275 research outputs found
“Non canis, sed homo”: Menschenwürde und Ehre in der Naturrechtslehre Samuel Pufendorfs
No full textThe aim of the author, in this essay, is to analyze the concept of hu¬man dignity and its difference from that of honour in Samuel Pufendorf’s Natural Law theory.
Human dignity is - according to this philosopher - the moral basis of sociality as the fundamental proposition of his Natural Law. More precisely, the concept of dignitas individui is based on the comparison between man and animal. And what distinguishes the former from the latter within this comparison is the disposition of man to be ethically hound, i.e. to do one’s own duly ori condition of reciprocity. Moreover, from the subjective point of view human dignity is characterized by the feeling of self-esteem.
On the contrary Pufendorf defines the honour as a moral entity, and more exactly as the “moral quantity” (quantitas moralis), through which individuals are compared and valued in social life
Problem of expressing meaning in the prose of Vanda Juknaitė
No full textStraipsnyje bandoma išryškinti Vandos Juknaitės siekį savo proza formuoti atsvarą griaunančios, neigiančios jėgos kupinai šiuolaikinei lietuvių literatūrai. Pagrindinis šios autorės kūriniuose besiveriantis klausimas – kas gali padėti gniuždantį tuštumos jausmą išgyvenančiam žmogui, už ko jis gali laikytis, kai šis tuštumos jausmas atsigręžia prieš jį patį savo destruktyvia jėga? Straipsniu taip pat bandoma nusakyti pagrindines Juknaitės prozos kategorijas – žmogaus ryšį su kitu žmogumi, dialogą ir šias kategorijas apimančią kalbą, jos kaitą, tikrovės ir fikcijos santykį. Svarbi ir autorės intencija, tikrovės fragmentą paverčianti grožine literatūra Reikšminiai žodžiai: Dialogas; Egzistencija; Intencija; Kalba; Kalbos ribos; Tikrovė ir fikcija; Dialogue; Dialoque; Existence; Intention; Language; Limits of language; Reality and fictionThe article seeks to highlight the striving of Vanda Juknaitės prose fiction to shape a counterbalance to modern Lithuanian literature which is full of destructive and negating power. The most significant questions posed in the works of the author are the following: who can help a person experiencing an excruciating feeling of emptiness? What can he or she hold on to, when this feeling of emptiness hits with all its destructive force? Also, the article attempts to outline the main prose categories of Vanda Juknaitė, i.e. the relation of a human with another human being, the dialogue and the language, which embraces those categories; constant quests for a new language, the relationship between reality and fiction. Great attention is paid to the most recent works of Vanda Juknaitė that are based on the reality of life, which, thanks to the intentions of the author, turn into fictio
Csehszlovák-magyar állambiztonsági kapcsolatok 1948 és 1951 között
No full textAmong the countries of the Communist Bloc in East Central Europe formed after World War II, Hungary and Czechoslovakia were the last to sign the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance. Therefore, it is no surprise that the state security organizations of the two countries were also relatively late to start cooperating, only doing so in 1948, while already having close relationship with the political police forces of the other countries of the bloc. The relations of the Hungarian Államvédelmi Hatóság and the Czechoslovak Státní bezpečnost were especially interesting in this earliest, barely researched period: besides the effective, proper collegial relationship, sources also report on a much less friendly, rather strained cooperation. The former presented itself in the official visits and the correspondence regarding operative tasks, while the latter primarily appeared in the case of the “American spy” Noel Haviland Field, during the shared investigative work searching for the “internal enemy.” This study presents the fluctuating, often quite strained relationship of the two state security organizations, starting from the first contact until the meeting regarding operative techniques in Budapest in 1951, mostly based on Czech and Slovak sources. Examining these documents does not only grant insight into the nature of the relationship of these two organizations: the Czechoslovak reports also show how the Státní bezpečnost perceived their Hungarian colleagues and the Hungarian organization during this early period
