127,175 research outputs found
Medetera nuwarensis Naglis & Bickel, 2012, sp. nov.
No full textMedetera nuwarensis sp. nov. (Figs. 4 A, B) Type material examined. HOLOTYPE: SRI LANKA. 3: “ Sri Lanka N. E. Dist. Nuwara Eliya blacklight trap 26-27.IX. 1975 ”; “collected by D.M. Davies, S. Karunaratne, D.W. Balasooriya” (USNM). PARATYPE: SRI LANKA. 1 Ƥ: Bad. Dist. Kande-ela Reservoir, 6200 ft., 1–5.x. 1970, O.S. Flint Jr. (USNM). Description. Male. Length (holotype): Body 2.4 mm, wing 2.7 mm. Head: Face and clypeus dark metallic blueviolet with little grey pruinosity; frons dark metallic green with dense grey pruinosity; palpus and proboscis dark brown; scape and pedicel yellow, first flagellomere black; lower postoculars white. Thorax: Dorsum dark metallic bronze-green with dusting of grayish-brown pruinosity; all thoracic setae black; 5 strong dc, and some hair-like anterior setae; ac strong and long, posteriormost ac as long as anteriormost dc; 2 strong scutellars and 2 lateral setae two-thirds length of medians; pleura dark metallic bronze-green, proepisternum with 2 strong setae below. Legs: Entirely black, tip of femora pale; all setae black, except as noted. Fore leg: bare of major setae; relative podomere ratios: 49 / 50 / 28 / 10 / 17 / 8 / 5. Mid leg: coxa with 3 strong anterolateral setae; femur with av row of setae, length nearly subequal to diameter of femur; tibia with strong ad/pd setal pair at 1 / 4, and 1 apicoventral seta; relative podomere ratios: 56 / 60 / 42 / 19 / 16 / 8 / 5. Hind leg: coxa with strong lateral seta; femur with anterior and av row of strong setae; tibia lacking major setae, with black pv apical tooth-like projection (MSSC); basitarsus with small basal tubercle opposite of tibial tooth (MSSC); relative podomere ratios: 64 / 87 / 19 / 42 / 23 / 14 / 9. Wing: Membrane slightly darkened; veins black; R 4 + 5 slightly arching posteriad distally, R 4 + 5 and M converging and becoming subparallel before wing margin; CuAx ratio: 0.6; RMx ratio: 4.8; lower calypter yellowish-brown with fan of yellowish setae; halter yellowish with dark brown stem. Abdomen: Dark metallic green; setae black Male genitalia (Figs. 4 A, B): hypandrium with rounded apex, with narrow lobe on either side; epandrial seta absent; epandrial lobes well separated each bearing strong curved seta; surstylus trifurcate, dorsal lobe narrow and acute, with apical and subapical seta, ventral lobe rounded, with blade-like subapical and 3 normal setae; cercus elongate, with strong, hornlike apical projection and 2 blade-like and 1 normal setae ventrally; aedeagus with dorsal bifurcate process projecting laterad of cercus (= “bottle-brush-like” aedeagal projection sensu Bickel (1985)). Female: Similar to male, but tibiae yellowish-brown, wings less darkened. Etymology. The species is named after the type locality. Remarks. Medtera nuwarensis probably represents a new species-group. It is similar to M. kinabaluensis Bickel, 1987 from Malaysia, the single species of the signaticornis-pinicola species-group in the Oriental Region. Both species can be separated by the characters given below. The species bears a long, narrow, apically bifurcate dorsal projection, the “bottle-brush-like” aedeagal projection according to Bickel (1985, 1987), but in M. nuwarensis the apex of this projection is not hairy as in other species of this group. Moreover, M. nuwarensis has a narrow lobe on either side of the hypandrium, a unique character within the Oriental species. 1 Body length more than 3 mm; lower calypter with pale setae; cercus distally bulbous; hypandrium with pointed apex, without lateral lobes; aedeagus without dorsal process projecting near base of cercus (see Bickel 1987, figs. 19 a, b)................................................................................................... kinabaluensis Bickel - Body length less than 3 mm; lower calypter with dark setae; cercus distally tapering; hypandrium with rounded apex, with lateral lobes on either side; aedeagus with long, narrow, bifurcate dorsal process projecting near base of cercus (Figs. 4 A, B)....................................................................................... nuwarensis sp. nov.Published as part of Naglis, Stefan & Bickel, Daniel J., 2012, Medetera (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) of Sri Lanka, pp. 55-63 in Zootaxa 3188 on pages 59-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21056
