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Lo sguardo sul muro - architettura dei particolari e gusto dell'imperfezione (Massimo Birindelli autore/author, Ruggero Lenci curatore del libro pubblicato postumo/curator of the book published posthumous)
No full textQuesto libro, pubblicato postumo, che il Prof. Arch. Massimo
Birindelli finì di scrivere nel 1998, fornisce un’acutissima spiegazione a una serie di particolari spesso inconsueti che i più attenti osservatori di architetture antiche individuano nelle pietre dei monumenti in ambito prevalentemente romano. Si occupa inoltre di ricostruire il dispositivo compositivo, oggi spesso dimenticato, alla base di molte iscrizioni che hanno luogo su tali fabbriche monumentali. Tutto ciò avviene con un occhio colto e raffinato attraverso un percorso che, come indicato nel sottotitolo, è attratto dal gusto dell’imperfezione.
Le modanature del portico d’Ottavia, tagliate di netto a delimitare
lateralmente la cartella con iscrizione severiana del rifacimento del
203 d.C. – illustrate anche in copertina – costituiscono l’oggetto dell’osservazione iniziale. Nel taglio di quelle modanature viene individuato un carattere di grande modernità appartenente a un periodo classico consistente nell’affidare alla sezione di un elemento architettonico il compito di incorniciare un’iscrizione. Questa e altre osservazioni, tra le quali spiccano per interesse quelle su alcune modifiche operate sul villino romano in via Aniene di Luigi Magni (p. 36-37, 40-41), sono contenute nel primo dei tre capitoli del libro dal titolo intero, tagliato.
Ciò su cui in queste pagine Birindelli si interroga è come mai l’architetturadella sezione, il tagliato appunto, abbia generato un rifiuto.
Nel secondo capitolo, dal titolo iscrizioni, l’autore va alla ricerca
delle imperfezioni presenti nelle scritte di molte trabeazioni di edifici ubicati in area romana, sia delle rarissime imperfezioni appartenenti agli originali, perché un’insipienza sul piano formale è perfettamente compatibile con una eccellente esecuzione materiale, sia delle tante derivanti da sciatte operazioni di restauro. Anche il Letaurouilly commise degli errori nel rilevare le iscrizioni di alcuni monumenti romani, come dimostra il confronto con il frontone di Santa Caterina dei Funari (p. 87). Ciò consente a Massimo Birindelli di sostenere che, in questi casi, a essere in gioco non è l’occhio ma la mente, ovvero la capacità di saper riconoscere ciò che si guarda in quanto se ne conoscono
le regole conformative. Queste osservazioni, che con estrema
lucidità rintracciano una lunga serie di errori perpetrati sui muri di
molte chiese e di altri monumenti, giungono a una chiara e significativa sintesi (p. 96) lì dove viene riportata una parte della voce “scrittura” tratta dall’Enciclopedia Universale dell’Arte: “(...) la scrittura è (...) allineata al massimo livello dei principali stili artistici dominanti. E si dà il caso che la veste figurativa delle parole finisca con l’essere ancor più importante del loro significato testuale”. Ciò fa pensare che per tale tipologia di errori invece che di “gusto dell’imperfezione”, da considerarsi un eufemismo, si dovrebbe parlare di alterazione dell’immagine di un’architettura che, a causa di ignoranze testuali, viene deformata nel suo doppio ruolo estetico e storico-documentativo. Pertanto ha pienamente ragione l’autore quando sostiene che applicarsi a un’antica dicitura con l’incuria e le approssimazioni con cui le stesse cose si fanno oggi è segno di grande insensibilità.
Il terzo capitolo, contraddizioni, illumina in maniera viva e brillante
un concetto noto che rischia di essere dimenticato, ovvero che in architettura la presenza di una contraddizione non è necessariamente un fatto negativo. Per dimostrare questo assunto Birindelli compie una ricerca archeologica sulle più interessanti pietre che compongono gli edifici romani, con testimonianze di irregolarità e sprezzature individuate sui
muri della chiesa di S. Caterina dei Funari, nel cortile della Sapienza, a Palazzo Farnese, nel Palazzo Nuovo in Vaticano, all’Oratorio dei Filippini e in altri monumenti romani. In particolare si interroga sul perché molti capitelli su paraste non siano stati totalmente separati dall’originario blocco di travertino (p. 122-123), o perché qualcosa di analogo avvenga sopra le cimase dei pedimenti delle cornici di alcune finestre di palazzi romani (p. 159). Tali modalità realizzative rivelano la presenza di un’impressionante modernità nei costumi e nelle tradizioni degli
architetti, dei committenti e delle maestranze del tempo. Una disinvoltura sicuramente derivante dal gusto per il non finito che vuole lasciare traccia del blocco di pietra grezza, ma anche dell’applicazione delle regole sulla percezione visiva, che consigliano di non dettagliare troppo quelle pietre molto distanti dall’occhio, e inoltre dal fatto che l’esattezza nei dettagli comporta l’insidia della meschinità, mentre nella grandezza come nella ricchezza c’è sempre qualcosa di trascurato.
Lo stile di questa narrazione appartiene intimamente a Massimo Birindelli. Vi si riconoscono i tratti di una ricerca forgiata sul gusto
dell’imperfezione, sull’idea del non finito, sulla preferenza per la serie incompleta. Tutto ciò come autentici e intimi rimedi, per non cedere all’appiattimento della compiacente banalità.
A volte in un progetto di architettura – sia nel caso di un’opera da
eseguirsi ex novo sia principalmente in un restauro – a lavori eseguiti si può sentire la seguente critica: è troppo bello. Con ciò si vuole intendere che il risultato finale è àfono, eccessivamente curato nei passaggi formali tanto da renderne piatto il significato di fondo. Tutto ciò che elimina la patina del tempo, quelle stratificazioni rivelatrici dei caratteri di permanenza di un’opera, o anche solo dei passaggi significativi
di un’attività estemporanea non suscitava interesse in Birindelli.
La sua ricerca consisteva nel promuovere un vero dialogo tra passato, presente e futuro. In perfetta sintonia con quanti della sua generazione riuscivano a riconoscere nel suo operato – tra la composizione architettonica e la storia – la genuinità di quel difficile e spesso scomodo compito di scrupoloso osservatore che la condizione umana gli aveva così generosamente e intransigentemente assegnato – rendendolo un maestro
nel separare il gusto per una moderata e contraddittoria imperfezione dalla goffa e pericolosa ignoranza – egli riusciva a instaurare un aperto dialogo sia con i suoi discenti sia con gli amici e colleghi di ogni età.
L’architettura era la sua disciplina prediletta, non fine a se stessa, ma per scrutare le cose del mondo e, tramite esse, per capirlo meglio. Un altro grande interesse lo aveva per la lettura diretta della condizione umana da compiersi con il dialogo, con l’ascolto, senza passare per il filtro dell’architettura. Spesso Massimo Birindelli soleva intercalare nelle sue frasi la parola “manco”, forma orale da lui prediletta che utilizzava al posto di “neanche”. Questo suo tratto linguistico era rivelatore di quel gusto dell’imperfezione di cui il libro è così sapientemente pieno: ”Più
d’uno ha osservato che il signore (non solo italiano) ha spesso nel fare – e anche nel corpo e nel viso – tratti contadini, e che di questo non si dispiace. E anche quando la figlia del suo fattore avrà preso a parlare in perfetto italiano, lui amerà continuare a servirsi di una lingua in cui restano riconoscibili le inflessioni dialettali (...)” (p. 167).
Alcuni di questi tratti, di queste ecceità, vengono purtroppo oggi
sepolti sotto frettolose quanto miopi opere di cosmesi architettonica che, ricoprendo tutto con la finzione formale di un grasso strato ciprioso, finiscono per produrre la rassicurante banalizzazione della secolare storia trascritta sulle pietre dei monumenti delle nostre città
Hypostomus kuarup Zawadzki, Birindelli 2012
No full textHypostomus kuarup Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima, 2012: 247, fig. 1. Paratypes: 1 lot, 5 specimens — NUP 11269, 5, 88.9–127.8 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Campinápolis, rio Culuene (at the former rapids, current area of reservoir Paranatinga II), rio Xingu basin, 13°51’03”S, 53°15’31”W, J.L.O. Birindelli, L.M. Sousa & A. Akama, 21 Aug 2006.Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/647949
Leporinus multimaculatus Birindelli, Teixeira & Britski, 2016, new species
