1,356,265 research outputs found
Replication data for: "Party Over Pocketbook? How Party Cues Influence Opinion When Citizens Have a Stake in Policy"
No full textData and code to replicate findings in "Party Over Pocketbook? How Party Cues Influence Opinion When Citizens Have a Stake in Policy" by Rune Slothuus and Martin Bisgaard, forthcoming in American Political Science Review
Characterisation of Australian isolates of Actinobacillus capsulatus, Actinobacillus equuli, Pasteurella caballi and Bisgaard Taxa 9 and 11
No full textObjective: The objective of this work was to perform a comprehensive phenotypic characterisation of 16 isolates of bacteria previously identified as Actinobacillus equuli.
Design: The 16 isolates that had been obtained from Australian animals &endash; 15 from horses and one from a rabbit &endash; were compared with reference strains of A equuli, A capsulatus, Pasteurella caballi and Bisgaard Taxa 9 and 11.
Results: The characterisation study demonstrated that only nine of the isolates were A equuli. The other isolates were identified as A capsulatus (the isolate from rabbit), P caballi (one isolate), Bisgaard Taxon 11 (two isolates) and Bisgaard Taxon 9 (one isolate). The final two isolates could not be assigned to any recognised species or taxa.
Conclusion: This study has highlighted the importance of a complete characterisation of Actinobacillus-like organisms isolated from horses and rabbits. The study represents the first time that A capsulatus, P caballi and Bisgaard Taxa 9 and 11 have been recognised as being present in Australia
Significance and identification of a part of taxon 3 complex of Bisgaard (Gallibacterium genomospecies 3) associated with pigeons
No full textOrganisms classified with the taxon 2 and taxon 3 complex of Pasteurellaceae have been obtained from lesions in ducks, geese, pigeons, partridges, pheasants and psittacine birds, but can also be isolated from apparently normal birds. We have investigated if biovars of taxon 3 dominated by pigeon isolates belong tothe same species, to outline an unambiguous diagnostic test, and to examine if differences exist between isolates form apparently healthy pigeons and isolates from lesions. A total of 76 isolates from pigeons (n=678) and other birds representing biovars of taxon 3 of Bisgaard were characterized genetically by partialsequencing of the rpoB gene. A monophyletic group including the reference strain of Gallibacterium genomospecies 3 was formed with only up to 2% DNA sequence variation between strains. The group showed from 86 to 87% rpoB gene sequence similarity to the type strain of the type species of genus Gallibacterium (G. anatis). Five strains were classified with other taxa including two strains from pigeons related to the type strain of Pasteurella multocida. A single strain from a parakeet was related to members of the genus Volucribacter while a strain from a partridge showed identical sequence to the reference strain of taxon 14 of Bisgaard. Another strain from a budgerigar was closely related to the reference strain of taxon 44 of Bisgaard. In conclusion, the comparison of partialrpoB sequences obtained from taxon 3 isolates of different biovars obtained from pigeons showed that these strains with two exceptions formed a homogenous genotypic group. Differences were not observed between isolates from lesions and apparently healthy pigeon
Bewältigung eines schleichenden Hörverlusts : Erwartungen und Erfahrungen erwachsener, neuer Hörgerätenutzer ; eine anthropologische Untersuchung in Dänemark
No full textThe dissertation, ”Coping with emergent hearing loss”, is written in English and is based on the diversity of problems connected to hearing loss and the adaptation of hearing aids. The research was carried out in Denmark and involves adults with an emergent hearing loss, who have decided to become hearing aid users. The data is analyzed through methods of cultural anthropology with focus on the following topics: How do the new users cope with the status passage towards being hearing aid users, how do they integrate the hearing aids into their lives, and what are the involved learning processes. What are the consequences of the provision by the state of free hearing aids, their free adaptation as well as free batteries, and does the state take part in the construction of the social group of new hearing aid users? The method is based on qualitative field work. Two public hospitals were helpful in identifying 24 new users, who acquired a free hearing aid through the hearing health care system. Through ENTs and private dispensers 17 further respondents joined the study – these acquired their hearing aids with a