Systenus divericatus Bickel, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Systenus divericatus</i> Bickel sp. nov. <p>(Figs 3 a, b)</p> <p> <b>Type material</b>. <b>HOLOTYPE</b> ♂, COSTA RICA: <b>Guanacaste</b>: 3 km SE Rio Naranjo, 21—28.II.1992, F.D. Parker (LACM, ex. EMUS; LACM Ent 320000).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. <b>Male</b>: body length: 2.3 mm; wing 2.2 x 0.8 mm (Fig. 3 a); similar to <i>S. tenorio</i> except as noted: <i>Head</i>: palpus yellow with short black setae and strong apical seta; proboscis yellowish; antenna mostly dark brown but postpedicel yellowish laterally near base; postpedicel elongate, triangular tapering gradually, covered with short pubescence, more than 3 times as long as basal width, and with short apical arista. <i>Legs</i>: CI yellow; CII and CIII mostly dark brown, but distal eighth yellow; all trochanters yellow; femora mostly yellow but distal quarter of FIII infuscated; remainder of legs mostly yellow; TIII and tarsomeres III mostly with white cuticle (MSSC): CI and CII with white anterior setae and shorter vestiture, CIII with strong while lateral seta at ½; major leg setae black; I: 3.1; 3.0; 1.6/ 0.6/ 0.4/ 0.3/ 0.2; leg I bare of major setation; TI and tarsus I only covered with ivory colored vestiture (MSSC); II: 3.6; 3.8; 2.0/ 1.3/distal tarsomeres missing; TII with strong ad seta and weaker pd seta at ¼, and short anterior, long ad and short pd seta near 2/3, and with apical ring of ad, pd, av and ventral seta; III: 3.8; 4.6; 0.8/ 1.8/ 1.0/ 0.7/ 0.5; TIII with 4 spaced short black dorsal setae, and with apical ring of dorsal, ad and av seta. <i>Wing</i>: hyaline; R2+3 and R4+5 diverging from base, R2+3 joining costa near 7/8, and R4+5 joining costa almost at wing apex; vein M diverging from R4+5 from base, and not becoming subparallel, but with M continuing to diverge to join costa well behind wing apex, and with distal outward bend causing small bump on posterior wing margin (MSSC); costa between apex of R4+5 and M almost straight (MSSC); CuAx ratio: 0.7; lower calypter pale yellow with yellowish marginal setae; halter yellow. <i>Abdomen</i>: segment 7 forming elongate peduncle, with sternite 7 glabrous and tergite 7 covered with same black vestiture as preabdomen; sternite 8 forming cap-like cover over hypopygial foramen; hypopygium (Fig. 3 b) dark brown with yellow surstylus and cercus; epandrium ventroapically truncated; surstylus as elongate digitiform projection which is apically swollen, and bearing apical seta; cercus elongate and flagellate, and bearing elongate pale setae along length. <b>Female</b>: unknown.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. <i>Systenus divericatus</i> is known from a single male taken at the Rio Naranjo site, Costa Rica in February. It has the diagnostic male character with veins R4+5 diverging distally with vein M and apically bent (MSSC), a black tapering postpedicel, and coxa I and remainder of legs mostly yellow except femur III infuscated along the distal quarter. Like many Costa Rican <i>Systenus</i> species, tibia and tarsus I have ivory colored vestiture. <b>Etymology</b>. The specific epithet “ <i>divericatus ”</i> is Latin and refers to the diverging veins R4+5 and M.</p>Published as part of <i>Bickel, Daniel J., 2015, The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus, pp. 169-182 in Zootaxa 4020 (1)</i> on pages 176-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4020.1.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/237970">http://zenodo.org/record/237970</a>
Systenus eboritibia Bickel, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Systenus eboritibia</i> Bickel sp. nov. <p>(Figs 4 a, b)</p> <p> <b>Type material</b>. <b>HOLOTYPE</b> ♂, COSTA RICA: <b>Guanacaste</b>: 3 km SE Rio Naranjo, 1—10.VIII.1992, F.D. Parker (LACM, ex. EMUS). (LACM Ent 300002).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. <b>Male</b>: body length: 2.8 mm; wing 2.7 x 0.8 mm (Fig. 4 a). <i>Head</i>: head almost circular in anterior view; postcranium dorsally concave; single row of short postorbitals, white with only dorsal setae black, and dorsalmost pair behind ocellar triangle strong; frons, face, dark metallic green with thick brownish pruinosity; clypeus dark blue-green; strong vertical and ocellar setae present; eyes distinctly separated across face; ventral eye facets slightly larger than dorsal facets; palpus yellow with short black setae and strong apical seta; proboscis dark brown, projecting anteriorly, keel-like; antenna dark brown; scape and pedicel short; postpedicel elongate, triangular tapering gradually, covered with short pubescence, about 3 times as long as basal width, and with short apical arista. <i>Thorax</i>: dorsum dark metallic green with bronze reflections and grey pruinosity; pleura green with dense grey pruinosity; posterior third of mesonotum distinctly flattened; thoracic setae black except where noted; 12 pairs of ac with posterior pair bordering mesonotal depression larger and offset laterally; 6 strong dc, decreasing in size anteriorly. <i>Legs</i>: coxae mostly dark brown, but distal eighth pale yellow; all trochanters pale yellow; femora mostly dark brown basally but distal quarter of FI and distal eighth of FII and FIII yellow; tibiae and basitarsus I and III with white cuticle with short ivory colored (not black) vestiture (MSSC); TII pale yellow with brownish vestiture; CI and CII with white anterior setae and shorter vestiture, CIII with strong white lateral seta at ½; major leg setae black; I: 3.5; 3.4;.7/ 0.8/ 0.4/ 0.2/ 0.3; leg I bare of major setation; II: 3.9; 4.2; 2.2/ 1.4/ 0.9/ 0.7/ 0.5; TII with strong ad seta and weaker pd seta at ¼, and strong ad seta and small pd seta at 2/3, and with apical ring of ad, pd, av and ventral seta; III: 4.0; 5.2; 1.0/ 1.6/ 1.0/ 0.6/ 0.5; TIII covered with ivory colored short vestiture (MSSC) and