No full textLeporinus multimaculatus, new species (Figs. 1–3) Leporinus “sp.3”.— Santos & Jégu, 1989: 174, fig. 13, plate VII (fig. 17) (abridged description, comments on species diagnosis, illustration of teeth, picture of preserved specimen; lower rio Tocantins, Pará, Brazil). Leporinus “spotted juveniles? maculatus”.—Lowe McConnel, 1991: 68 (checklist; roadside streams, Córrego do Bacaba, Sangadina stream, Rio das Mortes, rio Araguaia basin, Serra do Roncador, Brazil). Leporinus “sp.1”.— Venere & Garutti, 2011: 51, photo (short description, biological data, picture of recently preserved specimen; Parque Estadual da Serra Azul, Mato Grosso, Brazil). Leporinus megalepis (non Günther, 1863).— Buckup et al., 2011: fig. 7.8D (checklist; picture of live specimen, rio Fresco, rio Xingu basin). Leporinus sp.— Lima & Caires, 2011: 235, 238, 245 (listed; rio Novo, Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins, rio Tocantins basin; mentioned as a potential undescribed species). Holotype. MZUSP 119000, 87.4 mm SL; Brazil: Mato Grosso: Barra do Garças: Araguaia-Tocantins basin: Córrego Grande, tributary of rio das Mortes, approximately 30 km from the city, 15°35'43"S 52°22'39"W; V. Garutti, P. Vênere, V. Oliveira & M. S. M. Ramos, 27 Jul 2005. Paratypes. Brazil, Goiás (Araguaia-Tocantins basin). MCP 15921, 5, 80.2–97.8 mm SL; Niquelândia: rio do Peixe, tributary of rio Bagagem, on road between Niquelândia and Colinas, 14°27'S 48°14'W; R. E. Reis et al., 16 Jul 1992. — MNRJ 47513, 2, 78.1–81.2 mm SL; same data as MCP 15921. — MPEG 34059, 3, 79.9–84.5 mm SL; same data as MCP 15921. — MZUEL 5962, 2, 65.3–79.5 mm SL; Pirenópolis: Ribeirão Conceição, tributary of rio das Almas, 15°47'36.7"S 49°04'51.9"W; O. A. Shibatta et al., 15 Jul 2007. — MZUEL 5981, 1, 79.5 mm SL; Pirenópolis: Córrego Santa Rita, 15°51’06.5”S 49°07’01.2”W, O. A. Shibatta et al., 15 Jul 2010. — MZUSP 94473, 1, 83.4 mm SL; Crixás: Ribeirão D’Anta, under the bridge of the road GO-336, rio Crixás-Açú basin, 14°32'06"S 50°02'12"W; M.R.S. Melo et al., 29 Jul 2005. — MZUSP 114360, 4, 39.9–63.9 mm SL; Cavalcante: rio Muquem, tributary of rio Claro, under the bridge between Colina e Cavalcante, after the village of Capela, 13°56'56.5"S 47°42'26.2"W; O. T. Oyakawa et al., 29 Nov 2012. — MZUSP 115361, 2, 74.5–91.7 mm SL; Taquaral: Taquarizinho, 15°40'41.5"S 52°17'51.5"W; P. Venere & H. Batista, 9 May 2013. Mato Grosso (Araguaia- Tocantins basin). MZUEL 7631, 2, 91.9–102.2 mm SL; Barra do Garças: rio Taquaral, 15°40'41.4"S 52°17'52.3"W; L. R. Jarduli et al., 30 Jul 2008.— MZUEL 7632, 2, 46.9–47.9 mm SL; Barra do Garças: rio Insula, 15°34'44.8"S 52°22'35.8"W; L. R. Jarduli et al., 30 Jul 2008.— MZUEL 7633, 2, 43.6–49.3 mm SL; Barra do Garças: tributary of rio Insula, 15°34'19.7"S 52°13'25.6"W; L. R. Jarduli et al., 1 Aug 2008.— MZUSP 88145, 2, 94.3–108.1 mm SL; collected with holotype. Mato Grosso (Xingu basin). MZUSP 91809, 2, 72.5–82.7 mm SL; Paranatinga: rio Sucurí, tributary of rio Culuene, 13°55'40"S 53°17'10"W; J. L. Birindelli et al., 21 Aug 2006. — MZUSP 94442, 3, 38.3–77.3 mm SL; Campinápolis: Córrego do Lício, tributary of rio Culuene, 13°50'22"S 53°14'59"W; F. C. T. Lima et al., 0 5 Oct 2007. — MZUSP 96901, 5, 37.0– 88.1 mm SL; same data of MZUSP 94442. — MZUSP 94871, 3, 45.3–56.0 mm SL; Paranatinga: rio Culuene, 13°49'00"S 53°15'00"W; L. M. Sousa, 2 Jul 2007. — MZUSP 97047, 4, 58.7–78.6 mm SL; Campinápolis: Córrego Água Fria, tributary of rio Couto de Magalhães, nearby the village of São José do rio Couto, 13°49'25"S 53°04'30"W; F. C. T. Lima et al., 6 Oct 2007. Pará (Araguaia-Tocantins basin). MCNIP 1309, 3, 74.2–88.2 mm SL; Ourilândia do Norte: tributary of Igarapé Motosserra, rio Itacaiunas drainage, 6°32'10"S 51°06'19"W; S. A. Santos et al., 11 Sept 2011.— MZUSP 29175, 8, 64.9–99.3 mm SL; Caldeirão: Igarapé Pojuca, tributary of rio Itacaiunas at Serra dos Carajás, 5°52'00"S 50°32'00"W; M. Goulding, 15 Oct 1983.— MZUSP 105509, 3, 36.4–43.4 mm SL; Marabá, rio Tapirapé at Tatuzão camp site, Bacaba base of REBIO Tapirapé, 5°36'47"S 50°26'42"W; I. Fichberg & J. Muriel-Cunha, 0 9 Aug 2008.— MZUSP 105596, 1, 79.0 mm SL; Marabá: rio Itacaiunas, upstream of confluence with rio Tapirapé, 5°41'18"S 50°17'51"W; I. Fichberg & J. Muriel-Cunha, 12 Aug 2008.— MZUSP 105806, 2, 46.5–46.6 mm SL; Marabá: rio Tapirapé at Cachoeirinha, upstream of REBIO Tapirapé, 5°32'02"S 50°40'04"W; I. Fichberg & J. Muriel-Cunha, 11 Aug 2008. Pará (Xingu basin). LIA 36, 1, 93.4 mm SL; Vitória do Xingu: Seca Farinha, rio Bacajá drainage, 3°43'37"S 51°33'59"W; D. Bastos et al., 23 Sep 2012.— LIA 37, 2, 90.1–92.9 mm SL; Vitória do Xingu: Seca Farinha, rio Bacajá drainage, 3°43'37"S 51°33'59"W; D. Bastos et al., 23 Sep 2012.— LIA 240, 1, 76.1 mm SL; Senador José Porfírio: rio Bacajaí, 3°48'46"S 51°41'47"W; A. Gonçalves et al., 9 Jul 2014.— LIA 1795, 1, 67.2 mm SL; Brasil Novo: 3°44'45"S 52°39'46"W; D. Bastos, 23 Jul 2014.— MCNIP 1308, 1, 77.9 mm SL; Ourilândia do Norte: rio Carapanã, tributary of rio Mogno, 6°33'27"S 51°09'45"W; S. A. Santos et al., 14 Jul 2014.— MZUSP 35990, 1, 98.0 mm SL; São Félix do Xingu: rio Fresco at Gorotire, 7°46'00"S 51°08'00"W; M. Petrere Jr., Aug 1983.— MZUSP 36037, 2, 59.4–72.2 mm SL; São Felix do Xingu: Igarapé Ponte, tributary of rio Ponte at Gorotire, 7°46'00"S 51°08'00"W; M. Petrere Jr., 25 Aug 1983.— MZUSP 111723, 1, 92.4 mm SL; Medicilândia: small tributary of rio Xingu, about 4 km from the city, road to Itaituba, 3°27'20"S 52°55'36"W; J. L. O. Birindelli et al., 19 Nov 2011. Tocantins (Araguaia-Tocantins basin). MZUSP 46609, 1, 76.3 mm SL; Natividade: rio do Peixe, nearby road TO-280, 11°44'S 47°47'W; D. F. Pereira. — MZUSP 83799, 2, 71.3–109.8 mm SL; Ponte Alta do Bom Jesus: rio Palmeiras, 10 km from ferry boat by road TO 485 to Ponte Alta do Bom Jesus, 12°15'43"S 46°53'36"W; C. R. Moreira & J. C. Nolasco, 17 Nov 2002. — MZUSP 83888, 1, 69.5 mm SL; Porto Alegre do Tocantins: rio Manuel Alves da Natividade in front of Porto Alegre do Tocantins, 11°36'41"S 47°02'39"W; C. R. Moreira & J. C. Nolasco, 14 Nov 2002. — MZUSP 84064, 1, 76.7 mm SL; Ponte Alta do Bom Jesus: Ribeirão do Inferno on the road BR-010 to Ponte Alta do Bom Jesus, 11°58'23"S 46°29'30"W; C. R. Moreira & J. C. Nolasco, 30 Jul 2002. — MZUSP 94444, 1, 83.4 mm SL; Ponte Alta do Tocantins: rio do Sono at Cachoeira da Velha. — MZUSP 98493, 3, 74.5–105.0 mm SL; Mateiros: rio Novo, near the mouth of Córrego Lajeiro, 10°46'23"S 46°43'08"W; F. C. T. Lima et al., 1 Feb 2008. — MZUSP 114166, 2, 79.1–82.4 mm SL; Arraias: rio Santa Isabel at the road TO-050, 12°38'34.6"S 47°07'10.2"W; J. L. Birindelli et al., 1 Dez 2012. Non-type specimens. All from Brazil. Amapá. MPEG 3193, 1, 101.3 mm SL; Ferreira Gomes: rio Cupixi, bridge on road to Serra do Navio; M. Goulding, 31 Jul 1984 — MZUSP 103467, 1, 85.5 mm SL; Laranjal do Jari: rio Iratapuru, tributary of rio Jari, 0°33'59"S 52°34'40"W; J. L. O. Birindelli et al., 20 Fev 2009. Goiás (Araguaia- Tocantins basin). MCP 15858, 1, 73.9 mm SL; Niquelândia: Ribeirão da Laje, Fazenda Aranha, 14°18'S 48°44'W; R. E. Reis et al., 17 Jul 1992.— MCP 41375, 3, 50.0– 68.8 mm SL; Piranhas: rio Piranhas, near mouth of córrego das Pedras, 16°32'03"S 51°49'58"W; S. Rosa, 7 Nov 2005.— MCP 41404, 1, 67.3 mm SL; Piranhas: rio Piranhas, near mouth of rio São Domingos, 16°33'06"S 51°49'52"W; S. Rosa, 23 Jul 2006.— MCP 42405, 1, 100.0 mm SL; Piranhas: rio Piranhas, near mouth of rio São Domingos, 16°33'06"S 51°49'52"W; Equipe CTA, 16 Jul 2007.— MCP 43680, 5, 82.3–97.4 mm SL; Piranhas: rio Piranhas, near mouth of rio São Domingos, 16°33'06"S 51°49'52"W; Equipe CTA, 24 Jan 2008.— MCP 43749, 1, 77.6 mm SL; Piranhas: rio Piranhas, near mouth of rio São Domingos, 16°33'06"S 51°49'52"W; Equipe CTA, 10 Jul 2008.— MNRJ 12637, 1, 70.8 mm SL; Niquelândia: rio Indaial, tributary of rio Maranhão, 14°12'S 48°37'W; G. W. Nunan & D. F. Mores Jr., 9 Oct 1985.—MNRJ 13036, 1, 75.0 mm SL; Minaçu: tributary of Córrego Lageado; D. F. Moraes et al., 16 Jan 1988. Mato Grosso (rio Araguaia-Tocantins basin). MZUEL 7630, 1, 77.5 mm SL; Barra do Garças: Córrego Fundo, 15°51'32.2"S 52°19'01.0"W; L. R. Jarduli et al., 29 Jul 2008. Mato Grosso (Xingu basin). MNRJ 34073, 4, 66.2–93.3 mm SL; Santa Cruz do Xingu: creek tributary of rio Pacari, on road MT430, 10°31'43"S 52°31'43"W; M. R. Britto et al., 7 Oct 2008.— MNRJ 34075, 2, 52.4–93.8 mm SL; Cumarã do Norte: rio Trairão, tributary of rio Fresco, 7°56'34"S 50°47'48"W; J. L. O. Birindelli et al., 9 Oct 2008.— MZUSP 89938, 3, 75.9–85.7 mm SL; Paranatinga: rio Culuene, Cachoeira do Adelino, 13°51'08"S 53°15'22"W; A. Akama & J. L. Birindelli, Jan 2006.— MZUSP 91840, 47, 46.1–88.2 mm SL; Paranatinga: Córrego do Lício, tributary of rio Culuene, 13°50'22"S 53°14'59"W; J. L. Birindelli et al., 21 Aug 2006.— MZUSP 94441, 1, 27.9 mm SL; Campinápolis: rio Culuene, 13°49'00"S 53°15'00"W; F. C. T. Lima et al., May 2007.— MZUSP 95539, 2, 50.7–53.4 mm SL; Campinápolis: rio Couto de Magalhães, nearby village of São José do Rio do Couto, 13°50'17"S 53°03'53"W; F. C. T. Lima et al., 0 6 Oct 2007.— MZUSP 89940, 7, 28.9–52.2 mm SL; Paranatinga: rio Culuene, 13°49'S 53°15'W; A. Akama & J. L. Birindelli, 15 Jan 2006. MZUSP 97011, 1, 42.7 mm SL; Campinápolis: rio Couto de Magalhães, at the mouth of Córrego Água Clara, 13°48'02"S 53°03'43"W; F. C. T. Lima et al., 10 Oct 2007.— MZUSP 97454, 1, 68.5 mm SL; Campinápolis: creek tributary of rio Culuene, 13°48'27"S 53°12'43"W; F. C. T. Lima et al., 5 Oct 2007. Pará (Araguaia-Tocantins basin). INPA 1565, 9, 39.4–92.3 mm SL; Tucuruí: Igarapé Valentim, tributary of rio Tocantins; G. M. Santos, 6 Jul 1982.— INPA 1904, 10, 90.2–95.6 mm SL; Tucuruí: Igarapé Valentim, tributary of rio Tocantins; G. M. Santos, 24 Nov 1981. – INPA 24903, 1, 107.3 mm SL; Curionópolis: Córrego Cupuzeiro, tributary of rio Parauapebas; G. M. Santos, 5 Aug 2005. Pará (Xingu basin). LIA 1743, 1, 79.5 mm SL; Vitória do Xingu: tributary of rio Paquiçamba, 3°17'15"S 51°53'22"W; A. Gonçalves et al., 30 May 2012.— LIA 2342, 1, 65.9 mm SL; São Felix do Xingu: Igarapé do Pontal at Parna Serra do Pardo, 5°48'18"S 52°40'19"W; A. Gonçalves et al., 18 May 2015.— MNRJ 34078, 2, 90.3–100.6 mm SL; Ourilândia: tributary of rio Jauri, tributary of rio Fresco, 7°13'24"S 50°37'10"W; J. L. O. Birindelli et al., 10 Oct 2008.— MNRJ 34080, 1, 92.6 mm SL; Ourilândia: rio Branco, tributary of rio Fresco, 7°03'57"S 50°49'03"W; M. R. Britto et al., 10 Oct 2008. MZUSP 110623, 1 SK, 105.0 mm SL; Medicilândia: small tributary of rio Xingu, road to Itaituba, 4 km from the city, 3°27'20"S 52°55'36"W, J. L. O. Birindelli et al., 19 Nov 2011. Tocantins (Araguaia-Tocantins basin). MZUSP 83997, 15, 70.1–117.1 mm SL, 1 CS, 91.0 mm SL; Novo Jardim: Lagoa Bonita, 11°40'24"S 46°39'24"W; C. R. Moreira & J. C. Nolasco, 28 Jul 2002.— MZUSP 84134, 8, 82.3–96.8 mm SL; same data as MZUSP 83997. — MZUSP 84118, 8, 75.1–92.5 mm SL; Conceição do Tocantins: rio Palma, 12°22'08"S 47°03'21"W; C. R. Moreira et al., 1 Aug 2002.— UNT 5292, 2, 80.0– 80.2 mm SL; Brejinho de Nazaré: rio Crixás; NEAMB-UFT, 19 Ago 2000.— UNT 9087, 1, 79.0 mm SL; Sucupira: rio Santa Tereza; A. Akama & A. B. Soares, 2 Nov 2008.