Variációk egy témára: a csehszlovák állambiztonság korai fejlődése a magyar állambiztonsággal összehasonlításban : [absztrakt]
No full textThe case of the 'Slovak bourgeois nationalists' and its Hungarian ties
No full textThe interest of the Czechoslovak state security services (Státní bezpečnost, StB) in the Slovak politicians and diplomats accused with ‘bourgeois nationalism’ can be considered the first step towards the Slánský-trial, since it was the first stage of the hunt after the ‘Czechoslovak Rajk’. The investigation after these men quickly interweaved with the forthcoming case of the then Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vladimír Clementis. It was promising to the StB to create Czechoslovakia’s own Rajk-trial with these people, however, due to the regional nature of the case, they soon abandoned this concept, because as it seemed, they caught a bigger fish. Thus, the concept of the ‘Slovak bourgeois nationalists’ were prepared only after the Slánský-trial, and the case was tried only as a follow-up trial in 1954. In this study, whilst showcasing this case, I also point out the Hungarian aspects of it, which prove well that the Hungarian Rajk-trial played an enormous role – although, mostly as pressure on the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Kommunistická strana Československa, KSČ) and ont he StB – in the ‘unmasking the enemies within the party apparatus’. In order to do so, this research is based on both Czechoslovak and Hungarian sources, although, in different degrees as one will see, since the Hungarian sources are way less than the Czechoslovak ones. Still, it is important to note that one can not summarize the case of the ‘Slovak bourgeois nationalists’ without discussing the threads leading to Hungary
The Comparative Examination of the Road to the Differing Current Perceptions of László Rajk and Rudolf Slánský
No full textJména László Rajka a Rudolfa Slánského jsou nepochybně spjata s historickým odkazem stalinských politických procesů v Maďarsku a Československu, jejichž cílem bylo odhalit „nepřátele uvnitř strany“. Rajk jako ministr vnitra a Slánský jako generální tajemník KSČ sehráli významnou roli při budování socialistického systému ve svých zemích. Jejich kariéry, procesy a osudy se od sebe liší jen nepatrně. Rajkovo znovupohřbení v roce 1956 a aktivní zapojení jeho syna do opozičního hnutí v 80. letech však způsobily, že jeho veřejné vnímání bylo poměrně komplexní. Tyto faktory vyvolaly v souvislosti s ním jakousi sympatii k oběti, která přehlížela jeho kariéru v komunistické straně. To je v ostrém kontrastu s vnímáním Slánského, k jehož osobě se nikdy nepřistupovalo se sympatiemi. Ve své studii zkoumám cestu k tomuto komplexnímu obrazu obou politiků na základě sekundární literatury, archivních pramenů a novinářských zdrojů. Pomocí komparativního historického a mezinárodního přístupu k prozkoumání podobností a rozdílů mezi Rajkovým a Slánského životem, politickou kariérou, pádem a následky jejich procesů studie nejen popisuje rozdíly a podobnosti mezi těmito dvěma muži, ale také odhaluje, jak se jejich současné vnímání formovalo v průběhu let.The names of László Rajk and Rudolf Slánský are undoubtedly intertwined with the historical legacy of Hungary’s and Czechoslovakia’s Stalinist political trials, which aimed to unveil the “enemies within the party.” Rajk, as the Minister of Interior, and Slánský, as the general secretary of the KSČ, played a robust role in establishing the socialist system in their countries. Their careers, trials, and fate only slightly differ from each other. However, Rajk’s reburial in 1956 and his son’s active involvement in the opposition movement during the 1980s made his public perception quite complex. These factors generated a sort of sympathetic victimhood around him, disregarding his career within the communist party. This stays in sharp opposition to the perception of Slánský, whose character was never looked at sympathetically. In my study, I examine the road to this complex image of the two politicians based on secondary literature, archival and journalistic sources. Using a comparative historical and cross-national approach to explore the similarities and differences between Rajk’s and Slánský’s life, political career, demise, and the aftermath of their trials, the study not only depicts the distinctions and resemblances between the two men, but also reveals how their current perceptions took shape throughout the years
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