with 4 almost evenly spaced black dorsal setae, and with apical ring of dorsal, ad and av seta. <i>Wing</i>: hyaline; R2+3 and R4+5 diverging, R2+3 joining costa near 7/8, and R4+5 joining costa subapically; veins M and R4+5 diverging in basal portion of wing with two veins slightly bowed half way between dm-cu crossvein and apex and running subparallel to apex, M joining costa just behind wing apex; anal vein and anal cell present; CuAx ratio: 0.7; lower calypter pale yellow with yellowish marginal setae; halter yellow. <i>Abdomen</i>: black with metallic bronze-green reflections and with dusting of grey pruinosity; posterior margin of tergite 1 with posterior row of long black setae, tergites otherwise covered with short black vestiture; sternites 2–6 membranous or only weakly sclerotised, somewhat recessed; sternite 7 glabrous (to be withdrawn between sternites 5 and 6 at rest) and tergite 7 covered with same black vestiture as preabdomen; hypopygium (Fig. 4 b) dark brown with yellow surstylus and cercus; ventral epandrium prolonged and curved; surstylus basally lobate with some lateral setae and with curved apical dorsal projection (hidden between cerci in Fig. 4 b); cercus elongate, digitiform and slightly expanded distally, and covered with short yellow setae. <b>Female</b>: unknown.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. <i>Systenus eboritibia</i> is known from a single male taken at the Rio Naranjo site, Costa Rica. It has the diagnostic male characters of a black tapering postpedicel, coxae and femora to femoral knees dark brown, both tibia I and tibia III and basitarsus I and III have white cuticle with short ivory colored (not black) vestiture, and the cercus distally expanded and extending well beyond the surstylus.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The specific epithet “ <i>eboritibia</i> ” is from the Latin, <i>eboris,</i> meaning ivory, and refers to the ivory colored male tibia III.</p>Published as part of <i>Bickel, Daniel J., 2015, The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus, pp. 169-182 in Zootaxa 4020 (1)</i> on pages 178-179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4020.1.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/237970">http://zenodo.org/record/237970</a>
Systenus maculipennis Bickel, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Systenus maculipennis</i> Bickel sp. nov. <p>(Figs 1 e, f)</p> <p> <b>Type material</b>. <b>HOLOTYPE</b> ♂, COSTA RICA: <b>Guanacaste</b>: 3 km SE Rio Naranjo, 18-28.IV.1993, F.D. Parker (LACM, ex. EMUS; LACM Ent 329996); <b>PARATYPE</b> ♂, same but 22-24.VII.1992 (LACM Ent 329997).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. <b>Male</b>: body length: 2.8 mm; wing 2.7 x 0.9 mm (Fig. 1 e); similar to <i>S. tenorio</i> except as noted: <i>Head</i>: palpus yellow with short black setae and strong apical seta; proboscis yellowish; scape and pedicel yellowish, postpedicel mostly yellow on basal third, but brown distally; postpedicel subrectangular basally and abruptly narrowed to elongate tapering point in distal half, and covered with short pubescence, with antenna overall about 3 ½ times as long as basal width; short apical arista present. <i>Legs</i>: CI entirely yellow; CII and CIII dark brown basally, but distal eighth pale yellow; all trochanters and remainder of legs yellow; CI and CII with white anterior setae and shorter vestiture, CIII with strong while lateral seta at ½; major leg setae black; I: 4.0; 3.7; 1.7/ 0.9/0.7/0.4/0.3; leg I bare of major setae; TI with mostly ivory colored (not usual black) short vestiture (MSSC); II: 4.1; 4.6; 2.3/ 1.7/ 1.0/ 0.6/ 0.4; TII with strong ad seta and weaker basally offset pd seta at ¼, and without any setae near 2/3, and with apical ring of ad, pd, av and ventral seta; III: 4.7; 5.7; 1.0/ 2.2/; 1.2/ 0.8/ 0.4; TIII with row of 5 black dorsal setae from 1/5 to 4/5, and with apical ring of dorsal, ad and av seta. <i>Wing</i>: hyaline but with apical brown maculation, and with wing modified so that membrane is reduced posteriad of distal vein M, so that M forms posterior margin adjacent to the brown maculation (MSSC) (Fig. 1 e); vein M diverging from R4+5 with two veins subparallel beyond dm-cu crossvein and not at all bowed (MSSC); M joining costa just behind wing apex; CuAx ratio: 1.1; lower calypter pale yellow with yellowish marginal setae; halter yellow. <i>Abdomen</i>: black with metallic bronze-green reflections and with dusting of grey pruinosity; posterior margin of tergite 1 with posterior row of long black setae, tergites otherwise covered with short black vestiture; sternites 2-6 membranous or only weakly sclerotised, somewhat recessed; hypopygium (Fig. 1 f) dark brown with yellow surstylus and cercus; epandrium ventrodistally extended and up curved, and bearing long ventral seta; surstylus basally wide and expanded distally, with group of ventral setae, and narrowed to curved digitiform projection; cercus with wide base, and extending distally as swollen digitiform projection covered with short yellow setae. <b>Female</b>: unknown.