— UNT 11216, 3, not measured; São João do Araguaia: rio Ubá. Diagnosis. Leporinus multimaculatus is distinguished from all other anostomids except Hypomasticus julii, H. megalepis, H. pachycheilus, Leporinus gomesi, L. granti, L. nijsseni, L. santosi and L. torrenticola, by having one dark blotch on midline of anterior portion of the flank (between opercle and pelvic-fin origin) surrounded by five to seven dark blotches (vs. anterior portion of flank with dark longitudinal stripes, or with dark transversal bars, or with dark blotches not forming the aforementioned pattern). Leporinus multimaculatus is distinguished from Hypomasticus julii, H. pachycheilus, Leporinus gomesi, L. granti, L. nijsseni, and L. santosi, by having three teeth on premaxilla (vs. four), and subinferior mouth (vs. inferior in Hypomasticus julii and H. pachycheilus, and terminal in Leporinus gomesi, L. granti, L. nijsseni, and L. santosi); and from H. megalepis and L. torrenticola by having 12 scale rows around caudal peduncle (vs. 16). See discussion for additional notes on species diagnosis. Description. Morphometric data in Table 1. Body small, relative to congeners. Largest examined specimen 110.6 mm SL. Head and body elongate and moderately compressed. Dorsal profile convex from snout tip to vertical through anterior nostril, gently convex from latter point to supraoccipital spine, gently convex or straight from that point to dorsal-fin origin, straight along dorsal-fin base, approximately straight from dorsal-fin terminus to adipose fin, and slightly or distinctly concave from adipose fin to anteriormost dorsal caudal-fin procurrent ray. Ventral profile relatively straight from tip of lower jaw to vertical through pectoral-fin origin, convex from that point to pelvic-fin origin, approximately straight from latter point to anal-fin origin, straight along anal-fin base, and concave from anal-fin terminus to anteriormost ventral caudal-fin procurrent ray. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Mouth subinferior, its cleft longitudinally aligned with ventral margin of eye in specimens of around 40 mm SL, and with ventral margin of infraorbital series in specimens of 60 mm SL or more. Snout rounded. Premaxillary bone with 3* (93) incisiform teeth gently decreasing in size from symphyseal tooth (Fig. 3). Dentary bone with 4* (81) or 5 (1) incisiform teeth also gently decreasing in size laterally. Teeth with two or more rudimentary cusps in specimens of around 60 mm SL or less, cusps more developed in lateralmost teeth. Scales cycloid, with 9 to 10 (2) radii reaching posterior margin. Lateral line complete with 36 (34), 37* (46), 38 (11) or 39 (1) perforated scales, extending from supracleithrum to base of median caudal fin rays. Horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 4* (85) or 5 (8). Horizontal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3.5 (2) or 4* (91). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 12* (93). Predorsal scales from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin 10 (5), 11* (22) or 12 (9). Dorsal-fin rays ii,10* (36); its origin slightly anterior to vertical through pelvic-fin insertion and anterior to middle of standard length; distal margin of dorsal fin rounded. Adipose fin small, teardrop shaped, its origin approximately at vertical through base of fourth to sixth anal-fin ray. Pectoral-fin rays i,14 (16), i,15* (17) or i,16 (3); tip of fin extending from half to two-thirds distance between of pectoral and pelvic-fin insertions; distal margin convex. Pelvic-fin rays i,8* (36); origin at vertical through base of second to sixth dorsal-fin branched ray; distal margin rounded. Anal-fin rays ii,8* (36); origin slightly posterior to half the distance between pelvic-fin origin and ventralmost caudal-fin procurrent ray; adpressed fin almost reaching anteriormost caudal-fin procurrent rays; distal margin convex in most specimens and straight with rounded border in few specimens. Principal caudal-fin rays i,9,8,i* (36); caudal fin forked, lobes rounded, upper lobe slightly longer than lower lobe. Supraneurals 5 (2). Vertebrae 36 (1) or 37 (1), with ribs present on vertebrae 5 to 23 (1) or 24 (1). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to neural spine of vertebra 10 (2). First anal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to haemal spine of vertebra 25 (2). Color in alcohol. Ground color of head and body beige or light brown and countershaded (Fig. 1). Posterior tip of upper lip conspicuously dark. Snout with two dark stripes, one from posterior nostril to eye, the second from posterior tip of upper lip to eye; stripes present in specimens of all sizes, although inconspicuous in some large specimens. Upper half of opercle with two dark blotches, one at middle portion, the other at upper portion; blotches present in specimens of all sizes, although inconspicuous in some specimens. Dorsal portion of head with one dark transversal band at interorbital region and another on supraoccipital in all examined specimens irrespective of size, although inconspicuous in some specimens. Body scales with dark chromatophores concentrated on distal margin resulting in overall reticulated pattern in specimens of all sizes, with concentration of chromatophores on upper and lower portion of each body scale forming inconspicuous longitudinal lines in few specimens. In specimens around 30 mm SL, body with eight dark transversal bands, interrupted in the middle of body, except for seventh and eighth bands, which are continuous; two small dark midlateral blotches on anterior portion, plus one large dark midlateral blotch below dorsal fin and another above anal-fin origin (Fig. 1 a). In specimens of approximately 40 mm SL, body with dark transversal bands interrupted in the middle and partially fragmented ventrally. In specimens of approximately 50 mm SL, body with eight to eleven dark transversal band on dorsum, and several rounded blotches on flank, including one dark blotch on midline of anterior portion of the flank (between opercle and pelvic-fin origin) surrounded by five to seven dark blotches, one large blotch below dorsal fin, another above analfin origin, and another one smaller at caudal peduncle. In specimens of 60 mm SL or larger, body with ten to fourteen dark transversal bands on dorsum, and many rounded dark blotches on flank, including one dark blotch on midline of anterior portion of the flank (between opercle and pelvic-fin origin) surrounded by five to seven dark blotches, and three large midlateral ones below dorsal fin, above anal-fin origin and in front of caudal fin. Blotches on body varying in number from fifteen to approximately thirty; blotches also varying in shape from ovoid to rounded to subrectangular. Blotches formed exclusively by dermal pigmentation, except for three large midlateral blotches formed by epidermal pigmentation underlaid by dermal pigmentation. Base of median caudal-fin rays bearing a dark spot in specimens smaller than 50 mm SL; spot gradually faded or fused to midlateral blotch of caudal peduncle in larger specimens. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal and caudal fins completely hyaline or with rays darkened in specimens of 40 mm SL or more. Dorsal and anal fins with base darkened in specimens of approximately 30 mm SL. Adipose fin with base and distal margin darkened. Color in life. Coloration in life similar to coloration in alcohol, except for head and body generally more yellow and silvery; pectoral, pelvic and anal fins more yellow or orange; anterior rays of pelvic and anal fins distinctly orange in some specimens; adipose fin light red in some specimens, exposed posterior portion of body scales on dorsoanterior portion of flank silvery (Fig. 2). Geographical distribution. Leporinus multimaculatus is known from small tributaries at the rio Araguaia, rioTocantins and rio Xingu basins at Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará and Tocantins states, in the rio Jari basin, a tributary of the left margin of the Amazon river in the border between Amapá and Pará states, and also from coastal drainages of Amapá state, in Brazil (Fig. 4). Etymology. From the Latin multus meaning many and maculatus meaning spot, in reference of the presence of many dark blotches on the body. An adjective. Habitat and ecological notes. Our observations in the field corroborated Santos & Jégu (1989: 177) and Venere & Garutti (2011: 51), who had earlier stated that Leporinus multimaculatus (their Leporinus “sp.3” and “sp.1”, respectively) prefers small tributaries instead of large rivers. Venere & Garutti (2011: 51) reported the species to be herbivorous, feeding mainly on leafs, flowers, fruits, seeds and filamentous algae. Conservation status. Leporinus multimaculatus is widespread across small and medium sized tributaries of the rio Araguaia, rio Tocantins and rio Xingu basins, occupying a broad area in the central and northern portions of Brazil. Even though this area currently faces a very significant anthropogenic pressures via the expansion of agriculture and livestock rearing, there are still several number of protected areas where the species is likely maintaining healthy populations, such as Parque Indígena do Xingu, Parque Nacional do Araguaia, Parque Estadual da Serra Azul, Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins, among others. Therefore, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2014), Leporinus multimaculatus should be classified as Least Concern (LC). Remarks. Géry (1977: 171, 173) mentioned that Hypomasticus megalepis (identified by him as Leporinus “ maculatus ”) was found in the Guianas as well as in the southern portion of the Amazon basin, and presented two pictures of living specimens in aquarium that were recently bred by H. Azuma. One of the pictures showed onemonth-old specimens with eight dark transversal bands on the body and one dark longitudinal stripe on the head (crossing through the eye), a color pattern typical of most species of Anostomidae (J.L. Birindelli, unpubl. data). The other picture showed four-months-old specimens with the body covered by dark blotches, including one on midline of anterior portion of flank surrounded by five or six dark blotches. It is most likely that Azuma’s specimens do not belong to Hypomasticus megalepis, since they present the dark midline blotch aligned to the three midlateral blotches, and possibly centered with the lateral line. On the other hand, it is impossible to determine if Azuma’s specimens belong to L. multimacul
