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Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America
No full textBerghe, Eric Den (2020): Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America. Zootaxa 4895 (2): 272-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.
FIGURE 1 in Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America
No full textFIGURE 1: Giant butterfly-moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) from Honduras and Nicaragua. A. Ƌ, Telchin cacica procera (Boisduval, [1875]), Morazán, Honduras (UNAH, Honduras); B. Ƌ, Telchin atymnius drucei (Schaus, 1911), Honduras (Streck- er Collection, FMNH, Chicago, USA); C. ♀, Telchin atymnius futilis (Walker, 1856), Atlántida, Honduras (CURLA, Honduras); D. Ƌ, Telchin evalthe viryi (Boisduval, [1875]), Honduras (Strecker Collection, FMNH, Chicago, USA); E. Ƌ, Telchin diva diva (Butler, 1870), Carazo, Nicaragua (MEL, Nicaragua); F. Ƌ, Telchin licus microsticta (Rothschild, 1919), Atlántida, Honduras (CURLA); G. Ƌ, (Type), Athis inca inca Walker, 1854, Honduras (NHMUK, London); H. Ƌ, Athis clitarcha (Westwood, 1877), Atlántida, Honduras (CURLA); I. ♀, Prometheus zagraea salvina (Westwood, 1877), Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua (EVDB). Scale: 10 mm.Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on page 276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/432255
Telchin atymnius subsp. drucei
No full textTelchin atymnius drucei (Schaus, 1911) (Fig. 1B) Castnia drucei Schaus, 1911 [Costa Rica] Castnia humboldti f. rufolimba Strand, 1913 [Costa Rica] Castniomera drucei, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 23. A curious ssp., very variable and similar to T. a. humboldti (Boisduval, [1875]), but tend to be smaller (González & Salazar 2003, González et al. 2010). A thorough morphological and/or molecular study could eventually provide a definitive taxonomic status of this subspecies (González & Domagała 2019). This ssp. is frequently found in Costa Rica, but specimens are known from Panama and Northwestern South America (González & Domagała 2019). Even though this is the first specimen of the ssp. we have seen collected north of Costa Rica, it is not necessarily surprising. However, without other specimens from that country and from Nicaragua, we could think that the specimen could have been mislabeled. Material examined: HONDURAS: 1 Ƌ, C. saluja, 954, Staudinger 1894. Castnia humboldti var. rufolimba, Strand, Strecker coll. 25598, FMNH-INS 0000 041 4 71 (FMNH)Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on page 274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/432255
Prometheus zagraea subsp. salvina
No full textPrometheus zagraea salvina (Westwood, 1877) (Fig 1I) Castnia salvina Westwood, 1877:190-191, lam. 32, fig. 1 [Panama] Gazera carilla Schaus, 1911: 192-193. [Costa Rica] Castnia (Doubledaya) columbina panamensis Talbot, 1929:70-71. [Panama] Zegara zagraea salvina (Westwood); Lamas, 1995:85. [Lamas (1995) considers carilla (Schaus) a synonym of zagraea salvina (Westwood)] Zegara carilla, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 24. Zegara columbina, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 24. Prometheus zagraea salvina (Westwood); González & Domagała, 2019:17. Even though it is not uncommon, very little is known about this species whose two recognized ssp. can be found from Colombia to Central America (Lamas 1995, Miller 1986). The nominate ssp. has been associated with Aechmea magdalenae (André) André ex Baker (Bromeliaceae) (Miller, 1986), thus it should not be surprising that P. zagraea salvina feeds on another bromeliad within its range. This