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. <i>Systenus maculipennis</i> is known from two males taken at the Rio Naranjo site, Costa Rica, in the months of April and July. The wing apex of males is brown, and the posterior membrane is reduced near the apex, so that vein M itself forms the posterior margin adjacent to the brown maculation (MSSC) (Fig. 1 e). This modification has affected the CuAx ratio which is near 1.1, whereas in most <i>Systenus</i> species the ratio is near 0.6. As well, the male postpedicel has the basal subrectangular section mostly yellow while the tapering distal half is dark brown. This species also has ivory colored vestiture on tibia I.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The specific epithet “ <i>maculipennis</i> ” is Latin, and refers to the brown spot on the male wing.</p>Published as part of <i>Bickel, Daniel J., 2015, The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus, pp. 169-182 in Zootaxa 4020 (1)</i> on page 174, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4020.1.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/237970">http://zenodo.org/record/237970</a>
Systenus tenorio Bickel, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Systenus tenorio</i> Bickel sp. nov. <p>(Figs 1 a, b)</p> <p> <b>Type material</b>. <b>HOLOTYPE</b> ♂, COSTA RICA: <b>Guanacaste</b>: 3 km SE Rio Naranjo, 3—8.V.1992, F.D. Parker (LACM, ex. EMUS; LACM Ent 329994).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. <b>Male</b>: body length: 2.5 mm; wing 2.4 x 0.7 mm (Fig. 1 a). <i>Head</i>: head almost circular in anterior view; postcranium dorsally concave; single row of postorbitals, black dorsally, and white ventrally, with dorsalmost pair behind ocellar triangle strong; frons, face, dark metallic green with thick brownish pruinosity; strong vertical and ocellar setae present; eyes distinctly separated across face; ventral eye facets slightly larger than dorsal facets; palpus brown with short black setae and strong apical seta; proboscis dark brown; antenna dark brown; scape and pedicel short; postpedicel triangular and tapering gradually, more than twice as long as basal width, covered with short pubescence, and with short subapical arista. <i>Thorax</i>: dorsum dark metallic green with bronze reflections over ac band, and covered with grey pruinosity; pleura including metepimeron green with dense grey pruinosity; posterior third of mesonotum distinctly flattened; thoracic setae black except where noted; some 12 pairs of ac with posterior pair bordering mesonotal depression larger and offset laterally; 6 strong dc, decreasing in size anteriorly. <i>Legs</i>: CI brown basally but pale yellow on distal half; CII and CIII mostly dark brown but distal third pale yellow; all trochanters pale yellow; FI and FII mostly dark brown but with distal quarter yellow; FIII basally yellow and distal two-thirds to quarter brown to apex; TI and It tarsus ivory-colored; TII and IIt yellow, but distal tarsomeres infuscated; TIII brown but yellowish basally; IIIt mostly brown; CI and CII with white anterior setae and shorter vestiture, CIII with strong brown lateral seta at ½; major leg setae black; I: 3.1; 3.0; 1.3/ 0.7/ 0.6/ 0.3/ 0.2; leg I bare of major setation; TI and tarsus I covered with short white (not black) vestiture (MSSC); II: 3.4; 3.8; 2.0/ 1.1/ 0.8/ 0.5/ 0.4; TII with strong ad seta and weaker pd seta at ¼, ad seta at 2/3, with apical ring of ad, av and pv seta; III: 3.8; 4.7; 0.9/ 1.5/ 0.9/ 0.5/ 0.4; TIII with 5 evenly spaced black dorsal setae from 1/5 to 4/5, and with apical ring of dorsal, ad and av seta. <i>Wing</i>: hyaline; R2+3 and R4+5 diverging, R2+3 joining costa near 7/8, and R4+5 joining subapically; vein M diverging from R4+5 with two veins very slightly bowed half way between dm-cu crossvein and apex, and with M joining costa just behind wing apex; CuAx ratio: 0.5; lower calypter pale yellow with yellowish marginal setae; halter yellow. <i>Abdomen</i>: metallic bronze-green and with dusting of grey pruinosity; posterior margin of tergite 1 with posterior row of long black setae, tergites otherwise covered with short black vestiture; segment 7 forming elongate peduncle; hypopygium (Fig. 1 b) dark brown with yellow surstylus and cercus; hypandrium as large hood over epandrium with basally projecting extensions and bearing lateral row of 3 setae; phallus hooked and enclosed by hypandrium; short epandrial lobes present, with strong apical and weaker seta arising midlength; surstylus not solidly fused to epandrium, but with line of weakness at base; in lateral view, surstylus subrectangular and distally forked with two elongate digitiform projections separated by broad U-shaped excavation, and each projection bearing apical setae, and with curved digitiform medio-dorsal digitiform projection with short apical seta; cercus elongate and digitiform, with yellow setae. <b>Female</b>: unknown.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. <i>Systenus tenorio</i> is known from a single male taken at the Rio Naranjo site, Costa Rica, in May. It has the diagnostic male character of black tapering postpedicel (similar to <i>S. eboritibia</i>), femora I and II brown basally but yellow distally, whereas femur III is yellow in the basal third and brown distally. Tibia and basitarsus I are ivory colored with white vestiture.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The specific epithet “ <i>tenorio</i> ” is the name of the nearby Vulcan Tenorio, and should be considered as a noun in apposition.</p>Published as part of <i>Bickel, Daniel J., 2015, The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus, pp. 169-182 in Zootaxa 4020 (1)</i> on pages 171-172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4020.1.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/237970">http://zenodo.org/record/237970</a>
