101,904 research outputs found
I percorsi nascosti. Il tracciato alta velocità Bologna-Firenze
No full textStoria naturale e storia degli insediamenti integrate in unità territoriali organich
Composition and Workability of Plastic Fractions Recovered from Commingled Waste Discarded by a Composting Plant
No full textThis paper deals with the recovery of plastic fractions from waste discarded by an industrial composting plant that processes the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Polymeric fractions (PE, PP and PET) were sorted from this discarded waste using a NIR separator. The polymeric fractions were then washed to remove residual contaminants and characterized with the aim of assessing their composition. A process of pelletizing and injection molding suitable for producing specimens made of 100% of these recovered materials was set up. The tensile strength and stiffness, as well as the microstructure of the recycled plastics, were investigated. The mechanical features of samples fully made of recycled PE and PP were like those characteristic of virgin polymers. Samples made of PET did not show completely satisfactory properties, as they displayed rather poor elastic modulus and ductility
Designing a 3D printable polypropylene-based material from after use recycled disposable masks
No full textDifferent percentages of talc were added to polypropylene deriving from pristine surgical masks in a small scale extrusion equipment to confer specific rheological and thermal properties to the resulting materials. This is not a fully satisfactory solution, thus the quantity of masks has been partially replaced by a first-use polypropylene copolymer. Two selected formulations with 35 and 50 wt.% of material deriving from pristine masks and 30 wt.% of talc have been identified as suitable for the 3D printing process.
Finally, the formulations were scaled up with a lab twin-screw extruder and by recycling sanitized after use masks to be as close as possible to field recycling conditions. The extruded pellets were processed to produce printing filament and finally validated as extrusion material for 3D printing. 3D printed tensile specimens were characterized for the mechanical properties and observed for their microstructure even comparing them with a commercial 3D printable material. For the first time is verified that a 3D printable extrusion material recycled from the disposable face masks can be obtained and shows comparable stiffness and strength to a commercial one
Structure-type classification and flexibility-based detection of earthquake-induced damage in full-scale RC buildings
No full textDetecting early damage in civil structures is highly desirable. In the area of vibration-based damage detection, modal flexibility (MF)-based methods have proven to be promising tools for promptly identifying changes in the global structural behavior. Many of these methods have been developed for specific types of structures, giving rise to different approaches and damage-sensitive features (DSFs). Although structural type classification is an important part of the damage detection process, this part of the process has received little attention in most literature and often relies on the use of a-priori engineering knowledge. Moreover, in general, experimental validations are only performed on small-scale laboratory structures with controlled artificial damage (e.g., imposed stiffness reductions). This paper proposes data-driven criteria for structure-type classification usable in the framework of MF-based damage identification methods to select the most appropriate algorithms and DSFs for detecting and localizing structural anomalies. This paper also tests the applicability of the proposed classification criteria and the damage identification methods on full-scale reinforced concrete (RC) structures that have experienced earthquake-induced damage. The considered structures are a seven-story RC wall building and a five-story RC frame building, which were both tested on the large-scale University of California, San Diego-Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (UCSD-NEES) shaking table
An FDD-based modal parameter-less proportional flexibility-resembling matrix for response-only damage detection
No full textModal flexibility-based methods are effective tools for vibration-based structural damage detection, including in the output-only case. These methods are typically characterized by two stages: first, the modal parameters are identified, thus obtaining a certain number of modes; second, these modal parameters are used to assemble the modal flexibility matrix. This paper proposes a method for estimating a matrix that approximates a proportional flexibility matrix, termed proportional flexibility-resembling (PFR) matrix, and shows that this matrix can be used for damage detection and localization purposes. This matrix is obtained through signal processing operations to be executed after applying the first steps of the frequency-domain decomposition (FDD) technique-i.e., after the singular value decomposition of the spectral density matrix. The defining aspect of the PFR matrix is that, differently from the traditional formulation of modal flexibility and proportional flexibility matrices, it can be assembled without the need of an explicit identification of the modal parameters. In fact, the matrix is estimated by processing all first singular vectors and also all first singular values in a selected frequency range. In the proposed method, the typical two stage approach of traditional modal flexibility methods is avoided, and the intervention of an operator is limited to setting the values of a few parameters in the initial phase of the process. Numerical simulations and experimental data from a testbed structure were used to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, and the analyses were performed by considering structures with different damage scenarios and damping properties
Proportional flexibility-based damage detection for buildings in unknown mass scenarios: The case of severely truncated modal spaces
No full textModal flexibility-based methods are recognized in the literature as effective methods for detecting damage in structures using vibration measurements. However, the application of such methods with output-only data (as is the case of civil structures tested under ambient excitations) is challenging, because the mass normalization factors required for assembling the modal flexibility matrix cannot be estimated directly from the data. To address this issue, a method for output-only damage detection and localization in building structures that can be applied with minimal or no a-priori information about the structural masses has been proposed in a previous work by the authors. In the method, to estimate the mass distribution and to assemble the proportional flexibility matrices, the modal orthogonality relationships that involve the mode shapes and the structural masses are used to form a system of equations, and through that system of equations, an inverse problem is solved for the estimation of the mass distribution. Reducing the number of available modes, however, reduces the number of available equations, while the number of unknowns (i.e., the number of degrees of freedom) stay the same; hence, the approach cannot be applied when the modal space is severely truncated. This paper proposes a technique for estimating the mass distribution and assembling proportional flexibility matrices from output-only vibration data that overcomes the mentioned limitations and that can be applied for any number of identified modes, including the case in which the modal space is severely truncated. The proposed technique is then integrated into the above-mentioned method for output-only damage detection in building structures, to verify the applicability of the whole procedure when considering the case of severely truncated modal spaces. Numerical simulations and experimental vibration tests were used to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the approaches proposed in this paper
An FDD-based modal parameter-less proportional flexibility-resembling matrix for response-only damage detection
No full textModal flexibility-based methods are effective tools for vibration-based structural damage detection, including in the output-only case. These methods are typically characterized by two stages: first, the modal parameters are identified, thus obtaining a certain number of modes; second, these modal parameters are used to assemble the modal flexibility matrix. This paper proposes a method for estimating a matrix that approximates a proportional flexibility matrix, termed proportional flexibility-resembling (PFR) matrix, and shows that this matrix can be used for damage detection and localization purposes. This matrix is obtained through signal processing operations to be executed after applying the first steps of the frequency-domain decomposition (FDD) technique—i.e., after the singular value decomposition of the spectral density matrix. The defining aspect of the PFR matrix is that, differently from the traditional formulation of modal flexibility and proportional flexibility matrices, it can be assembled without the need of an explicit identification of the modal parameters. In fact, the matrix is estimated by processing all first singular vectors and also all first singular values in a selected frequency range. In the proposed method, the typical two stage approach of traditional modal flexibility methods is avoided, and the intervention of an operator is limited to setting the values of a few parameters in the initial phase of the process. Numerical simulations and experimental data from a testbed structure were used to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, and the analyses were performed by considering structures with different damage scenarios and damping properties
Autorità a Qumran
No full textAutorità a Qumran: gestita da una parte dal maestro di giustizia, dall'altra dalla comunità stessaAuthority at Qumran: managed on the one hand by the master of justice, on the other by the community itsel
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