particular ssp. was previously known from Costa Rica and Panama (Lamas 1995), thus this new report from northern Nicaragua considerably expands its geographic range. The species P. zagraea has been mentioned as a member of a mimicry complex that includes different families of Lepidoptera (Miller 1986, González et al. 2010; González & Hernández-Baz 2012). One of the co-authors (EVDB) was able to obtain detailed information on associated species from Cerro Jesus, Nicaragua. In this locality, several “tiger-patterned” Lepidoptera co-exist and the Mullerian mimetic ring is complex. Several associated lepidopterans fly synchronously: Chetone angulosa (Walker, 1854) (Erebidae), Lycorea halia atergatis Doubleday, 1847, Mechanitis polymnia (L. 1758), Eueides isabella (Stoll, 1781), Heliconius ismenius Latreille, [1817], Consul fabius cecrops (Doubleday, [1849]) (Nymphalidae). Even though both, males and females of P. zagraea salvina present the basic “tiger-pattern” of the others in the mimicry complex, females have broader wings and are larger, and the males seem to mimic different species. Even though the typical flight pattern of Castniidae is fast, both sexes of P. zagraea salvina adopt the slow flight pattern of Heliconius butterflies. Besides this castniid, the other Batesian mimic found in the area was C. fabius cecrops, which is not very common. Also, three specimens of Chetone angulosa were attracted to a light trap the night before the specimens of P. z. salvina were collected, however, this Erebidae was not active during the day but it behaves exactly as does P. z. salvina. Material Examined: NICARAGUA: 5 Ƌ, 1 ♀, Nueva Segovia, Cerro Jesus, 13°57´47.12”N 86°10´17.51”W, 988m, 15. V.2018 leg E. van den Berghe, active at noon (EVDB)Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 279-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/432255
Telchin evalthe subsp. viryi
No full text<i>Telchin evalthe viryi</i> (Boisduval, [1875]) (Fig. 1D) <p> <i>Castnia viryi</i> Boisduval, [1875], Mexico</p> <p> <i>Castnia evalthe</i> var. <i>δ;</i> Westwood, 1877:181 [Mexico, Nicaragua (<i>Castnia Viryi</i> Boisduval, p. 515, pl. 11, fig 3)] [This is <i>Xanthocastnia evalthe viryi</i> (Boisduval, 1875) described from Mexico] [The ssp. <i>Castnia evalthe</i> var. <i>flexifasciata</i> Houlbert, 1917 was described from “ Honduras ” as type locality; it was placed as a synonym of <i>Xanthocastnia evalthe wagneri</i> (Buchecker, 1880) which is distributed mainly in Colombia].</p> <p> <i>Xanthocastnia viryi intermedia,</i> Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 24.</p> <p> Originally described from Mexico, it is larger than the typical <i>T. evalthe</i>. <i>Telchin evalthe viryi</i> cannot be confused with the latter since it has only one cream band in the fore wings (Boisduval [1875]). Unfortunately, it is quite rare (could it be just a local variation?), and we only know a few specimens (González <i>et al.</i> 2010).</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>: <b>HONDURAS:</b> 1 Ƌ, <i>Castnia viryi</i> Bdl –Staudinger, 1894, 9959, Seitz. Strecker Colln. 25 651, FMNH-INS 0000 041 533 (FMNH); 1 Ƌ, Truxillo distr., F.C. Nicholas (AMNH);</p>Published as part of <i>Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2)</i> on page 276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4322550">http://zenodo.org/record/4322550</a>
Telchin licus subsp. microsticta