Systenus parkeri Bickel, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Systenus parkeri</i> Bickel sp. nov. <p>(Figs 4 c, d, e)</p> <p> <b>Type material</b>. <b>HOLOTYPE</b> ♂, COSTA RICA: <b>Guanacaste:</b> 3 km SE Rio Naranjo, 20.XI.1991, F.D. Parker (LACM Ent 320003). <b>PARATYPE</b> ♂, same but 22–25.I.1993 (LACM, ex. EMUS). (LACM Ent 320004).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. <b>Male</b>: body length: 3.2 mm; wing 3.0 x 0.1.0 mm (Fig. 4 c); similar to <i>S. tenorio</i> except as noted: <i>Head</i>: proboscis yellow, projecting anteriorly, keel-like; antennal scape, pedicel and basal half of postpedicel yellow and distal tapering half of postpedicel dark brown; scape and pedicel short; postpedicel subrectangular basally and abruptly narrowed to elongate tapering point in distal half, and covered with short pubescence, with antenna overall about 3 times as long as basal width; short apical arista present. <i>Legs</i>: CI yellow; CII and CIII mostly dark brown, all trochanters, and remainder of legs yellow; CI and CII with white anterior setae and shorter vestiture, CIII with strong white lateral seta at ½; major leg setae black; I: 4.5; 4.0; 2.0/ 1.4/ 1.0/ 0.4/ 0.4; leg I bare of major setation; tibia I yellow with brownish short vestiture; II: 4.3; 4.7; 2.7/ 1.7/ 1.2/ 0.8/ 0.6; TII with strong ad seta and weaker pd seta at ¼, and strong ad seta and small pd seta at 2/3, and with apical ring of ad, pd, av and ventral seta; III: 4.0; 5.2; 1.0/ 1.6/ 1.0/ 0.6/ 0.5; TIII with ad-pd setal pair near 1/8, without white vestiture, and with 4 black dorsal setae, and with apical ring of dorsal, ad and av seta. <i>Wing</i>: CuAx ratio: 0.9. <i>Abdomen</i>: tergites 1–4 mostly metallic bronze-green with dusting of grey pruinosity, and tergites 3–4 with anterior margin metallic black; tergites 5–7 mostly dark metallic green; posterior margin of tergite 1 with posterior row of long black setae, tergites otherwise covered with short black vestiture; segment 7 forming elongate peduncle, with sternite 7 glabrous and tergite 7 covered with short black vestiture; sternite 8 dark brown forming cap-like cover over hypopygial foramen on left side of epandrium; hypopygium (Figs 4 d, e) dark brown with yellow surstylus and cercus; epandrium short and subrectangular; epandrial lobe with long and short apical seta; surstylus basally expanded with numerous pale setae and tapering to curved subrectangular apex; cercus relatively short, subrectangular, broad basally and narrowed to wide recurved apex, and with short yellow hairs. <b>Female</b>: unknown.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. <i>Systenus parkeri</i> is known from two males taken at the Rio Naranjo site, Costa Rica, collected in November and January. It has the diagnostic male characters of the postpedicel basally subrectangular and yellow basally and abruptly narrowed to elongate dark brown tapering point in distal half, legs mostly yellow, tibia I yellow, not white, and cercus short, wide and subrectangular.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. This species is named in honor of Frank Parker, emeritus Utah State University, who collected extensively in Latin America and provided most of the specimens used in this study.</p>Published as part of <i>Bickel, Daniel J., 2015, The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus, pp. 169-182 in Zootaxa 4020 (1)</i> on pages 179-180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4020.1.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/237970">http://zenodo.org/record/237970</a>
Phrudoneura collessi Bickel, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Phrudoneura collessi</i> Bickel, sp. nov. <p>(Figs 1 b, 2, 4b)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> AUSTRALIA: <b>Western Australia</b>: <b>HOLOTYPE</b>: 3, Millstream, 7.IV.1971, at light, D.H. Colless; <b>PARATYPES</b>: 3, Millstream, 25.X.1970; 3, Ƥ, Crossing Pool, Millstream, 21.X.1970, at light, D.H. Colless; 2 3, Millstream-Chichester NP, McKenzie Spring, 21°20' 18"S, 117°12'38"E, Malaise trap over spring, rocky ravine, 299 m, 7–12.V.2003, Lambkin, Yeates & Recsei (all ANIC).