323,219 research outputs found
Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: Attachment Models and Post-traumatic Symptomatology
No full textIntroductionIn line with a consistent literature, young patients with disruptive behavior disorders in childhood and adolescence have experienced some traumatic events, such as abuse, rejection and violence assisted. Recent studies are focusing the attention on the role of attachment and post-traumatic symptomatology for a better evaluation of this clinical condition.ObjectiveThis study investigates attachment models and post-traumatic symptomatology in young patients with disruptive behavior disorders.Aim(s)The following objectives are set by the present study: – to evaluate attachment models in a group of children diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders;– to evaluate their post-traumatic symptomatology;– to test the extent of the association between post-traumatic symptomatology and attachment organization in young patients with disruptive behavior disorders.MethodForty-two Italian patients aged from 8 to 15 previously diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders are compared to 42 healthy control subjects. We administer the child attachment interview and trauma symptom checklist for children-adolescent.ResultsInsecure attachment are found in more than half of the patients diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders and disorganization are highly over-represented. Furthermore, low levels of post-traumatic symptoms are found in young patients with disruptive behavior disorders.ConclusionThis study suggests that attachment organization may be a fundamental element to be assessed in the evaluation of disruptive behavior disorders in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, traumatic experiences do not seem expressed through psychic symptoms. The clinical implications are discussed.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.</jats:sec
The Use of Stream Power as an Indicator of Channel Sensitivity to Erosion and Deposition Processes
No full textStream power is a measure of the main driving forces acting in a channel and determines a river's capacity to transport sediment and perform geomorphic work. Recent digital elevation models allow the calculation of channel gradient and consequently stream power at unprecedented spatial resolution, opening promising and novel opportunities to investigate river geomorphic processes and forms. The present paper investigates the suitability of map-derived information on total and specific stream power (SSP) to identify dominant processes within the channel (i.e. erosion, transport or deposition). SSP has been already used to identify a threshold for channel stability. This paper tests this knowledge and investigates whether or not attributes of stream power profiles are statistically correlated with distinctive field morphological forms. Two gravel bed single-thread English rivers are used as case studies, the Lune and the Wye. Available deposition and erosion features surveyed in the field from 124 different locations are used to classify channel reaches as erosion, transport or deposition dominated. Meaningful patterns emerge between the stream power attributes and the field-based channel classification. An SSP threshold, which erosion is triggered, compares favourably with the ones in the literature. Information about upstream stream power profiles helps to determine the dominant processes. The joint configuration of local and upstream stream power information uniquely classifies reaches into four classes of different sensitivity to erosion and deposition
How multiple anthropic pressures may lead to unplanned channel patterns: Insights from the evolutionary trajectory of the Po River (Italy)
No full textThe aim of this work is to investigate how a sequence of anthropic pressures that occurred on a river sector can generate mutual feedback that determines unplanned channel configurations. We reconstructed the evolutionary trajectory and historical human impacts on a sector of the Po River (Italy). A training scheme was implemented from the 1930 s to the 1950 s along a multi-thread sector of the river to ensure its navigability by bent navigation structures. Other human activities were carried out from the 1960 s to the 1970 s for the exploitation of sediment and water resources, inducing a dramatic reduction in sediment availability along the Po River. Our results show an evolution from multi-thread configurations in the 1950 s to single-thread configurations at the beginning of the 21th century, accompanied by remarkable channel narrowing (-50 %). This evolution has been interpreted as follows: Riverbed lowering occurred exclusively in the main channel during the 