considerable state subsidy but mostly they themselves contributed financially as well. The 41 respondents between the ages of 42 to 92 years of age came from a wide range of professions and were followed throughout 2003 und 2004. After an in-depth qualitative interview, the contact to the respondents was maintained in order to follow the process of integration into their lives. When possible, the respondents were accompanied to their appointments in the private or public clinics. Moreover, interviews with experts from the public hearing health care system, politicians and user organisations were carried out, and the general public debate on the hard of hearing and hearing loss was followed and recorded. The second chapter gives an overview of the position of audiology in Denmark, of epidemiological information on hearing loss in the Danish society and statistics to the use of hearing aids. Moreover, basic information is given about the functioning of the human ear, the auditive perception and diagnosis and classification of hearing loss as well as a short introduction to the hearing aid technology. The structure of the further thesis divides the material into three pillars that make the discussion of the interaction processes possible. (1) The user’s interaction with the lifeworld concerns the meaning of hearing in relation to social participation. For some of the users, a good sense of hearing was essential to communicate freely and uphold their position in relation to others, whereas other respondents paid less attention to the information they acquired through their sense of hearing. A number of the respondents were selective and only used their hearing aids in specific situations, whereas another group discontinued the use of their hearing aids for various reasons. Status passages that hold specific challenges like a new work place or a new marriage motivate the continued everyday use. On the whole, the thesis illustrates that hearing loss is a socially dividing factor that complicates the interaction with others. In comparison to other bodily impairments or diseases, the hearing loss is rarely used as occasion to unite with fellow sufferers, join patient organisations or form self help groups. (2) The users’ interaction with the institutions The medical anthropologist Arthur Kleinman conceptualises health care as a moral process in which essential issues are at stake for the users. Different factors interact in the process: the training of the experts, allocation of funds, the quality of the technology, the dispensing procedures and the motivation and individual characteristics of the new users. The integration of the hearing aid into the lifeworld can be compared to a learning process, for which reason the learning theory of the anthropologist Gregory Bateson is outlined. Susanne Bisgaard’s own theory lists the meaning creating elements that serve as motivation for the users to counteract contingency (occurrences that influence the adaptation negatively). In the interaction between individual and society, the individual can apply strategies in order to eliminate stumbling blocks. (3) The users’ interaction with the technology A number of theorists from Anthropology as well as Science and Technology Studies are discussed in order to question their validity with regard to human action autonomy vs. technological determination and test the theoretical models with regard to their usability for the thesis. Hearing aids have a supporting function in everyday life and have the capability of moderating the user’s perception of sound. The alienating experience of hearing one’s own voice amplified, of wearing a foreign body in the ear and the different strategies that emerge from the more or less successful handling of the technology is reported by way of case stories and quotes from the interviews.Die vorliegende in englischer Sprache verfasste Dissertation, „Coping with emergent hearing loss,“ entstand vor dem Hintergrund der Vielfalt der Probleme in Verbindung mit Schwerhörigkeit und der Anpassung von Hörgeräten. Die Recherchen der Arbeit sind in Dänemark durchgeführt worden. Es handlet sich um Erwachsenden mit einem beginnenden bzw. fortschreitenden Gehörverlust, die sich für ein Hörgerät entschieden haben. Die Gruppe der „neuen Hörgerätenutzer“ wird kulturanthropologisch auf drei Ebenen untersucht: Wie ändert sich der Status der Betroffenen und ihrer Angehörigen, und wie integrieren sie das Hörgerät in ihre Lebenswelt? Welche Bedeutung hat die Kostenübernahme des dänischen Gesundheitssystem für Geräte, Batterien und Anpassung und trägt diese Regelung zum Entstehen einer neuen Gruppe bei? Wie werden die Hörgeräte von