Pseudolithoxus kelsorum Lujan & Birindelli, 2011, new species
No full text<i>Pseudolithoxus kelsorum</i>, new species <p>Figure 1. Table 1.</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> MCNG 55357, 66.0 mm SL, Venezuela, Amazonas State, Orinoco River drainage, Orinoco River at Merey, 97.6 km N of San Fernando de Atabapo, 4°55'04''N, 67°49'58''W, J. Birindelli, N. K. Lujan & V. Meza, 18 April 2010.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> Five specimens, collected with holotype. ANSP 182813, 1: 36.6 mm SL, AUM 51644, 2: 40.0, 52.4 mm SL; MCNG 55358, 1: 44.0 mm SL; MZUSP 108090, 1: 52.7 mm SL.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Pseudolithoxus kelsorum</i> is diagnosed from all other <i>Pseudolithoxus</i> by having dark brown to black base color with eight to 11 (usually nine) light yellowish vertical or oblique (tilted dorsoanteriorly) transversal bands between orbits and caudal fin, bands wide and rarely but sometimes incomplete or contorted as swirls (Fig. 1; vs. dark brown to black base color with 18 or more thin, light yellow, frequently contorted transversal bands between orbits and caudal fin in <i>P. tigris</i>, Fig. 2; black base color with small white spots in <i>P. anthrax</i> and <i>P. n i c o i</i>; and light brown base color with dark brown to black spots in <i>P. dumus</i>, Fig. 3).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Morphometrics in Table 1. Largest specimen 66.0 mm SL. Head and body dorsoventrally flattened with body depth greatest at supraoccipital; dorsal and ventral profiles only slightly convergent caudally. Snout surface and body flanks armored with ossified dermal plates, each covered with small odontodes; plates absent from small region at posteroventral corner of pterotic and entire abdomen. Cheek plates bearing moderately to highly hypertrophied, distally-hooked odontodes (mean 35, range 27–42, holotype 42) evertible to approximately 90º from sagittal plane; longest odontodes extending to posterior exposed margin of opercle. Orbit positioned dorsally on head with opening sloped ventrolaterally at approximately 45º from sagittal plane in anterior view.</p> <p>Oral disk occupying most of ventral surface of head anterior of cleithrum. Interpremaxillary and intermandiblar tooth row angle greater than 110º; premaxillary teeth 55–64 (average 61, holotype = 64); dentary teeth 47–57 (average 53, holotype 54). All teeth with gracile, flexible shafts and bicuspid heads bent inward at right angle to shaft. Maxillary barbel short and attached to lower lip along most of length; ventral surface of labial disk with hemispherical papillae decreasing in size distally and toward rictus; posterior margin of labial disk lacking fimbriae.</p> <p>ILM Measurement Holotype Mean SD Min Max 1–20 Standard length 66.0 48.6 10.7 36.6 66.0 Percents of standard length</p> <p>17–19 Adipose—upper caudal distance 14.2 14.1 1.2 11.9 15.3 15–19 Caudal peduncle depth 7.6 7.3 0.9 5.9 8.2 15–17 Adipose—lower caudal distance 19.3 19.2 1.2 17.4 20.8 14–17 Adipose—anal distance 19.3 19.0 1.3 17.0 20.3 Dorsal fin II,7; dorsal-fin spinelet small but visible, V-shaped; dorsal-fin lock functional; posteriormost dorsalfin ray free from body. Pectoral fin I,6; adpressed pectoral-fin spine reaching approximately halfway between anus and pelvic-fin origin; anterodorsal surfaces of spine with many hypertrophied odontodes increasing in length distally; odontodes longer an more numerous in larger specimens. Pelvic fin I,5; pelvic-fin spine extending to or past insertion of anal fin when adpressed. Anal fin I,4; second unbranched ray longest. Adipose-fin spine straight; adnate to caudal peduncle via fleshy membrane with concave or convex posterior margin. Caudal fin I,14,I; dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays four; ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays four; caudal fin obliquely and asymmetrically emarginated, with ventral lobe longer than dorsal lobe.</p> <p>Body broadest at cleithrum; posterior margin of exposed posterior process of cleithrum squared or tapering to a point. Lateral median plates 23–25 (mode 23, holotype 24), middorsal plates 20–23 (mode 23, holotype 20), midventral plates 22–25 (mode 23, holotype 23); anteriormost midventral plate strongly bent. Caudal peduncle plate rows three. One or two azygous preadipose plates (mode one, holotype one); predorsal plate rows two not including nuchal plate; interdorsal plate rows four or five (mode five, holotype four).</p> <p> <b>Color.</b> Body with dark brown to black base color with eight to 11 (usually nine) light yellow vertical or oblique (tilted dorsoanteriorly) transversal bands between orbits and caudal fin; bands wide and rarely but sometimes incomplete or contorted as swirls (Fig. 1). Paired, dorsal, adipose, and caudal fins light with dark bands. Snout with light yellow longitudinal bands, small spots, or contortions. Abdomen pale; lower lip, ventral plated surfaces, ventral paired-fin spine surfaces, and anal fin uniformly light yellow to tan.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> Known only from a single site on the Orinoco River just above the Maipures rapids and approximately 60 km south of the Atures rapids (Fig. 4). Type material collected via rotenone and castnet from a single shoreline granite outcrop. Anecdotal reports (O. Lucanus pers comm. to NKL) suggest that the range of <i>Pseudolithoxus kelsorum</i> extends downstream into the Atures rapids. However, extensive ichthyological surveys of the Orinoco River further upstream by the first author and colleagues have failed to yield specimens of <i>P. k e l s o r u m</i>, suggesting that its distribution is limited to only more downstream reaches, possibly including the nearby and still poorly surveyed lower reaches of western tributaries of the Orinoco in Colombia.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Named in honor of George and Carolyn Kelso whose generous contribution to Texas A&M University and to the Winemiller Aquatic Ecology Lab has facilitated important ichthyological discoveries, including this new species.</p>Published as part of <i>Lujan, Nathan K. & Birindelli, Jose L. O., 2011, A new distinctively banded species of Pseudolithoxus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper Orinoco River, pp. 38-46 in Zootaxa 2941</i> on pages 39-43, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/278154">10.5281/zenodo.278154</a>
Hyphessobrycon ataktos Marinho & Dagosta & Birindelli 2014, new species
No full textHyphessobrycon ataktos, new species Figs. 1-2 Moenkhausia sp. Menezes, Oyakawa & Birindelli, 2013: 31, fig. 15 [same picture as Fig. 1a]. Holotype. MZUSP 113725, 37.7 mm SL, Brazil, Tocantins State, Natividade, córrego Cocal on road TO-280, rio Manoel Alves drainage, rio Tocantins basin, 11°42’50.2”S 47°35’40.2”W, 2 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. Loeb & C. Santos. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Tocantins State, rio Tocantins basin. DZSJRP 18431, 5, 26.2-29.5 mm SL; INPA 39537, 5, 25.3-28.3 mm SL; MCP 47869, 5, 23.3-33.1 mm SL; MZUEL 7019, 5, 23.6- 28.5 mm SL; MZUSP 47846, 331, 9.1-36.8 mm SL, 11 c&s, 20.3- 32.6 mm SL, Natividade, Ribeirão da Sede, tributary of ribeirão Formiguinha at Fazenda São Judas, approximately 30 km north of Natividade, approximately 11º31’00”S 47º52’00”W, 2-9 Feb 1994, F. C. T. Lima. MZUSP 43373, 5, 15.2-20.2 mm SL, Porto Nacional, left margin of rio Tocantins, 500 meters from bridge, 10º43’S 48º25’W, 9 Jun 1979, E. Bastos. MZUSP 43425, 4, 23.5- 31.1 mm SL, Porto Nacional, Belém-Brasília road, 9 Jun 1979, E. Bastos. MZUSP 47864, 44, 13.2-35.2 mm SL, Natividade, Ribeirão da Represa, tributary of ribeirão Formiguinha at Fazenda São Judas, approximately 30 km North of Natividade, approximately 11º31’00”S 47º52’00”W, 2-9 Fev 1994, F. C. T. Lima. MZUSP 113722, 7, 17.6-34.4 mm SL, Almas, rio do Peixe at bridge on TO-280, 11º40’0.7”S 47º26’19.9”W, 2 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. Loeb & C. Santos. MZUSP 113724, 18, 17.1-36.3 mm SL, same data as holotype. MZUSP 1131726, 2, 29.8-33.6 mm SL, Dianópolis, córrego Gameleira, 11°37’34.8”S 46°56’25.4”W, 2 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. Loeb & C. Santos. MZUSP 113727, 1, 19.7 mm SL, Dianópolis, rio Mombó at road TO-280, 11°29’53.6”S 46°50’32.3”W, 2 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. Loeb & C. Santos. MZUSP 113728, 1, 19.1 mm SL, Rio da Conceição, balneário at rio Manoel Alves, 11°24’12.9”S 46°51’30.3”W, 3 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. Loeb & C. Santos. ZUEC 6756, 4, 27.4-33.6 mm SL, Gurupi-Aliança do Norte road, Fazenda Suely, Jul 1981, J. Pombal-Jr. Non-type material. CAS (SU) 56087, 4, 22.0- 31.2 mm SL, Brazil, Goiás, “Laguinha II”, Santa Teresa Valley, 6 Jan 1924, C. Ternetz. CAS (SU) 56305, 1, 31.7 mm SL, Brazil, Goiás, “Jausinho brook into rio Tocantins ” (not located), 22 Feb 1924, C. Ternetz. Diagnosis. Hemigrammus ataktos can be distinguished from all congeners by its unique color pattern, consisting of a black midlateral stripe on body, extending from the posterior margin of the eye to the median caudal-fin rays (vs. dark stripe or thin line extending approximately from the humeral blotch or from the vertical through dorsal-fin origin to the caudal fin). The elongated anteriormost portions of the dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins in mature males also help to recognize the new species, feature only shared with H. filamentosus Zarske. Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Smallsized species, largest examined specimen 37.7 mm SL. Body compressed, moderately elongate. Greatest body depth slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; straight to slightly convex from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex along predorsal region, straight and posteroventrally inclined along dorsal-fin base, straight to slightly convex from terminus of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin, and concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body straight to slightly convex from tip of lower jaw to pectoral-fin origin, convex from that point to anal-fin origin, straight and posterodorsally inclined along anal-fin base, and concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows. Outer row with 2(3), 3(20), or 4*(18) tricuspid, rarely pentacuspid teeth. Inner row with 5*(40) tri- or pentacuspid teeth. Tip of maxilla approximately at vertical through middle of second infraorbital. Maxilla with 1(3), 2*(18), 3(17), 4(3), or 5(1) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Dentary with 4*(41) large pentacuspid, one smaller tetra- or tricuspid, and series of 6-13 diminute conical, rarely tricuspid, teeth. Central median cusp in all teeth longer than lateral cusps (Fig. 2). Branchiostegal rays 4(11). First gill arch with 1(2), 2(5), or 3(4) rakers on hypobranchial, 9(5) or 10(6) rakers on ceratobranchial, 1(11) raker on intermediate cartilage, and 5(2), 6(8), or 7(1) rakers on epibranchial. Gill rakers with small spines along its length. Scales cycloid, with four to seven radii on posterior border, and conspicuous circulii anteriorly. Lateral line straight to slightly curved ventrally, with total of 32(2), 33(31), 34(40), 35(24), or 36*(4) scales. Scales on lateral line series variably perforated. Four specimens with 33(2), 34(1), and 35(1) completely pored lateral line; 65 specimens with 6(4), 8(5), 9(11), 10(9), 11(12), 12(8), 13(6), 14(6), or 15(4) pored scales followed by non-pored ones (incomplete lateral line), and 31 specimens with pored scales interspersed with non-pored ones (discontinuous lateral line) of variable pattern. Holotype with 19 pored + 7 non-pored + 2 pored + 1 non-pored + 6 pored lateral-line scales. Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(29) or 6(1). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3*(22) or 4(8). Predorsal scales 10*(21), 11(5), or 12(4), in one series. Single row of 4(2), 5(6), 6*(11), 7(4), or 8(2) scales at base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scale rows 14(30). Caudal fin with small scales along proximal one-fourth of upper lobe and proximal one-half of lower lobe. Supraneurals 4(7) or 5(3), with dorsal portion expanded. Dorsal-fin rays ii(41), 9*(40) or 10(1). Proximal tip of dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to neural spine of 9 th or 10 th vertebra. Base of last dorsal-fin ray at vertical through base of first or second branched anal-fin rays. Pectoral-fin rays i(30), 10(17), 11*(22), or 12(1). Pelvic-fin rays i(41), 7*(41). Adipose-fin origin at vertical through base of 18 th or 19 th branched anal-fin rays. Anal fin falcate, with iv(1), v(9), vi(1), 20(2), 21(6), 22(14), 23*(15), or 24(4) rays. Proximal tip of first anal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to haemal spine of 15 th (2) or 16 th (4) vertebra. Caudal-fin with i(39), 9(39) rays on the upper and 8(39), i(39)* rays on the lower lobe. Caudal fin forked, with similar sized lobes. Dorsal procurrent caudalfin rays 10(2), 11(7), or 12(2); ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 9(9) or 10(1). Total vertebrae 33(4) or 34(3): precaudal vertebrae 14(2) or 15(5) and caudal vertebrae 18(2) or 19(5). Color in alcohol. Overall ground color light tan. Infraorbital, opercular and gular areas with guanine (Fig. 1b, c). Dorsal portion of head dark. Snout, maxilla, and lower jaw scattered with dark chromatophores. Dorsalmost three horizontal scale rows on body with slightly reticulated pattern, formed by dark pigment on middle portion of exposed area of scales. Deep black midlateral stripe on body, extending from posterior margin of eye to median caudal-fin rays. Stripe one-and-ahalf scales deep. Narrow longitudinal dark line at horizontal septum, formed by embedded dark chromatophores, extending approximately from vertical through dorsal-fin origin to end of caudal peduncle. Scattered dark chromatophores above anal-fin base. All fins with dark chromatophores along edge of lepidotrichia. Distal margin of third to fifth branched dorsal fin-rays and smallest branched anal-fin rays dark. Color in life. Dorsal portion of body yellowish tan above black midlateral stripe (Fig. 1a). Opercular area and ventral portion of body below black midlateral stripe with guanine. Narrow bright yellow line above black midlateral stripe. Black midlateral stripe over middle portion of eye. Dorsal portion of eye red, ventral portion silver. Tip of dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins creamy white. Adipose fin, most of dorsal and pelvic fins, and proximal portion of anteriormost rays of anal fin yellow. Proximal two-thirds of caudal-fin lobes red on mature males (no information available for females and juveniles). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with dorsal (31.6-44.9% of SL), pelvic (18.8-23.8% of SL) and anal fin (23.1-27.3% of SL) longer than females or immatures (28.1-32.9%; 15.8- 20.3%; 19.5-24.4%, respectively) (Table 1, Fig. 3). Tip of pelvic fin extending from base of first to fifth branched analfin ray in mature males and not reaching anal fin or extending to base of first branched anal-fin ray in females. Bony hooks were not observed on fins of any analyzed specimen. Geographic distribution. Hemigrammus ataktos is known from middle rio Tocantins basin, from rio Santa Tereza, Goiás State, from the rio Manoel Alves basin, and from smaller tributaries of the rio Tocantins immediately downstream of the mouth of rio Manoel Alves, Tocantins State, Brazil (Fig. 4). Etymology. From the Greek ataktos, meaning disordered or irregular, in allusion to the variation in the perforation of lateral-line scales present in the new species. An adjective.Published as part of Marinho, Manoela M. F., Dagosta, Fernando C. P. & Birindelli, José L. O., 2014, Hemigrammus ataktos: a new species from the rio Tocantins basin, central Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae), pp. 257-264 in Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2) on pages 258-261, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130091, http://zenodo.org/record/455104
Hypostomus faveolus Zawadzki, Birindelli 2008
No full textHypostomus faveolus Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima, 2008: 397, fig. 1. Paratype: 1 lot, 1 specimen —NUP 5560, 1, 93.7 mm SL: Brazil, Goiás, between Crixás and Nova Crixás, córrego da Taboca, tributary of rio Crixás-Mirim, on road GO 336, rio Tocantins basin, 14°19’27”S, 50°12’32”W, C. Chamon et al., 28 Jul 2005.Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/647949
Leporinus britskii Feitosa, Dos & Birindelli, 2011, new species
No full text<i>Leporinus britskii,</i> new species <p>Figures 1 and 2</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> MZUSP 109771 (88.86 mm SL), rio Jamanxim, near Vila Mil, 7°43’51’’S 55°16’36’’W, Novo Progresso, Pará, 23 Oct 2007, J. L. O. Birindelli, L. M. Sousa, A. Netto Ferreira, M. H. Sabaj Pérez, N. K. Lujan.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> All from Brazil. ANSP 192112 (5, 81.6-108.8 mm SL), INPA 33711 (5, 76.7-102.2 mm SL), MZUSP 97374 (19, 54.6-123.5 mm SL); collected with holotype. INPA 6648 (2, 78.8-99.8 mm SL), rio Jamanxim, at Ilha Terra Preta, 4°58’6”S 56°29’12”W, Pará, 19-20 Dec 1991, L. Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon. INPA 6702 (5, 79.3- 89.3 mm SL), rio Jamanxim, at Ilha Terra Preta, 4°58’6”S 56°29’12”W, Pará, 19 Out 1991, L. Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon. INPA 6809 (4, 58.6-89.1 mm SL), rio Jamanxim, at Ilha Terra Preta, 4°58’6”S 56°29’12”W, Pará, 20 Out 1991, L. Py-Daniel. MZUSP 97279 (13, 42.7-100.4 mm SL), rio Jamanxim, near Castelo dos Sonhos, 8°11’4’’S 55°21’28’’W, Novo Progresso, Pará, 23 Oct 2007, J. L. O. Birindelli <i>et al</i>.</p> <p> <b>Non-type specimens.</b> INPA 36466 (3, 89.7-93.1 mm SL), MZUSP 103484 (11, 95.4-105.6 mm SL); rio Iratapuru, tributary of rio Jari, at Cachoeira São Raimundo, 0°33’59’’S 52°34’40’’W, Laranjal do Jari, Amapá, 20 Feb 2009, J. L. O. Birindelli, L. M. Sousa, M. Soares. INPA 35239 (2, 70.9-90.3 mm SL), rio Teles Pires, at Cachoeira de Sete Quedas, 9°30’44’’S 56°49’42’’W, Mato Grosso, 1 Fev 2009, E. Ferreira <i>et al</i>. INPA 35243 (4, 41.6-71.7 mm SL), rio Paranaíta, tributary of rio Teles Pires, 9°30’44’’S 56°49’42’’W, Mato Grosso, 1 Fev 2009, E. Ferreira <i>et al</i>. MZUSP 101752 (1, 96.7 mm SL), rio Iratapuru, tributary of rio Jari, at Cachoeira São Raimundo, 0°33’59’’S 52°34’40’’W, Laranjal do Jari, Amapá, 13 Sep 2008, J. L. O. Birindelli & P. Hollanda-Carvalho.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Leporinus britskii</i> is distinguished from congeners, except <i>L. amblyrhynchus</i>, <i>L. geminis</i>, <i>L. taeniatus</i>, <i>L. taeniofasciatus</i>, <i>L. unitaeniatus</i>, <i>L. vanzoi</i>, by having a dark longitudinal midlateral stripe and dark transversal bars on dorsum. <i>Leporinus britskii</i> is distinguished from <i>L. amblyrhynchus</i> by having four teeth on dentary (<i>vs</i>. three); from <i>L. taeniatus</i> by having 12 circumpeduncular scale series (<i>vs</i>. 