1970 s, and the training works enhanced the disconnection and deactivation of the secondary channels that were located behind navigation structures. This localised incision of the active channel (-4 m) was determined by the sediment starvation. In the absence of navigation structures, it is likely that the channel adjustments would have been less profound. The current single thread sinuous pattern is the result of these two anthropic pressures, with the training works defined as an anthropic predisposing condition and the sediment starvation recognised as the triggering factor generating morphological modifications. The channel rearrangement that resulted from these processes can accordingly be defined as unplanned, that is, not designed but caused by diachronous impacts acting on the same river sector for different purposes. The lesson learned from the Po River suggests that anthropogenic, unplanned channel configurations can represent a common type of riverscape in densely inhabited areas significantly affecting recovery potential and future geomorphological trajectories
Characterizing physical habitats in rivers using map-derived drivers of fluvial geomorphic processes
No full textAttachment representations in children with disruptive behavior disorders: A special focus on insecurity in middle childhood
No full textAccording to the emotional and social problems encountered in disruptive behaviour disorder (DBD), there is little available information regarding the attachment processes during middle childhood. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the attachment representations to both caregivers in a sample of 84 children, aged 8–12 years (N = 42 with a diagnosis of DBD; N = 42 as a comparison group). Attachment is assessed through the Child Attachment Interview, a semi-structured interview that incorporates both narrative and behavioural assessments of attachment, permits the assessment of attachment representations using dimensional and categorical approaches, and allows for the detection of disorganisation to both parents individually. Our results point to the presence of high frequencies of insecure attachment (more than 80%) in the DBD group, with a higher percentage of dismissing attachment, and an over-representation of disorganised attachment (more than 50%). Higher levels of dismissal and lower levels of security are found in DBD than in the comparison group. No attachment differences with respect to both parents are found. Understanding how different aspects of attachment during a specific developmental phase plays a role within the broader emotional functioning of DBD has great potential to lead to innovations in evaluations and treatment processes
A width-based approach to estimating historical changes in coarse sediment fluxes at river reach and network scales
No full textKnowledge about historical changes in sediment fluxes in most coarse-bedded rivers worldwide is extremely limited. In consideration of this deficiency, we developed a width-based approach to estimating multi-decade changes in coarse sediment fluxes occurring at reaches of the Po River and 21 of its tributaries in northern Italy. The estimation was based on temporal variations in the reach-averaged width of the river's active channel, and such width was expressed through a dimensionless index of coarse bed material load (I-q). The index was determined in two periods: 1954-1998 and 1998-2020. Statistically significant relationships were found between temporal variations in I-q occurring in reaches of the Po River and at key locations of each specific reach (i.e., upstream reaches and tributaries). Such evidence of coherent changes in sediment transfer through space and time led us to conclude that I-q variations can be regarded as a reliable proxy for historical changes in sediment transport in a river reach. The application of the approach to the investigation of the Po River catchment provided new insights into the historical changes characterizing coarse sediment fluxes along the river and its major tributaries. From 1954 to 1998, an average decrease in coarse sediment fluxes of about -20% and -30% occurred along the river and the terminal sectors of its tributaries, respectively. The estimations showed that coarse sediment fluxes exhibited a slightly lower decrease in the last two decades, with sediment flux recovery occurring only in some tributaries. The results suggest that a profound change in sediment dynamics and fluxes has occurred, and is likely still ongoing, in the Po River system, despite the decrease in human disturbances (e.g., in-channel sediment mining) in more recent times
Disruptive behavior disorder in middle childhood and early adolescence: What is the role of attachment and emotional regulation strategies?
