přerov district.Ústav veřejné správy a regionálního rozvojeobhájen
Renaissance drama and the politics of publication readings in the English book trade
No full text"Shifting our focus from author to publisher and from first performance to first edition, Zachary Lesser offers a new vantage point on the drama of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Webster, and their contemporaries. Renaissance Drama and the Politics of Publication re-imagines the reception and meaning of plays by reading them through the eyes of their earliest publishers."--BOOK JACKET
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