16) and 37 to 39 scales on lateral line (<i>vs</i>. 36 to 37); from <i>L. taeniofasciatus</i> by having 12 circumpeduncular scale series (<i>vs</i>. 16); from <i>L. geminis</i>, <i>L. unitaeniatus</i> and <i>L. vanzoi</i> by having three teeth on premaxilla (<i>vs</i>. four), 37 to 39 scales on lateral line (<i>vs</i>. 40 to 43), four or five scale series above lateral line (<i>vs</i>. six), and 12 circumpeduncular scale series (<i>vs</i>. 16).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Morphometric data of holotype and examined specimens presented in Table 1. Relatively small sized when compared to congeners; largest examined specimen 123.5 mm SL. Body elongate, moderately compressed. Dorsal profile distinctly convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril, then gently convex to dorsal-fin origin, straight from dorsal-fin base terminus to adipose-fin origin, and distinctly concave from adiposefin origin to anteriormost dorsal caudal-fin procurrent rays. Ventral profile distinctly convex from lower jaw to posterior insertion of anal-fin rays, and gently concave from this point to origin of lower lobe of caudal-fin. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Head somewhat compressed.</p> <p>Mouth subterminal, gap reaching slightly ventrally to longitudinal through lower margin of orbit, in specimens around 50 mm SL, and to longitudinal through lower margin of infraorbitals, in specimens of 80 mm SL or more. Snout distinctly rounded. Premaxilla with three incisiform teeth gently diminishing in size from symphyseal tooth. Dentary with four incisiform teeth also gradually decreasing in size laterally.</p> <p>rio Tapajós basin rio Jari basin</p> <p>Holotype n Mean Range SD n Mean Range SD</p> <p>Standard length (mm) 88.86 27 91.94 43.4 - 123.46 13 92.52 28.16 - 105.63</p> <p>Percentages in standard length</p> <p>Body depth 22.43 25 21.89 19.22 - 24.32 1.06 12 22.98 21.65 - 24.37 0.92 Body width 12.85 25 13.00 10.46 - 15.18 1.02 12 14.22 13.01 - 15.41 0.70 Head length 24.47 25 24.45 23.34 - 25.67 0.64 12 24.04 22.54 - 24.81 0.66 Head width 13.18 25 13.10 11.47 - 16.61 0.98 12 12.94 12.53 - 14.06 0.45 Predorsal distance 48.99 25 47.60 46.23 - 49.94 0.94 12 47.38 45.34 - 49.44 1.00 Prepelvic distance 51.05 25 50.05 48.53 - 52.74 0.91 12 48.94 47.55 - 50.30 0.76 Preanal distance 79.32 25 78.43 77.12 - 80.05 0.82 12 79.51 78.19 - 80.31 0.73 Caudal peduncle length 11.31 25 12.51 11.03 - 14.05 0.84 12 11.80 10.74 - 13.34 0.90 Caudal peduncle depth 9.22 25 8.94 7.76 - 9.83 0.39 12 9.13 8.75 - 9.64 0.29</p> <p>Percentages in head length</p> <p>Snout length 44.42 25 44.42 41.12 - 47.59 1.76 12 44.90 41.75 - 47.28 1.76 Eye diameter 23.34 25 23.34 20.38 - 27.16 1.60 12 23.63 21.62 - 25.60 1.07 Bony interorbital 31.14 25 31.14 28.23 - 32.72 1.14 12 33.12 30.21 - 35.87 1.55 Dorsal fin ii, 10* (n=36) or 11 (n=1), origin slightly in front of vertical through pelvic-fin origin; fin-base six scales in length, distal margin concave dorsally and convex ventrally. Pectoral fin i,14 (n=6), 15 (n=9), or 16* (n=22), extending through about seven scales from fin base, distal margin convex. Pelvic fin i,8 (n=37), extending through six or seven scales, distal margin convex. Anal fin ii,8 (n=37), anal-fin origin at vertical through third or fourth scale anterior to adipose-fin origin; adpressed fin usually reaching base of lower caudal-fin rays, distal margin straight or slightly convex. Caudal-fin rays i,8,9,i* (n=36), or i,8,8,i (n=1) forked, lobes rounded, upper lobe usually slightly more elongate than lower lobe.</p> <p> Scale immediately dorsal to lateral line and at vertical through dorsal-fin origin with seven to ten posteriorly directed <i>radii</i> (n=3). Lateral line complete with 37 (n=12), 38 (n=20) or 39* (n=5) perforated scales. Four (n=9) or 5* (n=28) longitudinal scales series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line; 4 (n=37) longitudinal series of scales from lateral line to pelvic-fin base; and 4 (n=37) longitudinal scales series from lateral line to anal-fin base. Predorsal scales 10 (n=7), 11 (n=26) or 12* (n=4). Twelve (n=36) horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle (exceptionally 14 in a single specimen).</p> <p> <b>Coloration.</b> Overall ground color tan. Head and body slightly countershaded, gradually darker above midlateral line from mouth to caudal fin. Body with a dark midlateral stripe formed by the fusion of eight to ten dark blotches, with stripe conspicuously formed in most specimens, whereas dark blotches somewhat visible as separate blotches in others. Body with a row of dark blotches or spots below the midlateral stripes in most specimens (dark blotches or spots faded in some specimens larger than 90 mm SL). Body also with 10 to 12 dark transversal bars on dorsum, ventrally extended on two or three scale series, four or five bars between opercle and dorsal-fin origin, two on dorsal-fin base, three or four between dorsal-fin terminus and adipose-fin origin, one between adipose-fin terminus and caudal fin. Midlateral dark stripe extended anteriorly throughout head and snout. Upper lip darkened. Small specimens (up to 40 mm SL) with a distinct dark spot on median portion of caudal-fin base, which fades and disappears in larger specimens.</p> <p>Live coloration (Fig. 2) as described above, except for whitish ventral portion of head and body, and gold reflexes on lateral portion of head and anterior body. Scales on dorsal portion of body distinctly dark on anterior half and silver of posterior half. Pelvic and anteriormost anal-fin rays whitish, adipose fin with a pale red blotch on its center, remaining fins tan.</p> <p> <b>Geographic distribution.</b> <i>Leporinus britskii</i> is known from the rio Teles Pires, which forms the rio Tapajós after its confluence with rio Juruena, and rio Jamanxim, a tributary of the right margin of the lower rio Tapajós, itself a tributary of the right margin of the rio Amazonas, and from the rio Jari, a tributary of the left margin of the rio Amazonas, in Pará, Brazil (Fig. 3).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> In honor of Heraldo Antonio Britski, of the Museu de Zoologia of the Universidade de São Paulo, for his valuable contribution to our knowledge of Neotropical fishes, and especially for his important role in our understanding of <i>Leporinus</i> taxonomy (<i>e.g</i>., Britski, 1976; Britski & Garavello, 1978; Britski & Birindelli, 2008).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Leporinus britskii</i> is known from two independent drainages: Tapajós and Jari. The meristic and morphometric data of the specimens from both basins are completely overlapping. Although the coloration of the specimens from both drainages is very similar, specimens from the Tapajós seem to have the dark midlateral stripe more conspicuously formed, with straight upper and lower margins, and relatively small dark spots below the midlateral stripe, spots approximately as large as a scale (Figs. 1 a-c, 2a); whereas specimens from the Jari have the midlateral stripe usually not completely formed, with irregular margins, and relatively large dark blotches below the midlateral stripe, blotches slightly larger than a scale (Figs. 2 d-f, 3b). In addition, some specimens from the Tapajós have more lateral line scales (39), although the mode of lateral-line scales for specimens from both basins is 38. Since the only differences between specimens from the Tapajós and Jari are small variations in coloration, we prefer to include all specimens herein examined in the same species, restricting the type series to the specimens from the rio Jamanxim. More data, especially those from molecular-based studies, are necessary to investigate if the specimens from the Tapajós and Jari are in fact conspecific.</p> <p> <i>Leporinus britskii</i> shares with <i>L. amae</i>, <i>L. bistriatus</i>, <i>L. garmani</i>, <i>L. guttatus</i>, <i>L. marcgravii</i>, <i>L. microphthalmus</i>, <i>L. octomaculatus</i>, and <i>L. sexstriatus</i> the combination of dental formula 3/4 and 12 circumpeduncular scale series. <i>Leporinus britskii</i> is distinguished from the aforementioned species in having a dark midlateral stripe and dark transversal bars on dorsum. Nevertheless, some specimens of <i>Leporinus britskii</i> from the rio Jari have dark blotches on the side of the body not completely united into a midlateral stripe (Figs. 1 f; 2b), resembling specimens of <i>Leporinus octomaculatus</i>. The latter is diagnosed by having eight large dark blotches on the side of the body, which are never united into a midlateral stripe. In addition, <i>Leporinus britskii</i> is also distinguished from <i>L. octomaculatus</i> by having slightly more lateral-line scales (37 to 39, mode 38, <i>vs</i>. 36 to 38, mode 37), and more scales series along transversal line (four or five above and four below lateral line, <i>vs</i>. four above and three or four below).</p> <p> <b>Comparative material examined.</b> <i>Leporinus amblyrhynchus</i>: MZUSP 14411 (holotype, 131.8 mm SL), rio Tietê, at Fazenda Pau d’Alho, Itu, São Paulo, Dec 1972, U.R.M. de Souza. MZUSP 14412 (8, paratypes, 69.3– 118.1 mm SL), rio Paraná (cofferdam), Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Sep 1985, Expedição do Departamento de Zoologia [=H.A. Britski et al.]