No full textIntroduction: Children with Disruptive Behavior Disorder (DBD) show severe impairments in academic, peer and family contexts, involving high cost for the communities. Several studies suggest that difficulties in attachment and emotional regulation are linked with the development of child psychopathology, as DBD. However, few studies have investigated the role of these two variables during the middle childhood and early adolescence. Aims of the study: 1) to assess attachment and emotional regulation strategies in a group of children with diagnosis of DBD; 2) to examine the associations among attachment, emotional regulation and Externalizing Problems. Material and Methods: Participants were 84 children, aged from 9 to 15: 42 with DBD, and 42 children without psychiatric difficulties as control group. They were administered: Child Behavior Checklist 6-18 (CBCL 6-18), Child Attachment Interview (CAI) and Emotional Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA). Results: Data showed: 1) Lower levels of Emotional Openness, Resolution of Conflict, Coherence and higher levels of Dismissal to caregivers in DBD group than control group; no differences on Emotional Regulation strategies; 2) in DBD group, a negative correlation between Externalizing Problems and Security scale (correlations between -.39 and -.46, p = .000) and a positive correlation between Externalizing Problems and Dismissal to father (r = 3.17, p = .006). Conclusion: These results suggest that emotional and relational difficulties of DBD children during the middle childhood and early adolescence are primary caught by attachment representation rather than emotional regulation strategies. This might help clinicians to have directions for the evaluations and treatment processes in this age
Modeling the Effects of Reservoir Releases on the Bed Material Sediment Flux of the Colorado River in western Colorado and eastern Utah
No full textWarm-water reaches of the upper Colorado River have historically provided important habitat for several endangered fish species. Over time, however, these habitats have been lost because of reductions in peak flows and sediment loads caused by reservoirs. In an effort to reverse these trends, controlled reservoir releases are now used to enhance sediment transport and restore channel complexity. In this presentation, we discuss the development a sediment routing model designed to assess how changes in water and sediment supply can affect the mass balance of sediment. The model is formulated for ten reaches of the Colorado River spanning 250 km where values of bankfull discharge, width, and reach-average slope have been measured. Bed surface grain size distributions (GSDs) have also been measured at 78 locations throughout the study area; these distributions are used as a test of the model, not as input, except at the upstream boundary. In modeling transport, we assume that the bed load transport capacity is determined by local hydraulic conditions and bed surface grain sizes. Estimates of the bankfull bed load transport capacity of each reach are computed for 14 size fractions of the surface bed material, and the fractional transport rates are summed to get the total transport capacity. In the adjacent reach, fluxes of each size fraction from upstream are used to determine the mean grain size, and fractional transport capacity of that reach. Calculations proceed downstream and illustrate how linked changes in shear stress and mean grain size affect (1) the total bed load transport capacity, and (2) the size distribution of the bed surface sediment. The results show that model-derived GSDs match measured GSDs very closely, except for two reaches in the lower part of the study area where slope is affected by uplift associated with buoyant salt bodies; here the model significantly overestimates the transport capacity in relation to the supply. Except for these two reaches, the modeled bed load fluxes seem quite reasonable (0.5-1.0 kg/m/s at bankfull flow), and exhibit downstream trends that are consistent with trends reported in two previous studies. Finally, model simulations show that if reservoir releases fall short of target flows (e.g. bankfull) this can have a disproportionate negative effect on the mass balance of sediment
Balancing Sediment Connectivity and Energy Production via Optimized Reservoir Sediment Management Strategies
No full textSediment connectivity plays a fundamental role in sustaining ecosystem goods and services in fluvial systems, including hydropower production. Dams alter the natural processes of sediment transport by trapping sediment and reshaping downstream hydrology and geomorphology. Due to these processes' interconnected nature, dams' impacts extend in time and space beyond the dam site to the entire river system. System-scale approaches to reduce dam impacts commonly only consider dam siting, overlooking the potential of sediment management strategies integrated into the dam operations to offer more flexible solutions for mitigation. Herein, we contribute a sediment routing model (D-CASCADE) to assess the impacts of reservoirs and their management strategies on river sediment connectivity. D-CASCADE is applied to the 3S river system, a tributary of the Mekong River, a hotspot of potential dams in the Lower Mekong. We analyze three dam development portfolios. The effect of reservoir management is examined by assessing daily sediment delivery with specific dam release strategies. Model results predict sediment yield to the Mekong to reduce by 31%-60%. Finally, we explore trade-offs between hydropower generation and sediment connectivity across cascades of multiple reservoirs. Results show that repeated flushing operations during the early wet season could significantly increase sediment delivery with minimal (max 6%) hydropower losses. While poor trade-offs between sediment and hydropower have been locked-in in the Mekong, our results highlight the potential of including sediment connectivity models in multi-objective decision-making frameworks to devise integrated water and sediment management strategies that mitigate connectivity disruptions while minimizing losses in other sectors
Disorganized attachment and psychological symptoms in children with somatic symptoms disorders
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