</p> <p> <b>Additional material</b>. AUSTRALIA: <b>New South Wales</b>: 3 3, Ƥ, Brunswick Heads, VIII.1963, Haverstein (ANIC). <b>Queensland:</b> 3, Bundaberg, 25.V.1972, Frauca; 2 3, Baldwin Swamp Faunal Res., nr. Bundaberg, 10.X.1972, Frauca; 3, Ingham, 9.VIII.1969, Harley; 3, Big Mitchell Ck, Mareeba-Molloy Rd, 4.V.1967, Colless; Ƥ, 7–14 miles W of Herberton, via Watsonville, 1.V.1967, Colless (all ANIC); 2 3, 5 miles W of Ravenshoe, 6.XII.1962, Ross & Cavagnaro (CAS); Ƥ, Gatton, 9–16.IX.1981, yellow pan trap, in potato crop (QDPI); Ƥ, Woodgate NP, Hoppy Larks Ck & Burrum River, 3.XII.1992, yellow pans nr mangroves, Bickel (AMS); <b>Western Australia</b>: 3, Ƥ, Karijini Natl Park: Weano Gorge Rd: 22°21'16"S 118°15'11"E, Lambkin & Weir, Malaise over running creek above Hancock Gorge, 699 m, 15–20.V.2003 (ANIC 2130).</p> <p> <b>Description. Male:</b> length: 2.1 mm; wing: 2.3 mm x 0.9 mm.</p> <p> <i>Head</i>: head almost circular in anterior view, but slightly wider than high; dorsal postcranium flat, and slightly concave dorsally; vertex and frons dark brown and covered with grey pruinosity; postorbitals mostly pale yellow, but dorsalmost three postorbitals black; pair converging postvertical setae, positioned mediad of postorbital row; pair strong vertical and pair strong diverging ocellar setae present; male eyes distinctly separated by face and clypeus; eye facets more or less uniform; face-clypeus brown and covered with grey pruinosity, and with distal margin of clypeus yellowish; palp yellow with short black setae and distinct apical seta; proboscis brownish; antenna mostly brown, but variously with yellowish coloration on mediodistal margin of scape, and medioventral surface of pedicel and first flagellomere; scape dorsally bare; first flagellomere enlarged subtriangular, and covered in microtrichia; arista arising dorsobasally on first flagellomere, with short hairs, and about as long as head height.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i>: dorsum and pleura mostly dark brown and covered with grey pruinosity; metepimeron yellow ventrally (above CIII), becoming brown dorsally; posterior slope of mesonotum not depressed; ac biseriate, with 8– 9 regular pairs; 5 dc present, slightly decreasing in size anteriorly; field of short setae present anterior slope of thorax; 1 pa, 2 sa (with anterior sa much shorter than posterior sa), 2 sr, 2 npl, 1 hm, 1 pm present; median scutellar seta strong, lateral present as weak pale seta, about one-fifth size of median; proepisternum with short black seta dorsally (usually not visible since covered by head, and with stronger black ventral seta above join with CI.</p> <p> <i>Legs</i>: CII brown laterally but yellow on anterior surface; CI and CIII and reminder of legs mostly yellow, but FIII with dark brown apical “knee”, and distal tarsomeres infuscated; vestiture black; CI with short anterior setae and 3 longer distal setae; CII with short anterior setae and with two setae along distolateral ridge, with basal seta at 1/3 and stronger seta near ½; CIII with strong lateral seta near 1/3, and trochanter III with short lateral seta; I: 2.7/ 2.4/ 1.3; 0.6; 0.5; 0.4; 0.4; FI with short av and pv seta at 5/6, and with short subapical posterior seta; TI with ad-pd setal pair at 1/3, with ad seta stronger than pd seta, and with short ad setal serration from 1/3 to apex; II: 3.5/ 3.8/ 1.7; 1.0; 0.9; 0.5; 0.4; FII with strong anterior subapical seta, and with shorter av and pv seta at 7/8; TII with short ad-pd setal pair at 1/5, very strong ad-pd setal pairs at ¼ and ½, ventral seta at 3/8, and with subapical corona of long pd, dorsal ad av, and pv seta; tarsomeres IIt1-4 each with ring of short apical setae; III: 3.5; 4.6; 1.0/ 1.5/ 1.0/ 0.7/ 0.4; FIII with strong anterior subapical seta, and with shorter av seta at 5/6; TIII with 4 strong ad-pd setal pairs at 1/5, 2/5, 2/3, and subapically, and with strong ventral seta at ½ and shorter ventral at ¾, and with long apical av and pv setae; IIIt1 with some short ventral hairs (MSSC); IIIt2 distinctly longer than IIIt1.</p> <p> <i>Wing</i>: membrane hyaline; R2+3 ends in anterior margin at 5/6; R4+5 ends just anterior to apex; R4+5 and M diverging slightly from base; M ends in membrane halfway between dm-cu crossvein and wing apex (MSSC); anal angle weak; CuAx ratio near 0.6; lower calypter yellow with fan of brown setae; halter yellow.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i>: terga 1 and 2 mostly yellowish, sometimes with dorsal infuscation; terga 2–5 mostly dark brown with yellow posterior margin; sterna 1–5 yellow; tergum 6 narrow, hoodlike; segment 7 with longer tergum and shorter sternum; sternum 8 ovate with distinctive inverted V-shaped internal carina at base, and covering left basal hypopygial foramen; hypopygium (Fig. 1 b) mostly dark brown with pale yellow cercus; epandrium subcircular; hypandrium forming short hood over elongate curved phallus; ventral distal margin of epandrium with 3 pedunculate setae (= epandrial lobe setae) on raised ledge; surstylus short, bearing various setae and modified pinnate seta; subepandrial sclerite subrectangular, with row of dorsal setae; cercus subtriangular and highly setose.</p> <p> <b>Female.</b> Similar to male except as noted: face and clypeus more widely separated; vein M reaching wing margin just behind apex, and without flexion or <i>bosse alaire</i>; oviscapt divided into two hemitergites, each with crest of four spine-like setae.