No full textTelchin licus microsticta (Rothschild, 1919) (Fig. 1F) Castnia licoides Boisduval, 1875:527 [Santa Catarina, Brazil] Castnia licus Fabricius; Druce, 1883:26. Castnia albomaculata microsticta Rothschild, 1919:9 [Nicaragua] Castnia licoides Boisduval; Maes & Téllez, 1988:20, 89. Castnia sp. Maes, 1992:22. Leucocastnia albomaculata microsticta (Rothschild), Miller, 1995:135. Telchin licus ssp. microsticta (Rothschild); Lamas, 1995:81. Telchin licus ssp. microsticta (Rothschild); Maes, 1999:1237. Telchin licus ssp. microsticta (Rothschild); Maes, 2004:127. Leucocastnia licus, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl. 24. Telchin licus (Drury), Miller et al., 2012:10. Closely resembling the Colombian ssp. T. licus albomaculata (Houlbert, 2017), from which it differs in the size of some wing markings and other minor morphological features, this ssp. was originally described from Nicaragua (Rothschild 1919). Material examined: HONDURAS: 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, La Ceiba, Río bonito CURLA camp 8km W, 5 km S., 15°42´6”N 86°50´48”W, 150 m, 2. VI.1997, col. R. Lehman, CURLALep04161 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 7. VI.1997, CUR-LALep04162 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 15°42´6”N 86°50´48”W 9. VI.1998,, CURLALep04163 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 10. VI.1998, CURLALep04164 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 27. V.2001, CURLALep04165 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 15°42´6”N, 86°50´48”W, 31. II.2009, col. F. Martínez, CURLALep04166 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 31.5.2009, CURLALep04166 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, Atlán-tida, Pico Bonito, CURLA research station. 15°42´07”N, 86°50´45”W, 185m 14. VI.2001 F. Martinez EAPZ 67.361 (EAPZ); 1 Ƌ (UNAH); NICARAGUA: 4 Ƌ, Syntypes, San Ramon, R. [io] Wanks, Nic., 375 ft., VI.1905 (M.G. Palmer), Syntype Ƌ, Castnia albomaculata microsticta, Rothschild, 1919 (NHMUKUK); 1 Ƌ, San Ramon, Esper-anza, May (W. Schaus) type San Ramon, Syntype Ƌ (NHMUKUK); 1 Ƌ, Chontales, [Nicaragua], col. E.M. Janson (NHMUKUK); 1 Ƌ, Rio San Juan: Indio Maiz: Camp 1, 10°59´05 N, 84°14´22 W, 5 / 7. VI.2002, Col. P. Schmidt & B. Hernández (MEL)Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 277-278, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/432255
Athis clitarcha
No full textAthis clitarcha (Westwood, 1877) (Fig. 1G) Castnia clitarcha Westwood, 1877 (in part; females): 176, lam. 31, figs. 1-2 [¿? Panama, ¿? Nicaragua]. [Lamas (1995) mentions Panama as a typical locality] Castnia clitarcha Westwood; Druce, 1883: 27, lam. 3, fig. 7 [Druce mentioned the type locality as Panama, he also mentions that the Ƌ illustrated by Westwood is Castnia inca, possibly a Ƌ from Nicaragua] [The ssp. inca have a wide distribution from Mexico to Honduras, thus Westwood specímens are probably clitarcha]. Castnia clitarcha Westwood; Miller, 1972:3-4, figs. 6, 11-14 [Miller (1972) also considers that only the ♀ Type of Westwood (1877) is clitarcha but does not solve the problem of the localities; She also mentions Nicaragua and Panama as type localities] Athis clitarcha (Westwood), Miller, 1995:133. Athis clitarcha (Westwood); Maes, 1999:1236-1237. Athis clitarcha, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 23. Athis clitarcha (Westwood), Miller et al., 2012: 10. Athis clitarcha (Westwood); González & Hernández-Baz, 2012:148 [mention that the populations of Athis inca and Athis clitarcha overlap in Honduras and Guatemala]. Originally described by Westwood (1877; as Castnia clitarcha) it was separated from Athis inca inca (Walker, 1854) by the contrasting color of the forewings and different markings and coloring in the hindwings. However, Miller (1972) mentions that the single characters mentioned by Westwood (1877) and Strand (1913) “should not be employed