ihren Nutzern angenommen und welche Lernprozesse sind dabei erforderlich? Die angewandte Methode ist qualitative Feldforschung. Über zwei öffentliche Krankenhäuser wurden 24 neue Nutzer gefunden, die im Rahmen der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung ein kostenloses Hörgerät angepasst bekamen. Darüber hinaus gelang es 17 weitere Respondenten zu kontaktieren, die als Privatversicherte ihre Hörgeräte außerhalb des öffentlichen Gesundheitssektors erhielten. Die 41 Respondenten im Alter von 42 bis 92 Jahren repräsentierten eine weite Bandbreite von Berufen und wurden in den Jahren 2003 und 2004 begleitet. Nach einem ausführlichen qualitativen Interview wurde die Verbindung zu den Respondenten durch wiederholte Kontakte aufrechterhalten, um den Prozess der Einfügung des Hörgeräts in deren eigenes Leben mitvollziehen zu können. Soweit dieses möglich war, wurden die Untersuchungspersonen auch zu ihren Terminen im Krankenhaus bzw. im Hörgerätegeschäft begleitet. Zusätzlich wurden Interviews mit Experten aus dem öffentlichen Gesundheitssystem, mit Unternehmen und Geschäften, mit Politikern und Patientenorganisationen geführt sowie der gesellschaftliche Diskurs über Hörschädigungen und Schwerhörigkeit verfolgt. Das zweite Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über die Situation der Audiologie in Dänemark, epidemiologische Informationen zur Verbreitung von Schwerhörigkeit in der dänischen Bevölkerung und Statistiken zur Hörgeräteverbreitung und –nutzung. Außerdem werden grundlegende Informationen zur Funktion des menschlichen Ohrs, zur auditiven Wahrnehmung und zur Diagnose und Klassifikation von Gehörschädigungen dargestellt. Schließlich wird noch ein kurzer Überblick über die Hörgeräteakustik gegeben. Die Struktur der weiteren Arbeit besteht aus drei Säulen, die ermöglichen die Ebenen des Interaktionsprozesses zu thematisieren: (1) die Interaktion mit der Lebenswelt und der umgebenden Gesellschaft, wobei die Bedeutung des Hörens für die lebensweltliche Partizipation dargestellt wird. Das Spektrum reicht von Individuen, in deren Leben die soziale Teilhabe unbedingt ein gutes Gehör erfordert, um ausreichend kommunizieren zu können, bis hin zu Befragten, für die Informationen, die sie über das Gehör aufnehmen, eine verhältnismäßig geringe Wichtigkeit haben. Viele Befragte agieren selektiv und setzen das Hörgerät für bestimmte soziale Situationen ein, während es bei anderen nicht zum Einsatz kommt. Welche diese im Einzelnen sind, unterscheidet sich wiederum von Person zu Person. Statuspassagen, die besondere Herausforderungen beinhalten – eine neue Arbeitsstelle, eine neue Ehe – motivieren eher dazu, das Hörgerät dauerhaft im Alltag einzusetzen. Ins gesamt macht die Arbeit deutlich, dass Schwerhörigkeit ein sozial trennender Faktor ist, der die Interaktionen mit anderen erschwert. Im Unterschied zu anderen körperlichen Einschränkungen oder Krankheiten wird der Verlust des Gehörs von ihren Interviewpartnern selten als Anlass dafür genommen, sich mit Leidesgenossen zusammenzuschließen und Patientenorganisationen oder Selbst-hilfegruppen zu bilden. (2) die Interaktion mit den Institutionen Der Ansatz des Medizinanthropologen Arthur Kleinman konzeptualisiert den Verlauf im Gesundheitssystem als moralischen Prozess, in dem Entscheidendes für die Nutzer auf dem Spiel steht. Hier interagieren verschiedene Faktoren zu denen – neben der Ausbildung der Experten, der Zuteilung der Finanzmittel, der Qualität der Hörgerätetechnologie und der Organisation der Vergabe von Hörgeräten - insbesondere die Motivationen und Umgangsweisen der neuen Hörgerätenutzer zählen. Auch ist die Integration eines Hörgeräts mit einem Lernprozess zu vergleichen, und um diesen analysierbar zu machen, wird die Lerntheorie des Anthropologen Gregory Bateson herangezogen. Als eigene Theorie wird ein Instrumentarium entwickelt, das die sinnstiftenden Elemente darstellt, die als Motivation dienen, Kontingenz (Ereignisse, die die Anpassung negativ beeinfließen) entgegenzuwirken. Es geht um eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Gesellschaft und Individuum, wobei das Individuum auf Grund seiner Persönlichkeitszüge Strategien einsetzen kann, um Hindernisse zu beseitigen. Die Umgangsweisen der Respondenten mit den institutionellen Strukturen werden in fünf Kategorien unterteilt. Nur zwei Respondenten aus den Teilnehmern der Informantengruppe sind unkompliziert und haben nach Ausgabe des Gerätes keinen weiteren Bedarf nach institutioneller Betreuung. Die größte Gruppe von Respondenten (21 Personen) kehrt mindestens einmal zu Ausgabestelle zurück, weil Änderungen gemacht werden muss. Eine weitere Kategorie von den neuen Nutzern (4 