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Phrudoneura collessi</i> has a rather unusual distribution, which is across northern Australia, but apparently south of the monsoonal belt (Fig. 2). It it is found in the Cairns district rainforests where it is possibly sympatric with <i>P. abbreviata</i>, then down along the Queensland coast to northernmost New South Wales, and with a strange disjunction in two locations along the Fortescue River drainage in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. This latter region, especially the Millstream type locality, appears to be a refugium and supports a richer and more unusual fauna than might be expected in such an arid region (this will be discussed further in a paper, in prep., on the Pilbara Dolichopodidae).</p> <p> <i>Phrudoneura collessi</i> is probably the sister taxon of the more tropical <i>P. abbreviata</i>, as both share distinct yellow postorbital setae and similar hypopygia.</p>Published as part of <i>Bickel, Daniel J., 2013, Phrudoneura (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Australia and Melanesia in Zootaxa 3680 (1)</i>, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3680.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/218308">http://zenodo.org/record/218308</a>
Nominalization and focus constructions in some Kiranti languages
No full textIt is well-known that in many if not most Sino-Tibetan languages relative clause and attribute/genitive markers are identical with nominalization devices and that sentences bearing such markers can also function as independent utterances (cf. Matisoff 1972, Kölver 1977, DeLancey 1989, Genetti 1992, Ebert 1994, Bickel 1995, Noonan 1997, etc.). This morphological convergence of syntactic functions, which we may dub the ‘Standard Sino-Tibetan Nominalization’ (SSTN) pattern, is particularly prominent in some languages spoken in the eastern and southeastern part of the Kirant because these languages not only feature prenominal relative clauses, but also allow, albeit as a minor type, internally headed constructions
Micromorphus caudatus Bickel 2022, new status
No full text<i>Micromorphus caudatus</i> (Aldrich), new status <p>(Figs 1a–b; 2a–c)</p> <p> <i>Achalcus caudatus</i> Aldrich, 1902: 93.</p> <p> <i>Micromorphus panamensis</i> Van Duzee, 1931: 180, <b>syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Micromorphus albipes</i> (Zetterstedt), 1843: 454 (<i>Hydrophorus</i>), authors, nec. Zetterstedt.</p> <p> <b>Type material</b>. <i>Achalcus caudatus</i> Aldrich was described from males and females collected on Grenada, West Indies (USNM, examined). Robinson (1967) referred the species to <i>Micromorphus</i>, and later (Robinson 1975) placed the species in synonymy with <i>M. albipes</i> (Zetterstedt). Van Duzee described <i>Micromorphus panamensis</i> based on a single male from the Panama Canal Zone (AMNH, examined), and Robinson (1967) also placed that species in synonymy with <i>M. albipes</i>.</p> <p> <b>Additional material.</b> BELIZE: ♂, Cayo, 19.i.1991, S. Marshall (DEBU). COSTA RICA: <b>Alajuela</b>: 6 ♂, 4 ♀, 20 km S Upala, 8.xi.1990, 20.xi.1990, 10–13.ix.1990, 1–10.iv.1991, R. Hanson (LACM). <b>Cartago:</b> 6 ♂, 5 ♀, Turrialba, Tres Equis, P.N. Barbilla: Sendero Las Quebradas, 9.974291 -83.44966, 370 m, 15.x.2002; 9.9742917 -83.4496636, 200–300 m, 25.xi.2000; E. Rojas. <b>Guanacaste:</b> 4 ♂, 5 ♀, SE Rio Naranjo, iii, vii–ix.1991, R. Hanson (LACM); 10 ♂, 8 ♀, 14 km S Cañas, i-iii, viii, x, xi, xii.1990, R. Hanson (LACM); 2 ♂, 3 ♀, La Tabraga, SW Cañas, ii–iii.1990, R. Hanson (LACM); 3 ♂, 4 ♀, P.N. Santa Rosa, Playa Naranjo, mangroves, 10.781949 -85.667386, 0–5 m, 11–12.xi.1995, yellow pan trap, D. Bickel (AMS); 3 ♂, P.N. Santa Rosa, Rio Poza Salada, 12.xi.1995, yellow pans, D. Bickel (AMS); 27 ♂, 30 ♀, Nicoya, Estro Jabilla, 8–12.xii.2002, mangroves, 5 m, Malaise trap, Y. Cardenas (AMS). <b>Heredia:</b> 2 ♂, Z.P. La Selva, 27–30.i.1989, D. Grimaldi (AMNH). <b>Limon:</b> 2 ♂, ♀, 4 km NE of Bribri, 50 m, 16.ii.1999, S. Marshall (DEBU). <b>Puntarenas:</b> 2 ♂, ♀, P.N. Corcovado, Est. Sirena, 0–100 m, 6–12.iv.1995 (IN- BIO); 2 ♂, P.N. Corcovado, Est. Quebrada Ceniza. 200 m, 14.iii–5.iv.2003, K. Caballero (INBIO); 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Golfito Jiménez, P.N. Corcovado, Est Sirena, Playa Sirena, 8.4801714 -83.5912892, 1–100 m, 6–12.iv.1995, A. Picado; 3 ♂ ♀, P.N. Corcovado, Est. Sirena, La Leona, Cerro Puma, -83.5912892, 100–300 m, 6.ix–6.x-2003, Malaise trap, K. Cabillero; ♂, Rio Termo, 90 m, 13.v.1995, M. Zumbado (INBIO). <b>San José:</b> 5 ♂, 7 ♀, Escazus, various dates, i–vii.1998, R. Hanson, (LACM); 3 ♂, Pedregoso, no date (USNM); ♂, San José ‚ vii (USNM); San José ‚ 1100–1200 m, vii.1980 (AMNH); 2 ♂, 3 ♀, Zurqui de Moravia, 1600 m, v.1996, S. Marshall (DEBU). <b>San Mateo:</b> 3 ♂, 2 ♀, Higuito, no date, F. Schild (USNM). DOMINICA: See records in Robinson, 1975 (USNM). GUATEMALA: 3 ♂, Guatemala City, 5.i.1979, G.E. Bohart (LACM). MONTSERRAT: See records in Runyon, 2020. PANAMA: 5 ♂, 3 ♀, Canal Zone, iv.1923, x.1925, R. C. Shannon (USNM). SAINT VINCENT & GRENADINES: 2 ♂, 3 ♀, <b>Leeward I.