. MZUSP 37403 (14, paratypes, 130.6–164.8 mm SL), rio Paranapanema, São Paulo, 2 Apr 1971, Equipe CESP Promissão. MZUSP 7, 102.4– 116.6 mm SL), rio Barra Grande, near its mouth on rio Tibagi, Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, 14 Nov 2004, A. Akama. MZUSP 88636 (6, 98.6–154.9 mm SL), rio Pardo, 21°34’26’’S 46°42’24’’W, Caconde, São Paulo, 23 Sep 2005, I. Fichberg. <i>Leporinus geminis</i>: MZUSP 14422 (holotype, 140 mm SL), rio Tocantins, Marabá, Pará, 18 Oct to 11 Nov 1974, R.S. Rosa. MZUSP 54550 (1, 108.8 mm SL), rio Araguaia, São Francisco do Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Fev 1998, Coleção Rio Araguaia. MZUSP 60407 (1, 128.6 mm SL), rio Araguaia, 15°52’3’’S 51°58’17’’W, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, 6-7 Oct 1997, W. Barrela <i>et al</i>. MZUSP 83806 (1, 116.5 mm SL), rio Palmeiras, 12°15’43’’S 46°53’36’’W, Ponte Alta do Bom Jesus, Tocantins, 17 Nov 2002, C.R. Moreira & J.C. Nolasco. MZUSP 84121 (2, 111.5– 152.1 mm SL), rio Palmeiras, 11°37’’51’’S 46°25’58’’W, Dianópolis, Tocantins, 4 Aug 2002, C.R. Moreira & J.C. Nolasco. <i>Leporinus taeniatus</i>: MZUSP 47459 (3, 65.3–96.0 mm SL), rio Verde, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 23 Jul 1994, Expedição MZUSP / UFSCar/ USNM. MZUSP 54663 (12, 60.3–109.3 mm SL), rio Verde Grande, 16°39’1’’S 43°42’49’’W, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 20 Jul 1993, R.E. Reis <i>et al</i>. MZUSP 73691 (1, 131.1 mm SL), rio Curimataí, at Fazenda Vitória, 18°5’43’’S 44°16’15’’W, Augusto de Lima, Minas Gerais, 16 Aug 2001, C.B.M. Alves & P.S. Pompeu.</p> <p> MZUSP 73784 (1, 76.8 mm SL), rio Curimataí, at Fazenda Vitória, 18°5’43’’S 44°16’15’’W, Augusto de Lima, Minas Gerais, 16 Aug 2001, C.B.M. Alves & P.S. Pompeu. <i>Leporinus taeniofasciatus</i>: MZUSP 51073 (holotype, 98.0 mm SL), rio Maranhão, at Cachoeira do Machadinho, Niquelândia, Goiás, 9 Oct 1995, E.P. Caramaschi <i>et al</i>. MZUSP 51214 (3, paratypes, 100.0– 111.4 mm SL), rio Maranhão, at Porto Alfredinho, Niquelândia, Goiás, 5 Feb 1996, E.P. Caramaschi <i>et al</i>. MZUSP 51216 (2, paratypes, 126.0– 129.7 mm SL), rio Maranhão, near mouth of rio do Peixe, Niquelândia, Goiás, 8 Fev 1996, E.P. Caramaschi <i>et al</i>. <i>Leporinus unitaeniatus</i>: MZUSP 14427 (holotype, 105.5 mm SL), rio Araguaia, 10°35’S 50°34’W, Santa Terezinha, Mato Grosso, Oct 1964, H.A. Britski. MZUSP 14429 (5, paratypes, 70.0–125.0 mm SL), rio Araguaia, 10°35’S 50°34’W, Santa Terezinha, Mato Grosso, Oct 1964, H.A. Britski. MZUSP 14431 (2, paratypes, 92.5–112.5 mm SL), rio Tocantins, at mouth of rio Lajeado, Tocantinópolis, Goiás, J.C. Garavello <i>et al</i>. MZUSP 81679 (1, 131.1 mm SL), rio Tocantins, immediately below UHE Tucuruí, Tucuruí, Pará, 1999-2000, Equipe CPA-Eletronorte. <i>Leporinus vanzoi</i>: MZUSP 21833 (holotype, 66.5 mm SL), rio Tapajós at Cachoeira Lombo de Anta, 4°26’S 56°14’W, Itaituba, Pará, 6 Nov 1970, Expedição Permanente da Amazônia. MZUSP 87254 (8, paratypes, 54.0–66.0 mm SL), rio Tapajós at Cachoeira Lombo de Anta, 4°26’S 56°14’W, Itaituba, Pará, 6 Nov 1970, Expedição Permanente da Amazônia. MZUSP 92712 (2, 77.7– 94.9 mm SL), rio Tapajós at Pimental, 4°34’15’’S 56°15’39’’W, Itaituba, Pará, 11 Nov 2006, J.L. O. Birindelli & L.M. Sousa.</p>Published as part of <i>Feitosa, Francimário Da S., Dos, Geraldo M. & Birindelli, José L. O., 2011, Leporinus britskii: a new anostomid species from the Tapajós and Jari drainages, Brazil (Characiformes: Anostomidae), pp. 55-62 in Zootaxa 3120</i> on pages 56-61, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/279368">10.5281/zenodo.279368</a>
Leporinus torrenticola Birindelli, Teixeira & Britski, 2016, new species
No full textLeporinus torrenticola, new species (Figs. 5–7) Leporinus sp.— Zuanon, 1999: 87, figs. 3.1, 3.12 (diagnosis, morphometric data for ecomorphological analysis, behavior, feeding, picture of live specimen, illustrations of head and teeth; Pará, Altamira, rio Xingu). Holotype. MNRJ 34071, 1, 92.9 mm SL; Brazil: Pará: Altamira: Xingu basin: rio Curuá, tributary of rio Iriri, at Castelo dos Sonhos, 8°19'06"S 55°05'24"W; J. L. O. Birindelli, M. R. Britto & J. Gomes, 30 Sep 2008. Paratypes. Brazil, Pará (Xingu basin). ANSP 201879, 2, 94.4–119.6 mm SL; Altamira: rio Curuá, rio Iriri basin, downstream large waterfalls, 8°43'50"S 54°57'49"W; J. L. Birindelli et al., 20 Oct 2007. — INPA 53126, 2, 101.5– 112.1 mm SL; same data as ANSP 201879. — MZUEL 14500, 2, 95.9–108.1 mm SL; same data as ANSP 201879. — MNRJ 47512, 2, 103.8– 116.9 mm SL; same data as ANSP 201879. — MZUSP 96950, 1, 90.6 mm SL; Altamira: rio 13 de Maio, tributary of rio Curuá, rio Iriri basin, under the bridge of road BR 163, nearby the village of Cachoeira da Serra, 8°38'53"S 55°01'41"W; J. L. Birindelli et al., 20 Oct 2007. — MZUSP 97132, 1, 83.6 mm SL; Altamira: rio 13 de Maio, tributary of rio Curuá, rio Iriri basin, downstream Cachoeira Grande, 8°43'41"S 55°01'38"W; J. L. Birindelli et al., 22 Oct 2007. — MZUSP 97156, 8, 74.7–114.4 mm SL, 1 CS, 93.2 mm SL; Altamira: rio Curuá, rio Iriri basin, village of Castelo dos Sonhos, 8°19'07"S 55°05'23"W; J. L. Birindelli et al., 22 Oct 2007. — MZUSP 96967, 7, 95.7–123.7 mm SL; same data as ANSP 201879. Non-type specimens. Brazil, Pará (Xingu basin). ANSP 193014, 5, 74.2–120.7 mm SL; Altamira: rio Iriri at Cachoeira Grande, 3°50'36"S 52°44'08"W; M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al, 10 Oct 2012. — ANSP 194751, 6, 78.2–140.6 mm SL; Anapu: rio Xingu, 1 km above Cachoeira de Jericoá, 3°21'56"S 51°43'36"W; M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al., 14 Sep 2013. — ANSP 194809, 5, 59.0– 71.1 mm SL; Altamira: rio Xingu, 14 km above mouth of rio Iriri, 3°56'21"S 52°34'44"W; M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al., 10 Sep 2013. — ANSP 194410, 1, 126.9 mm SL; Altamira: rio Xingu, 3°16'41"S 52°02'18"W; M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al., 18 Sep 2013. — ANSP 196916, 1, 35.6 mm SL; Altamira: rio Iriri, c. 14.5 km W-SW of confluence with rio Xingu, 3°51'19"S 52°43'43.5"W; M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al.— ANSP 197380, 1, 95.5 mm SL; Altamira: rio Iriri at Cachoeira Grande, c. 15 km upstream from confluence of rio Xingu, 3°50'32.3"S 52°44'3.9"W; M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al.— INPA 9505, 1, 104.1 mm SL; Altamira: rio Xingu at Cachoeira do Cotovelo, 3°12'43"S 52°12'12"W; M. Jégu, 14 Oct 1992. — INPA 13191, 3, 86.6–96.4 mm SL; Altamira: rio Xingu at Costa Júnior, 3°29'28"S 52°19'07"W; J. A. Zuanon, 22 Sep 1997. — INPA 31011, 7, 76.9– 92.2 mm SL; Altamira: rio Xingu at Cachoeira do Espelho, 3°39'05"S 52°22'43"W; H. López-Fernandez et al., 24 Aug 2008. — INPA 38041, 2, 61.7–76.5 mm SL; same data as ANSP 193014. — INPA 40077, 1, 84.5 mm SL; Altamira: rio Xingu, 14 km above mouth of rio Iriri, 3°56'21"S 52°34'44"W; M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al., 10 Sep 2013. — INPA 40082, 2, 63.5–104.1 mm SL; same data as ANSP 194809. — INPA 40204, 8, 76.0– 104.1 mm SL; same data as ANPS 194751. — INPA 40417, 1, 87.5 mm SL; same data as ANSP 194410. — INPA 47122, 1, 73.8 mm SL; Altamira: rio Bacajaí, tributary of the right margin of rio Xingu at Volta Grande; M. H. Sabaj et al., 11 Sep 2014. — LIA 1119, 1, 64.7 mm SL; São Felix do Xingu: Xadai, upstream from São Felix do Xingu; L. M. Sousa et al., 20 Sep 2014. — LIA 1258, 3, 58.2–77.6 mm SL; São Felix do Xingu: Xadai, upstream from São Felix do Xingu, 6°52'15"S 52°02'35"W; L. M. Sousa et al., 23 Sep 2014. — MZUEL 14129, 2, 75.9–84.2 mm SL; same data as INPA 40204. – MZUSP 29180, 1, 48.0 mm SL; Belo Monte: Igarapé do Aturiá, tributary of rio Xingu, 3°07'00"S 51°42'00"W; M. Goulding, 28 Sept 1983. — MZUSP 29181, 1, 58.9 mm SL; same data of MZUSP 29180. — MZUSP 29183, 33, 45.8–111.8 mm SL; Belo Monte: Igarapé do Santo Antônio, tributary of rio Xingu, 3°07'00"S 51°42'00"W; M. Goulding, 27 Oct 1983. — MZUSP 110624, 1 SK, 120.0 mm SL; Altamira: rio Xingu, above Cachoeira Jericoá, 3°21'53"S 51°43'57"W; J. L. O. Birindelli et al., 11 Nov 2011.— MZUSP 111281, 1, 86.2 mm SL; Altamira: rio Iriri at Cachoeira Grande, 3°50'37"S 52°44'02"W; O. T. Oyakawa et al., 16 Nov 2011. – MZUSP 111976, 1, 70.3 mm SL; Altamira: rio Iriri at Cachoeira Grande, 3°50'37"S 52°44'02"W; H. Varella, 22 Oct 2011 Diagnosis. Leporinus torrenticola is distinguished from all other anostomids except Hypomasticus julii, H. megalepis, H. pachycheilus, Leporinus gomesi, L. granti, L. multimaculatus, L. nijsseni, and L. santosi by having one dark blotch on midline of anterior portion of the flank (between opercle and pelvic-fin origin) surrounded by five to seven dark blotches (vs. anterior portion of flank with dark longitudinal stripes, or with dark transversal bars, or with dark blotches not forming the aforementioned pattern). Leporinus torrenticola is distinguished from Hypomasticus julii, H. pachycheilus, Leporinus gomesi, L. granti, L. nijsseni, and L. santosi, by having three teeth on premaxilla (vs. four), and subinferior mouth (vs. inferior in Hypomasticus julii and H. pachycheilus, and terminal in Leporinus gomesi, L. granti, L. nijsseni, and L. santosi); and from H. megalepis by having 37 to 40 scales in the lateral line (vs. 33 to 35), and from L. multimaculatus by having 16 scale rows around caudal peduncle (vs. 12). See discussion for additional notes on species diagnosis. Description. Morphometric data in Table 2. Body small, relative to congeners. Largest examined specimen 123.2 mm SL. Head and body elongate and moderately compressed. Dorsal profile convex from snout tip to vertical through anterior nostril, gently convex from latter point to supraoccipital spine, gently convex or straight from that point to dorsal-fin origin, straight along dorsal-fin base, approximately straight from dorsal-fin terminus to adipose fin, and slightly or distinctly concave from adipose fin to anteriormost dorsal caudal-fin procurrent ray. Ventral profile slightly concave or relatively straight from tip of lower jaw to vertical through pectoral-fin origin, convex from that point to pelvic-fin origin, straight or slightly concave from latter point to anal-fin origin, straight along anal-fin base, and concave from anal-fin terminus to anteriormost ventral caudal-fin procurrent ray. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Mouth subinferior, its cleft longitudinally aligned with ventral margin of eye in specimens around 70 mm SL, and with ventral margin of infraorbital series in specimens 80 mm SL or larger. Snout rounded. Premaxillary bone with 3* (51) incisiform teeth gently decreasing in size from symphyseal tooth laterally (Fig. 7). Dentary bone with 4* (46) or 5 (1) incisiform teeth also gently decreasing in size laterally. Teeth with two or more rudimentary cusps in specimens of around 60 mm SL or less, cusps more developed in lateralmost teeth. Scales cycloid, with 9 to 20 (3) radii reaching posterior margin. Lateral line complete with 37 (7), 38 (20), 39* (23) or 40 (2) perforated scales, extending from supracleithrum to base of median caudal fin rays. Horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 4 (2) or 5* (50). Horizontal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 4* (29) or 4.5 (16). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 15 (1) or 16* (51). Predorsal scales from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin 11* (20), 12 (8) or 13 (1). Dorsal-fin rays ii,10* (30); its origin slightly anterior to vertical through pelvic-fin insertion and anterior to middle of standard length; distal margin convex or straight. Adipose fin small, teardrop shaped, its origin through vertical base of fourth or fifth anal-fin ray. Pectoral-fin rays i,13 (1), i,14 (9), i,15* (19) or i,16 (1); tip of fin extending from half to two-thirds distance between of pectoral and pelvic-fin insertions; distal margin straight or convex. Pelvic-fin rays i,8* (30); origin at vertical through base of second to fourth dorsal-fin branched ray; distal margin rounded or straight. Anal-fin rays ii,8* (36); origin slightly posterior to half the distance between pelvic-fin origin and ventralmost caudal-fin procurrent ray; adpressed fin almost reaching anteriormost caudal-fin procurrent rays. Distal margin of anal fin convex in most specimens, with anterior branched ray slightly less than twice last branched ray, or straight in some specimens. Principal caudal-fin rays i,9,8,i* (36); caudal fin forked, lobes rounded, upper lobe slightly longer than lower lobe. Supraneurals 5 (1). Vertebrae 37 (1), with ribs present on vertebrae 5 to 24 (1). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to neural spine of vertebra 10 (1). First analfin pterygiophore inserted posterior to haemal spine of vertebra 25 (1). Color in alcohol. Ground color of head and body beige or light brown and countershaded (Fig. 5). Posterior tip of upper lip conspicuously dark. Snout with two dark brown stripes, one from nape to eye passing dorsally to posterior nostril, one from posterior tip of upper lip to eye; stripes present in specimens of all sizes, although inconspicuous in larger specimens. Upper half of opercle with two dark blotches, one at middle portion, the other at upper portion; blotches present in specimens of all sizes, although inconspicuous in some specimens. Dorsal portion of head with one dark brown transversal band at interorbital region and another on supraoccipital in all examined specimens irrespective of size, although inconspicuous in some specimens. Body scales with dark brown chromatophores concentrated on distal margin, resulting in overall reticulated pattern in specimens of all sizes; and with concentration of chromatophores on upper and lower portion of each body scale forming inconspicuous longitudinal lines in few specimens. In specimens of approximately 50 mm SL, body with eight to eleven dark brown transversal bars on dorsum, and several rounded blotches on flank, including one dark blotch on midline of anterior portion of the flank (between opercle and pelvic-fin origin) surrounded by five to seven dark blotches, one large blotch below dorsal fin, another above anal-fin origin, and a smaller at caudal peduncle. In specimens of 60 mm SL or more, body with ten to fourteen dark transversal bands on dorsum, and many rounded dark blotches on flank, including one dark blotch on midline of anterior portion of the flank (between opercle and pelvic-fin origin) surrounded by five to seven dark blotches, and three large midlateral ones below dorsal fin, above anal-fin origin and at caudal peduncle. Blotches on body varying in number from fifteen to approximately thirty; blotches also varying in shape from slightly elongate to rounded. Blotches formed exclusively by dermal pigmentation, except for three large midlateral blotches formed both by dermal and epidermal pigmentation. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal and caudal fins completely hyaline or with darkened rays in some specimens of 60 mm SL or larger. Caudal fin usually with uppermost and lowermost principal rays darkened. Adipose fin with base and distal margin darkened. Color in life. Coloration in life similar to coloration in alcohol, except for head and body generally more countershaded and silvery; pectoral and pelvic fins yellowish to orange; anteriormost rays of dorsal, anal and caudal fins distinctly orange in some specimens; adipose fin reddish in some specimens, exposed posterior portion of body scales on dorsoanterior portion of flank in some specimens or of entire flank in others silvery (Fig. 6). Head and body completely dusky olive with clear spots on center of each flank scales in some large specimens. Geographical distribution. Leporinus torrenticola is known only from the rapids of the middle rio Xingu and its main tributaries, the rio Iriri and rio Curuá, Pará state, Brazil (Fig. 4). Etymology. From the Latin torrens meaning rushing waters, and incola meaning inhabitant, in reference of the preference of Leporinus torrenticola for fast flowing waters. An adjective. Habitat and ecological notes. Our observations in the field corroborate Zuanon (1999), who states that Leporinus torrenticola preferably inhabits the moderate to fast flowing waters of the rapids of the rio Xingu and rio Iriri, where it is usually collected alongside specimens of Hypomasticus julii. Zuanon (1999) provided a beautiful study on the behavior and diet of this species, considering it omnivorous, feeding mainly on aquatic insects, filamentous algae and Podostemaceae. Conservation status. Leporinus torrenticola is apparently endemic to the rapids of the rio Xingu and its main tributaries, occupying a relatively restricted area at northern Brazil. Part of the rapids of the rio Xingu was recently modified by the construction of Belo Monte, one of the largest hydroelectric dams in the world. The impacts of the Belo Monte to the populations of Leporinus torrenticola still need to be determined, even though it is expected to be severe due to species preference for rapids. Similarly, the distribution of this species is not quite well understood, and the species may occur in other portions of the rio Xingu and rio Iriri further away from the city of Altamira, where only few collections were made. More data on the distribution of the species and on how the Belo Monte dam is impacting the populations of the species are necessary to estimate the current conservation status of L. torrenticola. Therefore, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2014), Leporinus torrenticola is better classified as Data Deficient (DD). Remarks. The examined specimens of Leporinus torrenticola show great variation in the shape of the dorsal, pelvic, and anal fin, as well as in the thickness of the pectoral, pelvic and caudal fin rays and coloration of head, body and fins. Some specimens have dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins with distal margin distinctly concave (instead of rounded), pectoral, pelvic and caudal fins thickened, and head, body and fins generally darkened (Fig. 8). In those specimens, the anal fin is distinctly concave, with anterior branched rays approximately three times longer than last branched anal-fin ray. The dark brown blotches on these specimens are also arranged slightly different with the center of the midline blotch of the anterior portion of flank slightly ventral to the lateral line (instead of centered on the lateral line). However, these variations apparently occur irrespective of size, as there are specimens of similar sizes collected sintopically (e.g., INPA 31011, 87.5 and 92.7 mm SL) that show fins shaped differently, bearing fin rays of distinct thickness, and body colored distinctly. These variations apparently are not related to sexual dimorphism, since there are both mature males (MZUSP 96967, 115.8 mm SL) and females (MZUSP 96967, 125.0 mm SL) with convex fins. The significance of this variation is yet to be determined. Due to these differences in the examined material of L. torrenticola, the type specimens were all selected among those collected in the rio Curuá, a tributary of the rio Iriri, itself a tributary of the rio Xingu, a geographical subset of the entire distribution of the species. All specimens collected in the rio Curuá are similar to each other (Figs. 5, 6) and none have the aforementioned variations in anal fin shape and coloration (Fig. 8).Published as part of Birindelli, José L. O., Teixeira, Tulio F. & Britski, Heraldo A., 2016, Two new species of Leporinus Agassiz, 1929 (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from tributaries of the lower Amazon basin in Brazil, pp. 97-115 in Zootaxa 4178 (1) on pages 106-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/26171
Direzione e forme organizzative dell'internazionalizzazione delle banche italiane: un'analisi panel
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