Personen) verweigert relativ bald nach dem Erhalt die Nutzung. Eine Gruppe (9 Personen) verwendet eine passive Strategie ihrer Hörgeräte gegenüber und versucht nicht wirklich die Technologie in ihr Leben zu integrieren. Die letzte der eingekreisten Gruppen (5 Personen) umfasst die wirklichen Problem-fälle, bei denen es zu Beschwerden, Missverständnisse und Konflikten kamen. (3) die Interaktion zwischen Körperbildern und Technologien Hierzu werden eine Reihe von Autoren der Anthropologie und Science und Technology Studies miteinander ins Gespräch gebracht, um die Fragen von menschlicher Handlungsautonomie gegenüber der technologischen Determination zu diskutieren und theoretische Modelle auf ihre Nutzbarkeit für die vorliegende Arbeit hin zu befragen. Hörgeräte haben eine unterstützende Funktion im Alltagsleben der Nutzer, besitzen aber auch die Fähigkeit zu entscheiden wie der Nutzer welche Geräusche wahrnimmt und welche diese sind. Die befremdende Erfahrung der durch Lautsprecher verstärkten eigenen Stimme, die Erfahrung des Geräts als Fremdkörper im Ohr und die unterschiedlichen Umgangsweisen, die aus der mehr oder weniger geglückten Umgang mit der Technologie resultierten, sind anhand von Fallgeschichten und Äußerungen der Interviewten dargestellt
Reclassification of bisgaard taxon 5 as <i>Caviibacterium pharyngocola</i> gen. nov., sp. nov. and bisgaard taxon 7 as <i>conservatibacter flavescens</i> gen. nov., sp. nov
No full textA total of 29 strains mainly from guinea pigs were investigated by a polyphasic approach that included previously published data. The strains were classified as Bisgaard taxa 5 and 7 by comparison of phenotypic characteristics and the strains showed typical cultural characteristics for members of family Pasteurellaceae and the strains formed two monophyletic groups based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison. Partial rpoB sequence analysis as well as published data on DNA-DNA hybridization showed high genotypic relationships within both groups. A new genus with one species, Caviibacterium pharyngocola gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate members of taxon 5 of Bisgaard, whereas members of taxon 7 are proposed as Conservatibacter flavescens gen. nov., sp. nov. The two genera are clearly separated by phenotype from each other and from existing genera of the family Pasteurellaceae. The type strain of Caviibacterium pharyngocola is 7.3T (=CCUG 16493T=DSM 105478T) and the type strain of Conservatibacter flavescens is 7.4T (=CCUG 24852T=DSM 105479T=HIM 794-7T), both were isolated from the pharynx of guinea pigs.</p
Classification of Bisgaard taxon 6 and taxon 10 as Exercitatus varius gen. nov., sp. nov.
No full textForty-one isolates of Bisgaard taxon 6 obtained from guinea pigs, pandas, pigs and muskrat and isolates of taxon 10 from horses and horse bites in humans were subjected phenotypic characterization. Production of acid from (−)-d-mannitol, (−)-d-sorbitol and (+)-d-glycogen separated taxon 10 (positive) from taxon 6 (negative), while from two to 11 phenotypic characteristics separated taxa 6 and 10 from the 32 genera of Pasteurellaceae reported so far. Forty-four strains were genetically characterized. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes documented a monophyletic relationship at the species level and the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 95.6 % to other species was found between strain CCUG 15568T and the type strain of Mannheimia glucosida (CCUG 38457T). Digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values predicted from whole genomic sequences between CCUG 15568T and other characterized strains of taxa 6 and 10 were 69.3–99.9 %. The average nucleotide identity values were higher than 95 % for all strains. The highest dDDH value of 29 % outside the taxa 6 and 10 group was obtained with the genome of the type strain of [Actinobacillus] succinogenes, indicating a separate taxonomic status at species level to taxa 6 and 10. The phylogenetic comparison of concatenated conserved protein sequences showed the unique position of the taxa investigated in the current study which qualified for the status of a new genus since the highest identity was found with Basfia with 79 %, well below the upper threshold between genera of 85 %. Based upon the low genetic similarity to other genera of the family Pasteurellaceae and a unique phenotype, we suggest that Bisgaard taxa 6 and 10 should be classified as Exercitatus varius gen. nov., sp. nov. The G+C of the type strain of Exercitatus varius, 8.5T (=CCUG 15568T=DSM 115565T), is 46.2 mol%, calculated from the whole genome.</p