</b>, 1907, H.H. Smith (USNM). TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: <b>Trinidad</b> <b>:</b> 3 ♂, Charlottesville, 19.i.1981, G.E. Bohart; ♂, Tunapuna-Piarco. Asa Wright Nature Centre, 19.i.1981, G.E. Bohart (LACM).</p> <p> <b>Redescription. Male</b>. Length: 1.4 mm; wing: 1.3 x 0.5 mm (Fig. 2a).</p> <p> <i>Head.</i> Head ovate, higher than wide; dorsal postcranium dark brown and flattened; frons and face dark brown with grey pruinosity; row of short brown postocular setae present, with two dorsalmost setae longer; pair of short converging postvertical setae posteriad of ocellar triangle; strong vertical seta and pair of strong diverging ocellar setae present; frons narrowing ventrally; face as wide as base of antennae; eye facets uniform; palp brown with apical seta; proboscis brownish; antenna dark brown; scape and pedicel subequal in length, with only short brownish vestiture; postpedicel short, triangular and apically pointed; arista-like stylus dorsal in slight depression, and slightly longer than head height..</p> <p> <i>Thorax.</i> Mostly dark brown, with grey pruinosity on pleura and on posterior mesonotal slope; scutellum with brown base and yellowish margin but sometimes obscured; posterior mesonotum distinctly flattened; setae brown; ac absent; 5 strong dc present, 1 pa, 2 sa, 1 sr, 2 npl, 1 hm, 1 pm present; median scutellar setae strong, laterals absent; lower proepisternum with whitish seta.</p> <p> <i>Legs.</i> CI yellow, CII and CIII brown basally but yellow distally; trochanters and legs mostly yellow, but femora II and III slightly infuscated; CI and CII with short brownish anterior setae; CIII with dark brown lateral seta near ½; legs with short brown vestiture; I: 1.5; 1.6; 0.8/ 0.4/ 0.3/ 0.2/ 0.2; leg I bare of major setae; II: 2.0; 2.0; 1.0/ 0.6/ 0.4/ 0.2/ 0.2; FII with strong anterior preapical seta; TII with strong ad seta at 1/3, and weaker pd at ¼, and subapical circlet of short dorsal, ad, av, and pv setae; III: 2.2; 2.4; 0.5/ 0.6/ 0.4/ 0.3/ 0.2; FIII with strong anterior preapical seta; TIII with ad seta at ¼, 4–5 short dorsal setae along length, and subapical circlet of short dorsal, ad, av and pv setae.</p> <p> <i>Wing.</i> Membrane hyaline, vein R 2+3 ending in costa near 5/6; vein M without flexion (<i>bosse alaire</i>) distad of juncture with crossvein dm-m; R 4+5 and M subparallel; vein M joining margin slightly posteriad of wing apex; CuAx ratio: 0.2; anal angle weak; lower calypter yellow with fan of brown setae; halter pale yellow.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen.</i> Tergites and sternites dark brown, tergites 1–6 covered with brown vestiture, with some longer setae near tergite margins; tergites 1–4 with lateral abdominal plaques; segment 7 bare of setae and prolonged, acting as arm-like peduncle to protract genitalic capsule (Fig 1b), and retract under segment 6; sternite 8 subtriangular, with setae distally, with distinct median dorsoventral sclerotized band (Figs 1b, 2b), and forming cap over left basolateral hypopygial foramen; hypopygium (Figs 1a, b, 2b) mostly dark brown epandrium subrectangular; hypandrium forming flat elongate cover over phallus and apically curved ventrally; phallus projecting beyond hypandrium and curved ventrally; epandrium with four pedunculate setae along ventral margin as figured (arrows on Figs 1a, b); epandrial lobe digitiform with two medially projecting tooth-like setae; ventral surstylar arm subrectangular; dorsal surstylar arm with apical toothlike seta (see arrow, Figs 1a, b); cercus lobate and decumbent, with basal group of projecting pedunculated setae.</p> <p> <b>Female</b> (Fig. 2c). Similar to male except as noted: face and clypeus wider; tergite 9+10 divided into two acanthophorites, each bearing 4 pointed spines or dornen; cercus subrectangular.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Micromorphus caudatus</i> as listed above is known from the West Indies and Central America. In Costa Rica, the species is known from elevations ranging from coastal lowlands to 1600 m.</p> <p> I have not seen specimens of <i>Micromorphus caudatus</i> from the U.S.A. and records by Robinson (1964) as “ <i>Micromorphus albipes</i> ” from the states of Florida, South Carolina and Maryland need confirmation. Robinson noted that the specimens from Florida show numerous hairs on the tip of the hypopygium. Later, regarding specimens from Dominica, Robinson (1975) stated “ <i>Some variation is recognized in the present concept of the species … Examination of the genitalia has been very difficult because of the minute size of the parts.”</i> As noted above, great diagnostic detail is present in <i>Micromorphus</i> hypopygia, but is only visible once the male postabdomen is cleared and examined microscopically.</p>Published as part of <i>Bickel, Daniel J., 2022, Notes on the genus Micromorphus Mik (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) and the uncertain identity of its type species, M. albipes (Zetterstedt), pp. 437-444 in Zootaxa 5125 (4)</i> on pages 439-442, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.4.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6450979">http://zenodo.org/record/6450979</a>
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