by themselves,” as they are not enough to grant separation. She also mentions that both species overlap in their geographical range, but they could be easily separated by comparing their genitalia (Miller 1972). Material examined: HONDURAS: 1 ♀, Castnia clitarcha Wtw, Collection Wm Schaus, USNM ENT 00475754, Allyn Museum Photo No 091872A 9-10, Slide No M-1771, Jacqueline Miller, Castnia clitarcha Westwood ♀, det. Jacqueline Miller, 1972 (AMNH); 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, Rio Bonito CURLA camp 8km W 5 km S La Ceiba; 15°42´6”N 86°50´48”W, 150 m, 3. VI.2001, col. R. Lehman, CURLA Lep 04142 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, Rio Bo-nito CURLA camp 8km W 5 km S La Ceiba; 150 m, 12. VI.2009, F. Martínez, CURLALep04143 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, Honduras (no more data) (UNAH) [even though this specimen does not have any other data, it is assumed to be from Honduras because it is in this Honduras collection]; 1 Ƌ, Francisco Morazán, Uyuca, 1.X.2000, col. J. Torres, ex pupa, 57.333 EAPZ (EAPZ); 1 Ƌ, Francisco Morazán, Uyuca, Estación Biológica, 14° 2’2.84”N, 87° 4’ 30.85”W, 1650m, 3-4. VI.2016, specimen was found posed on ground at night, not within sight of any light source col. E.v.d. Berghe + Grant (EVDB); 1 ♀, El Paraiso, Yuscaran, Cerro Montserrat, 15.XI.1995, col. J. Ortega, ex Tillandsia creogenes (EAPZ); 1 Ƌ, 1 ♀, Honduras (NMNH-SI).Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on page 278, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/432255
Telchin cacica subsp. procera
No full textTelchin cacica procera (Boisduval, [1875]) (Fig. 1A) Castnia procera Boisduval, [1875] [Mexico] Castnia cacica Herrich-Schäffer; Westwood, 1877:169. Graya panamensis Buchecker, [1880] xx [Panama] Castnia cacica Herrich-Scháffer; Druce, 1883:25. Castnia cacica ab. bivittifera Strand, 1913 [Guatemala] Castnia cacica ab. macula Strand, 1913 Amauta cacica ssp. cacica Herrich-Scháffer; Maes, 1999:1236. Amauta cacica, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 23 Amauta cacica procera (Boisduval, [1875]), Miller et al. 2012:10. Amauta cacica procera (Boisduval, [1875]), González & Hernández-Baz, 2012:147-148. Moraes & Duarte (2014) synonymize this genus in Telchin, and we are momentarily treating this taxon within the genus, an ongoing research (Worthy, Zilli & González, in prep.) will revalidate the genus Amauta. This species, originally described (as Castnia procera) from material received by “M. de l’Orza” from Guatemala, and it differs from “[C.] cacica ”, by “… ses ailes supérieures un peu plus pointues au sommet, par l’absence de la petite tache blanche discoïdale, par ses ailes intérieures dont la bande transversale est moitié plus étroite, et enfin par le dessous des ailes qui est entièrement d’un brun uniforme ainsi que le corps.” (Boisduval, [1875]). Currently considered a ssp. of A. cacica, it is found from North America (Mexico) throughout Central America down to Panama. Some authors, however, have mentioned the South American ssp. cacica , as present in Central America (Maes 1998-1999; Chacón & Montero 2007; González & Hernández-Baz 2012; Miller et al. 2012). This subspecies had been observed perched and feeding on Heliconia pogonantha Cuf. (Heliconiaceae) inflorescences (Miller & Sourakov 2009). The latter could be also a host plant (Miller & Sourakov 2009; Domagała et al. 2017). Material examined: HONDURAS: 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, Rio Bonito CURLA camp, 8 km W, 5 km S, La Ceiba; 15°42´05.8”N, 86°50´48.7”W, 150 m, 1. VI.2002, F. Martínez, CURLALep04141 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, C.A., Dpto. de