Reclassification of [<i>haemophilus</i>] <i>haemoglobinophilus</i> as <i>canicola haemoglobinophilus</i> gen. Nov., comb. nov. including bisgaard taxon 35
No full text[Haemophilus] haemoglobinophilus and the unpublished Bisgaard taxon 35 are associated with respiratory and urogenital tract infections in dogs. A total of 21 strains including the type strain of [Haemophilus] haemoglobinophilus were included in the inves-tigation. Strains of [Haemophilus] haemoglobinophilus and taxon 35 formed a monophyletic group demonstrating at least 97.8 and 96.5% similarities within the group based upon 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequence comparisons, respectively. Glaesserella australis was the most closely related species to [Haemophilus] haemoglobinophilus and taxon 35 with 96.1% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity which is slightly higher than the 95% separating most genera of the family Pasteurellaceae. However, the conserved protein sequence phylogeny documented a unique position of [Haemophilus] haemoglobinophilus with only 81% identity to the most closely related species, genomospecies 1 of the genus Rodentibacter which is lower than the 85% separating most genera of the family Pasteurellaceae. The conserved protein sequence identity to Haemophilus influenzae, the type species of the genus, was 77%, demonstrating that [Haemophilus] haemoglobinophilus is not properly classified as a member of the genus Haemophilus. On the basis of the phylogenetic comparisons, the taxa [Haemophilus] haemoglobinophilus and taxon 35 are proposed to be included with a novel genus Canicola with one species, Canicola haemoglobinophilus which is reclassified from [Haemophilus] haemoglobinophilus. Phenotypic characters obtained with isolates genetically approved to represent Cani-cola haemoglobinophilus were in accordance with those of the members of the family Pasteurellaceae, and the novel genus can be separated from most of the existing genera by a positive catalase reaction, lack of V-factor requirement for growth, lack of haemolysis of blood agar and negative Voges–Proskauer and urease tests. The novel genus cannot be separated by biochemical and physiological characteristics alone from the genera Aggregatibacter, Avibacterium, Frederiksenia and Spirabiliibacterium. However, MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy and also RpoB amino acid signatures allowed a clear separation from these taxa, supporting the existence of a novel genus. The DNA G+C content is 37.0–37.8 mol% for the genus, based on the whole genomic sequences. The type strain of Canicola haemoglobinophilus is CCUG 3714T (=ATCC 19416T=NCTC 1659T) isolated in 1901 from the prepuce of a dog in Germany.</p
Replication Data for: How Getting the Facts Right Can Fuel Partisan Motivated Reasoning
No full textScholars often evaluate citizens' democratic competence by focusing on their ability to get relevant facts right. In this article, I show why this approach can yield misleading conclusions about citizen competence. I argue that while citizens with strong partisan loyalties might be forced to accept the same facts, they find alternative ways to rationalize reality. One such way, I show, is through the selective attribution of credit and blame. With four randomized experiments, conducted in diverse national settings and containing closed- as well as open-ended questions, I find that as partisans updated economic beliefs to reflect new facts, they conversely attributed responsibility in a highly selective fashion. Although partisans might acknowledge the same facts, they are apt in seizing on and producing attributional arguments that fit their preferred world views
Replication Data for: How Getting the Facts Right Can Fuel Partisan Motivated Reasoning
No full textScholars often evaluate citizens' democratic competence by focusing on their ability to get relevant facts right. In this article, I show why this approach can yield misleading conclusions about citizen competence. I argue that while citizens with strong partisan loyalties might be forced to accept the same facts, they find alternative ways to rationalize reality. One such way, I show, is through the selective attribution of credit and blame. With four randomized experiments, conducted in diverse national settings and containing closed- as well as open-ended questions, I find that as partisans updated economic beliefs to reflect new facts, they conversely attributed responsibility in a highly selective fashion. Although partisans might acknowledge the same facts, they are apt in seizing on and producing attributional arguments that fit their preferred world views
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