Comayagua, Municipio Meámbar, 500 m, Centro ambiental los planes (Cascada), col. G. Borjas, No 321, 25.IV.1997, 970425.39, Lepidoptera N0 321 (UNAH); 1 Ƌ, Morazán, Guaimaca, Reserva Biológica El Chile, 15.IX.2006, col. C. Wildt (UNAH); 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Estación CURLA,, 15°42’ N 86°51’ W, 175 m 30.IX.2001, F. Martínez, 74.256 EAPZ (EAPZ); NICARAGUA: 1 ♀, Jinotega, Kilambe 13°33´54.8”N, 85°42´08.4”W, 1422m, light trap, 7. VI.2009 leg. van den Berghe (EVDB); 1 hindwing, Jinotega, Kilambe: Regreso 4, alt. 1404 m, 17. V.1998, col. J.M. Maes & B. Hernández (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Jinotega, Datanli el Diablo, 13°05´N, 85°52´W, 1300 m, VIII.2005. in forest undergrowth late afternoon E. van den Berghe (pers. observation).Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 273-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/432255
Telchin diva
No full textTelchin diva (Butler, 1870) (Fig. 1E) Castnia Diva Butler, 1870:46, lam.17, figs. 1-2 [Nicaragua]. Castnia diva Butler; Westwood, 1877:187. Castnia diva Butler; Druce, 1883:27, lam. IV, fig. 3. Divana diva (Butker), Miller, 1995:136. Divana diva diva (Butler); Lamas, 1995:83. Divana diva ssp. diva (Butler); Maes, 1995:1237. Divana diva, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 24. Divana diva diva (Butler), Miller et al., 2012: 10. Divana diva (Butler); González & Hernández-Baz, 2012:147. Telchin diva (Butler); González & Domagała, 2019:14. The species is distributed in eastern Mexico, Central America, and northwestern South America (Colombia) (Miller 1986; Strand 1913; Vinciguerra 2010). Even though many specimens can be found in collections worldwide, very little is known about their biology (Vinciguerra 2010, González et al. 2013, González & Domagała 2019). Even though we are currently following Moraes & Duarte (2014) by placing the species in the genus Telchin. Ongoing research (Worthy, Zilli & González, in prep.) is pointing to revalidate the genus Divana. Material examined: HONDURAS: 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, La Ceiba, Río bonito CURLA camp 8km W, 5 km S., 150m, 6. VI.1995, col. R. Lehman, 15°42´6”N 86°50´49”W, CURLALep04153 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 4. VI.1996, CUR-LALep04154 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 10. VI.1996, CURLALep04155 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 2. VI.1997, CURLALep04156 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 4. VI.1997, CURLALep04157 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 21. VI.1999, CURLALep04158 (CURLA); NICA-RAGUA: 1 Ƌ, Type, Chontales, [Janson], C. diva Butl. Type, 70: 55, Chontales, diva, Butler (NHMUK); 2 Ƌ, 1 ♀, Nueva Segovia, Cerro Jesus, 13°57’47.12”N, 86°10´17.51”W, 988m, 15. V.2018 leg. E. van den Berghe, active at noon, perching on stems of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) and Heliconius (Heliconiaceae) in shade (EVDB); 1 Ƌ, Managua: Las Nubes: Hotel Bosque; 19.IX.2004, col. Vern Covlin (VCC); 1 Ƌ, Managua: Ticuantepe: Montibelli; 12.021389°N, 86.232190° W, alt. 400 m, 19.VII.2017, col. K. Gauthier (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Masaya: La Concha: RSP El Nisperal, 11.950969 N, 86.239660 W, 700 m, 20.VII.2017, col. Kevin Gauthier (MEL); 5 Ƌ, 3 ♀, Carazo, San Mar-cos vic. Finca las Orquídeas, 11°54´49.74”N, 86°10´59.33”W, 487m, 12.VIII.2013, leg. E. van den Berghe, active at noon, perching on stems of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) and Heliconius (Heliconiaceae) in shade (EVDB); 1 Ƌ, 2 ♀, Carazo, San Marcos vic. Cruz Negra, 11°55´15.69”N, 86°10´45.46”W, 448m, 15.VIII.2010, leg. E. van den Berghe, active at noon, perching on stems of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) and Heliconius (Heliconiaceae) in shade (EVDB); 2 Ƌ, 2 ♀, Carazo, San Marcos vic. Cruz Negra, 11°55´15.69”N, 86°10´45.46”W, 448m, 2.VIII.2004, leg. E. van den Berghe, active at noon, perching on stems of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) and Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) under shade (EVDB).Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on page 277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/432255
Athis inca subsp. inca inca (Walker 1854
No full textAthis inca inca Walker, 1854 (Fig. 1H) Castnia inca Walker, 1854:24-25 [Mexico, “ Venezuela,” Honduras Lectotype]. Castnia inca Herrich-Schäffer, 1855: 56, figs. 488-489 [Mexico] [Lamas (1995) considers this taxon to be pre.occupied by inca Walker and synonymous with ssp. orizabensis]. Castnia inca Herrich-Schäffer; Westwood, 1877:174. Castnia clitarcha Westwood, 1877: 176, lam. 31, fig. 1 (in part, Ƌ): 176, lam. 31, fig. 1 [¿? Panama, ¿? Nicaragua]. Castnia inca Walker, Butler, 1877: Plt. M1, fig. 151. Castnia inca Walker, Preiss, 1899, Plt. II, fig. 5. Castnia inca Herrich-Schäffer; Druce, 1883: 26. Castnia clitarcha Westwood (machoƋ); Druce, 1883:26 [Westwood’s Ƌ C. clitarcha may be from Nicaragua since the ♀ is from Panama, but Druce does not include Nicaragua in the range of C. inca, mentioning only Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Venezuela]. Castnia inca hondurana Strand, 1913: 11 [Honduras]. Aciloa inca Walker; Houlbert, 1918:438. Castnia inca inca Walker; Miller 1972:4-5, figs. 5, 7, 18-21, 28-31 [Miller considers Westwood’s Ƌ clitarcha Westwood to be a synonym of Castnia inca, but there is no specific locality, hence the type locality of Nicaragua; Walker does not clearly define one or the other species. Athis inca (WALKER); Fletcher & Nye, 1982:2 [the designated Lectotype is from Honduras]. Athis inca (Walker), Miller, 1995: 134. Athis inca inca (Walker); Lamas, 1995:76. Athis inca inca (Walker) [Honduras], Lamas, 1995: 76. Athis inca inca (Walker), Miller et al., 2012:10. Athis inca (Walker); González y Hernández-Baz, 2012:148 [mention that Athis inca y Athis clitarcha overlap in Honduras and Guatemala]. Athis inca (Walker); Salazar et al., 2013: 9 [according to Lamas (1995) the Holotype is from Honduras]. This is the most common ssp. in the Athis inca complex (Miller 1972). It can be found from Mexico to Panama, and it is a highly variable ssp. (Miller 1972; González et al. 2008). It is a day-flying moth with the highest peak of activity around noon. Specimens had been collected after being attracted to fermented plantain bait (ripe plantain, sugar, and beer) (González et al. 2008). It was described by Walker (1854; as Castnia inca) from material collected in “ Mexico, Venezuela, and Honduras.” Even though it can be frequently found in Mexico, it appears to be rare in Honduras. Also, we have not been able to find another specimen from Venezuela. The only one we know from that country is Walker (1854) specimen in the NHMUK. Eventually, the type locality for Athis inca (Walker) was designated as “ Honduras ” (Fletcher & Nye 1982). Houlbert (1918) mentions that he examined five specimens in the Charles Oberthür collection. Material examined: 1 Ƌ, Type, 45, 123 [“from Mr. Dyson’s collection”] (NHMUK); 1 Ƌ, Type, 88. Wittk., Castnia inca Wlk. ab. hondurana, Strand det., Inca H.S. (MNHU).Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 278-279, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/432255
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